ch 5 Skeletal System

15) Hinge joint, such as the elbow joint A) synovial joint B) fibrous joint C) cartilaginous joint

A) synovial joint

2) The area that causes the lengthwise growth of a long bone is indicated by ________. A) Label F B) Label D C) Label A D) Label E E) Label C

D) Label E

13) The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (Haversian system) contains ________. A) cartilage and lamellae B) osteoclasts and osteoblasts C) yellow marrow and perforating, or Sharpey's, fibers D) blood vessels and nerve fibers E) red marrow

D) blood vessels and nerve fibers

37) The tailbone is the ________. A) ischium B) sacrum C) pubis D) coccyx E) patella

D) coccyx

1) Julie experienced a break in the shaft of her femur. What part of her bone was fractured? A) epiphysis B) epiphyseal plate C) articular cartilage D) diaphysis E) epiphyseal line

D) diaphysis

44) Four of the five answers listed below are parts of the same anatomical area. Select the exception. A) humerus B) radius C) scapula D) fibula E) clavicle

D) fibula

1) Incomplete bone break A) depression fracture B) spiral fracture C) impacted fracture D) greenstick fracture E) comminuted fracture

D) greenstick fracture

22) The physician knew her patient was most likely a child before she walked into the examination room because the X-ray revealed a(n) ________. A) impacted fracture B) compression fracture C) comminuted fracture D) greenstick fracture E) open fracture

D) greenstick fracture

4) The femur, tibia, humerus, and radius are all classified as ________. A) compact bones B) irregular bones C) flat bones D) long bones E) sesamoid bones

D) long bones

10) Storage area for yellow marrow in adults A) osteoblasts B) lamellae C) canaliculi D) medullary cavity E) osteoclasts

D) medullary cavity

11) The process of bone formation is known as ________. A) hematopoiesis B) hemostasis C) metabolism D) ossification

D) ossification

16) What type of bone cell is primarily active when bone growth occurs? A) osteocyte B) erythrocyte C) chondrocyte D) osteoblast E) osteoclast

D) osteoblast

4) Bone breaks into many fragments A) depression fracture B) spiral fracture C) impacted fracture D) greenstick fracture E) comminuted fracture

E) comminuted fracture

6) Cells that can dissolve the bony matrix A) osteoblasts B) lamellae C) canaliculi D) medullary cavity E) osteoclasts

E) osteoclasts

13) The first step in bone healing involves the formation of a blood-filled swelling known as a(n) ________. A) epiphyseal line B) bony callus C) hematoma D) fibrocartilage callus

C) hematoma

5) Broken bone ends are forced into each other A) depression fracture B) spiral fracture C) impacted fracture D) greenstick fracture E) comminuted fracture

C) impacted fracture

31) How many true ribs do humans have? A) three B) five C) seven D) twelve E) fifteen

C) seven

9) Cube-shaped bones that contain mostly spongy bone are called ________ bones. A) flat B) long C) short D) irregular

C) short

8) What bones protect the spinal cord? A) ribs B) sternum C) vertebrae D) coxal bones

C) vertebrae

20) Which of the following could create an open, or compound, fracture? A) when the bone is crushed B) when the broken bone ends are forced into each other C) when the broken bone penetrates through the skin D) when the bone is broken into many fragments E) when adjacent bones fracture simultaneously

C) when the broken bone penetrates through the skin

4) Explain how the anatomy of compact bone differs from that of spongy bone.

Compact bone is composed of osteons (Haversian systems). Concentric rings of matrix, called lamellae, are situated around a central (Haversian) canal. The rings and central canal constitute an osteon, or Haversian system. Other canals, called canaliculi, spread outward from central canals to connect to lacunae which house osteocytes. Spongy bone is open, airy, and spiky. It is composed of small, needlelike pieces of bone. Spongy bone lacks osteons and the network of canals visible in compact bone.

7) Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system? A) storage of fat and minerals B) support the body C) protection of soft body organs D) regulation of blood pressure

D) regulation of blood pressure

36) Which two bones constitute the forearm? A) radius and humerus B) humerus and scapula C) fibula and tibia D) ulna and radius E) femur and fibula

D) ulna and radius

List some of the features of a female pelvis that make it different from a male pelvis.

The female pelvis: a. has a larger and more circular inlet. b. is shallower than the male pelvis. c. has bones that are lighter and thinner than male pelvis bones. d. has a shorter and less curved sacrum. e. has a more rounded pubic arch because the angle of the pubic arch is greater. f. has shorter ischial spines that are also farther apart.

45) The elbow is classified as a ________. A) plane joint B) hinge joint C) pivot joint D) saddle joint E) condylar joint

B) hinge joint

7) Layers or rings of calcification that are found in compact bone A) osteoblasts B) lamellae C) canaliculi D) medullary cavity E) osteoclasts

B) lamellae

3) Ragged bone break resulting from twisting forces A) depression fracture B) spiral fracture C) impacted fracture D) greenstick fracture E) comminuted fracture

B) spiral fracture

21) Immovable joints are functionally classified as ________. A) diarthroses B) synarthroses C) amphiarthroses D) symphyses

B) synarthroses

42) Plane, hinge, and pivot joints are examples of ________. A) amphiarthroses B) synovial joints C) cartilaginous joints D) synarthroses E) fibrous joints

B) synovial joints

25) Which bones are commonly referred to as the cheekbones? A) lacrimal bones B) zygomatic bones C) parietal bones D) temporal bones E) palatine bones

B) zygomatic bones

18) From superior to inferior, what is the correct order of the vertebrae? A) lumbar, thoracic, cervical B) cervical, lumbar, thoracic C) cervical, thoracic, lumbar D) sacral, cervical, lumbar

C) cervical, thoracic, lumbar

21) A bone fracture that results in the bone being broken into many fragments is a ________. A) compound fracture B) simple fracture C) comminuted fracture D) compression fracture E) greenstick fracture

C) comminuted fracture

24) The axial skeleton contains ________. 1. skull 2. scapula 3. true and false ribs 4. vertebrae 5. phalanges A) 1, 3, 4, 5 B) 1, 3, 4 C) 2, 5 D) 2, 3, 4, 5 E) 1, 2, 3, 5

B) 1, 3, 4

22) The parietal bone is indicated by ________. A) Label M B) Label O C) Label A D) Label H E) Label P

C) Label A

24) The patella is indicated by ________. A) Label E B) Label G C) Label I D) Label U E) Label A

C) Label I

20) Two or more bones meet at a location called a(n) ________. A) fracture B) hematoma C) articulation (joint) D) marrow cavity

C) articulation (joint)

15) The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage form the ________ skeleton. A) appendicular B) central C) axial D) main

C) axial

8) Small channels that radiate through the matrix of compact bone A) osteoblasts B) lamellae C) canaliculi D) medullary cavity E) osteoclasts

C) canaliculi

11) Joint created by the intervertebral discs A) synovial joint B) fibrous joint C) cartilaginous joint

C) cartilaginous joint

14) Joint created by the pubic symphysis A) synovial joint B) fibrous joint C) cartilaginous joint

C) cartilaginous joint

10) Which of the following is only found associated with a child's bone? A) diaphysis B) marrow cavity C) epiphyseal plate D) periosteum E) articular cartilage

C) epiphyseal plate

3) List and explain the steps in the repair process of a simple fracture.

Step 1 is hematoma formation. A hematoma, or blood-filled swelling, forms when bone breaks and blood vessels rupture. Bone cells are deprived of nutrition and die. Step 2 is fibrocartilage callus formation. The site of damage experiences growth of new capillaries into the clotted blood and disposal of dead tissue by phagocytes. Connective tissue cells of various types form a mass of repair tissue called fibrocartilage callus. This fibrocartilage callus contains several elements: some cartilage matrix, some bony matrix, and collagen fibers. This fibrocartilage callus acts to splint the broken bone, closing the gap. Step 3 is bony callus formation. As more osteoblasts and osteoclasts migrate into the area and multiply, fibrocartilage is gradually replaced by a callus of spongy bone (the bony callus). Step 4 is bone remodeling. Over the next few months, bony callus is remodeled in response to the mechanical stresses placed on it, so that it forms a strong, permanent patch at the fracture site.

7) If 6-year-old Sarah fell and broke her femur, damaging the proximal epiphyseal plate, what might she expect as she grows older? What is an epiphyseal plate and why is it significant to this situation?

The epiphyseal plate is a flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young growing bone. Epiphyseal plates cause the lengthwise growth of long bone. Since this child is still growing and has not completed puberty, she may expect impaired growth in that one epiphyseal plate. Lucky for Sarah, there is an epiphyseal plate located at both the distal and proximal ends of the femur. The healthy distal plate can continue to grow.

1) Explain the five functions of the skeletal system.

1. Support—the skeletal system forms the body's internal structural framework. The bones of the legs act as pillars to support the body trunk when we stand, and the rib cage supports the thoracic wall. 2. Movement—the skeletal muscles, attached to bones by tendons, use the bones as levers to move the body and its parts. 3. Protection—bones, such as the skull, thorax, and pelvis, protect the enclosed soft body organs. 4. Storage—fat is stored in the internal cavities of bones. Bones also serve as a storehouse for minerals, the most important being calcium and phosphorus. 5. Blood cell formation—hematopoiesis occurs within the red marrow of certain bones.

10) Differentiate among the three types of joints based on structural and functional classification. Provide examples of each type of joint.

1. Synarthroses are immovable joints. These joints are structurally classified as fibrous joints since the bones are united by fibrous tissue. Skull sutures are one example of a fibrous joint. 2. Amphiarthroses are slightly movable joints. These joints are structurally classified as cartilaginous joints since the bone ends are connected by cartilage. The pubic symphysis and intervertebral joints are two examples. 3. Diathroses are freely movable joints. These joints are structurally classified as synovial joints since the articulating bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid. There are many examples of synovial joints, including the elbow, knee, and shoulder.

9) Explain how atlas and axis are different from other vertebrae. Discuss the roles they play in the body.

1. Unlike all other vertebra, atlas (C1) has no body. Axis (C2) has a large process called the dens. 2. The structural differences of these two vertebrae allow you to rotate your head from side to side to indicate "no." The joint between these two vertebrae is a pivot joint.

6) The area that contains glassy hyaline cartilage that provides a smooth slippery surface which decreases friction is indicated by ________. A) Label D B) Label H C) Label E D) Label B E) Label A

A) Label D

27) The mandible is indicated by ________. A) Label N B) Label W C) Label M D) Label C E) Label B

A) Label N

41) Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are ________, whereas articulations permitting no movement are called ________. A) amphiarthroses; synarthroses B) synarthroses; amphiarthroses C) diarthroses; amphiarthroses D) amphiarthroses; diarthroses E) diarthroses; synarthroses

A) amphiarthroses; synarthroses

16) Tarsals A) appendicular skeleton B) axial skeleton

A) appendicular skeleton

17) Femur A) appendicular skeleton B) axial skeleton

A) appendicular skeleton

18) Phalanges A) appendicular skeleton B) axial skeleton

A) appendicular skeleton

19) Ulna A) appendicular skeleton B) axial skeleton

A) appendicular skeleton

22) Fibula A) appendicular skeleton B) axial skeleton

A) appendicular skeleton

23) Coxal bone A) appendicular skeleton B) axial skeleton

A) appendicular skeleton

2) Broken bone portion is pushed inward A) depression fracture B) spiral fracture C) impacted fracture D) greenstick fracture E) comminuted fracture

A) depression fracture

14) A fracture in the ________ can impair the lengthwise growth of bones in a child. A) epiphyseal plate B) osteoblasts C) periosteum D) medullary cavity E) articular cartilage

A) epiphyseal plate

29) The hyoid bone is unique because it ________. A) is the only bone of the body that does not directly articulate with any other bone B) is an irregular bone C) belongs to both the axial and appendicular skeletons D) has no specific function E) largely consists of cartilage

A) is the only bone of the body that does not directly articulate with any other bone

9) Cells that can build bony matrix A) osteoblasts B) lamellae C) canaliculi D) medullary cavity E) osteoclasts

A) osteoblasts

The arrangement of bone tissue shown in Figure 5.3 consists of ________. A) osteons (Haversian systems) B) yellow marrow C) trabeculae D) neurons E) red marrow

A) osteons (Haversian systems)

18) There are four stages in the healing of a bone fracture. Which of the following best illustrates the sequence of these stages? 1. bony callus formation 3. fibrocartilage callus formation 2. bone remodeling 4. hematoma formation A) 4, 3, 2, 1 B) 4, 3, 1, 2 C) 1, 2, 3, 4 D) 1, 3, 4, 2 E) 1, 3, 2, 4

B) 4, 3, 1, 2

4) The diaphysis is indicated by ________. A) Label D B) Label C C) Label G D) Label A E) Label H

B) Label C

30) The ilium, pubis, and ischium fuse to form the bone marked by ________. A) Label F B) Label G C) Label T D) Label H E) Label I

B) Label G

20) Atlas A) appendicular skeleton B) axial skeleton

B) axial skeleton

21) Sternum A) appendicular skeleton B) axial skeleton

B) axial skeleton

24) True ribs A) appendicular skeleton B) axial skeleton

B) axial skeleton

25) Parietal bones A) appendicular skeleton B) axial skeleton

B) axial skeleton

12) Skull sutures A) synovial joint B) fibrous joint C) cartilaginous joint

B) fibrous joint

13) Joint created by the teeth and mandible or maxillary bones A) synovial joint B) fibrous joint C) cartilaginous joint

B) fibrous joint

14) An incomplete bone break, known as a(n) ________ fracture, is commonly seen in children. A) spiral B) greenstick C) impacted D) comminuted

B) greenstick

26) The radius bone is indicated by ________. A) Label T B) Label R C) Label F D) Label S E) Label Q

E) Label Q

28) The carpals are indicated by ________. A) Label N B) Label X C) Label J D) Label I E) Label T

E) Label T

The type of joint shown in Figure 5.4 is ________. A) a suture B) a fibrous joint C) an amphiarthrotic joint D) a cartilaginous joint E) a synovial joint

E) a synovial joint

8) Each complex of central canal and matrix rings in compact bone is known as ________. A) a perforating (Volkmann's) canal B) the epiphysis C) a canaliculus D) a central (Haversian) canal E) an osteon (Haversian system)

E) an osteon (Haversian system)

5) What type of tissue covers the epiphysis of bones and reduces friction in the joints? A) yellow marrow B) endosteum C) spongy bone D) periosteum E) articular cartilage

E) articular cartilage

7) The presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that ________. A) bone is dead B) bone length is no longer increasing C) bone diameter is increasing D) bone diameter is decreasing E) bone length is increasing

E) bone length is increasing

28) Which of these bones is associated with the hand? A) talus B) calcaneus C) metatarsals D) tarsals E) metacarpals

E) metacarpals