Ch 5 Socialization

Erickson's model helps us make sense of_and points out _(3)shape us

-socialization throughout the life cycle -family, school, and other settings shape us

What did Geroge Herbert Mead created as theory?

A theory of social behaviorism to explain how social experience develops and individual's personality

SOCIALIZATION AND THE LIFE COURSE ages:

Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Old age

What are the stages that adulthood is divided into?

Early adulthood Middle adulthood

Denial

The person tries to deny death based on our culture's attempt to ignore the reality of death.

Jean piaget focused on_

cognitive development

Childhood is based on_

culture

Schooling emerged only with the _

declining economic value of children.

Although childhood has special importance in the socialization process, learning_

learning continues throughout our lives.

3 examples of total institutions?

prisons mental hospitals military

Mead's view is completely_

social

What has been of special importance to mass media in the effects on socialization?

television

Because Kohlberg's research was based only on boys, who target to investigate how gender affects moral reasoning?

Carol Gilligan

The major agents of socialization are:

Family Schools Peer Groups Mass media

Sigmund Freud's_

THE ELEMENTS OF PERSONALITY

LAWRENCE KOHLBERG: _

THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT

Play stage of Mead's stages of self development

(3-5) -Able to take on one role at a given time -Playing Mommy or Daddy -Development of "significant others," assuming roles modeled on significant others

explain basic human needs idea of Sigmund Freud

-Biology plays a major part in human development, although not in terms of specific instincts -He theorized humans have 2 basic drives that are present at birth -The personality is shaped by two opposed forces: 1. eros, the life instinct (need for sexual and emotional bonding) 2. thanatos, the death instinct (aggressive drive)

how nurture apply to nature?

-Human life depends on functioning of body -Children share biological traits with their parents and that heredity plays a part in intelligence, musical and artistic talent, and personality -However, whether you develop your inherited potential depends on how you are raised

Anticipatory socialization

-Learning that helps a person achieve a desired position -the process of social learning directed toward gaining a desired position, commonly occurs among peers.

Critic of Erickson's stages?

-Not everyone confronts these challenges in the exact order. -It is not clear that failure to meet the challenge of one stage means that a person is doomed to fail later on. -His theory may not apply to all peoples in all times.

What are the stages of moral development created by Lawrence Kohlberg?

-Preconventional -Conventional -Postconventional

behaviorism

-Psychologist John B. Watson -theory that holds that behavior is not instinctive but learned

How the perspective about death has changed presently? (include why is this)

-Research has draw attention to death and dying and increase of old age -Culture in recent years become more comfortable with the idea of death -People in US start to talk about it in more open way -Some people prefer death over prolonged suffering

How socialization within the family varies markedly by social class affects children development? (include study)

-Research shows that the class position of parents affects how they raise their children -NORC, 2003 survey reports that lower-class people in the U.S. favor obedience and conformity whereas, well-to-do people choose good judgment and creativity.

Social learning theory (SLT) concepts

-SLT claims that human behavior is learned through rewards and punishments. -Much behavior is learned by modeling others, and the rewards and punishments encountered by others.

What is the role of schools in child socialization?

-Schooling introduces students to being evaluated according to universal standards. -The hidden curriculum (teach how society is divided in winners and losers and sports teach teach cooperation and competitiveness) passes on important cultural values, mostly implicitly. -Schools teach children about bureaucracy—impersonal rules and a strict time schedule. -Schools socialize children into gender roles.

_ is the key to our human experience and development. Human infants are born without any _ They must be transformed by their _(3) into social and cultural animals. The general process of acquiring culture is referred to as _ Through socialization, we learn the _ of the culture we are born into as well as the_ we are to play in life. We learn _(2) or our society or social group. _ is a necessary part of the life of a total institution or individuals exiting a social role.

-Socialization -culture. -parents, teachers, and others -socialization. -language - roles -gender roles and the norms -Resocialization

Define socialization

-Socialization is the lifelong social experience by which individuals develop their human potential and learn culture. -Socialization is a social process, by which individuals learn skills, knowledge, values, motives and roles appropriate to their position in a group or society.

Explain the ideas of: ": ARE WE FREE WITHIN SOCIETY? Does socialization crush our individuality or empower us?"

-Society shapes how we think, feel, and act. -Liberal view sees us as constrained by life within society, but we should work to lessen class differences and other barriers to opportunity for minorities, including women. -Conservative view sees us as free because society can never dictate our dreams or stop us from pursuing our personal goals. -George Herbert Mead noted the power of society while still affirming the human capacity to evaluate, to criticize, and, ultimately, to choose and change. -Socialization shows the power of society to shape our thoughts, feelings, and actions. Yet, as humans, we have the ability to act back, shaping both ourselves and our social world.

what are the effects of social institutions on people or inmates?

-Some inmates are recovered or rehabilitated -others change a little -others become hostile and bitter -Over long period of time, living in a rigidly controlled environment can leave some institutionalized

Social identity

-THE PART OF SELF THAT IS DEVELOPED OVER TIME THROUGH PARTICIPATION IN SOCIAL LIFE -THE PLEASURE WE RECEIVE FROM BEING PART OF A LARGER COMMUNITY AND SHARING THINGS IN COMMON WITH OTHERS -THE HUMAN NEED TO SEEK AFFILIATION AND RELATIONS

How is the US elderly?

-The U.S. population is becoming "grayer". -The U.S. is currently experiencing an increase in the elderly population. -There are more elderly than young people -Due to increase of life expectancy

Explain Sigmund Freud: The personality includes three basic components:

-The id, the human being's basic drives -The ego, a person's conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society. -The superego, the operation of culture within the individual.

Define the "I" as ideas of George Herbert Mead

-The perceiver -The subject -The active site of the self

Preoperational stage

-The preoperational stage (begins about the time the child starts to talk to about age 7), the level of human development in which individuals first use language and other symbols. -Now children begin to think about the world mentally and use imagination -attach meaning to specific objects and experiences

Causes of hurried child syndrome?

-This "hurried child" syndrome results from changes in the family and "adult programming on TV and in films and on the Internet: -High divorce rates -Both parents in the labor force -Children left with less supervision

How Lawrence Kohlberg built on Piaget's work?

-To study moral reasoning, how individuals judge situations as right or wrong -Moral development occurs in stages

how the point of view is different in traditional societies vs modern societies about old people?

-Traditional societies often give older people control over most of the land and other wealth.->Older people are respected for their wisdom. -Modern, industrial societies tend to value youth and to define what is old as unimportant or even obsolete.->Older people are seen as out of step with the youth culture and their knowledge and experience may seem of little value.

The _(macro or micro)-level look at how individuals become members of society through the process of_

-micro -socialization

As the superego develops, the child learns the _

-moral concepts of right and wrong -start to judge their behavior against cultural norms

how nuture supports equality?

-people everywhere are equally human, differing only in their cultural patterns

Explain the stage "Preconventional" of Lawrence Kohlberg stages of moral development

-pleasure pain -Young children who experience the world in terms of pain and pleasure (Piaget's sensory motor) are at the preconventional level of moral development -Rightness is what feels good to me

Without denying the importance of nature, then, we can correctly say nurture matters more in _. More precisely, nurture is _

-shaping human behavior -our nature

when does adulthood begins?

Adulthood, which begins between the late teens and the early thirties, depending on social background

how industrialization affected childhood?

Childhood became an increasingly separate phase of life with industrialization it is currently becoming shorter.

what is the moral development of girls based?

Girls put more emphasis on caring and responsibility and less on the rules.

how childhood is based on culture giving the example of rich countries?

In rich countries, not everyone has to work, so childhood can be extended to allow time for young people to learn the skills they will need in a high-technology workplace.

Negative Peer Pressure

Negative peer pressure can motivate a teen to make choices and engage in behavior that his or her values might otherwise reject.

Old stage (when begins?)

Old age—the later years of adulthood and the final stage of life itself-- begins in the mid-sixties

According to Mead, the self is _

a dimension of personality composed of an individual's self-awareness and self-image.

Looking-glass self

a self-image based on how we think others see us

An overview of the life course reveals that our society organizes human experience according to _

age

Elizabet Kubler-Ross described death as_

an orderly transition involving 5 stages

how personality develops in terms of ID?

id-centered child, the world is a bewildering assortment of physical sensations that bring either pleasure or pain

Mead saw self as the product of _

social experience

Mass media

the means of delivering impersonal communications to a vast audience

What is hurried child syndrome?

-Many people worry about children growing up too fast. -children seem to be growing up too fast

Define"me" as ideas of George Herbert Mead

-The object -The imagined view of self that we have by "taking the imagined view of others (seeing ourselves as others see us)

stage 1 infancy

-the challenge of trust (versus mistrust). -between birth and 8 months -to establish a sense of trust that their world is a safe place -Family members play a key part in how any infant meets this challenge

Peer group

A social group whose members have interests, social position and age in common.

Pro of Erickson's stages?

Erikson's theory views personality formation as a lifelong process.

why is difficult to study isolation? what is the solution to this?

Ethics rule out doing experiments on the effects of isolation on children. Therefore, research on isolation has to focus on children who have experienced isolation in the past or it has to investigate the effects of isolation on animals.

what is the pro of mead's ideas?

Mead showed that symbolic interaction is the foundation of both self and society.

Scrooge in Dicken's classic A Christmas Carol would be an example of which stage of development of Ericksen?

Middle Adulthood

Pro of social learning theory by Albert Bandura

Social learning theory expands our understanding of human behavior and personality.

Who was Victor Averyon?

Victor of Aveyron (also The Wild Boy of Aveyron) was a feral child who apparently lived his entire childhood naked and alone in the woods before being found wandering the woods near Sain-Sernin-sur-Rance, Grance, in 1797. Although his age was unknown, the villagers estimated that he was about 12 years old.

Cohort

category of people with a common characteristic, usually their age.

Socialization accounts for much of the differences between _

common personality types and different societies.

where is child labor most common in the world?

in Africa and Asia

Human nature has been used to justify _rather than_

inequality rather than search for reasons for inequality.

what the term media means?

media connects people

Lawrence Kohlberg focused on_

moral development

How Harry and Margaret Harlow contributed to the study of human behavior and development?

provided a new understanding of human behavior and development through studies of social behavior of monkeys.

Resocialization

radically altering an inmate's personality through deliberate control of the environment.

How the agents of socialization affect us?

several familiar settings have special importance in the socialization process

Describe age cohort and how the members related with each other

Age-cohorts are likely to be influenced by the same economic and cultural trends, so that members have similar attitudes and values.

what are the criticism against ELISABETH KUBLER-ROSS stages of death?

not everyone passes though the stages or does in order in which she presents them

Watson rooted human behavior in his behaviorism theory to_

nurture

Humans depend on _

others to provide the care and nurture needed not only for physical growth but also for personality develop

what is very important during adolescence stage of development that is the contrary of want to be unique?

peer pressure is very important, but adolescents also want to be unique

Significant others

people, such as parents, who have special importance for socialization

Socialization is important in the process of _ formation.

personality

Institutionalized

without the capacity for independent living

Game stage of Mead's stages of self development

(early school years) -Able to take on more than one role at a given time -Ability to play complex team sports -Acquisition of the"generalized other" -Taking the role of specific people in just one situation

what are feral children?

Feral children literally describe children raised in the wild by wild animals.

Explain the 2 parts of the self

-6th point of Mead: by taking the role of the other, we become self-aware *The self has a dual nature:* 1. The "I" is the self as subject -Spontaneous and creative -Somewhat akin to the personal identity 2. The "me" is the self as object -The socialized self (social morality) -Somewhat akin to the social identity -They way we imagine others see us

explain sublimation (explained by Sigumud Freud)

-superego represses selfish demands forcing people to look beyond their own desires -Sublimation redirects selfish drives into socially acceptable behavior

Stage 2—Toddlerhood

-the challenge of autonomy (versus doubt and shame). -Up to 3 years old -learn skills to cope with the world in a confident way -Failing to gain self-control leads to children to doubt their abilities

how industrialization affected adolescence?

At the same time that industrialization created childhood as a distinct stage of life, adolescence emerged as a buffer between childhood and adulthood

Jean piaget claimed that cognitive development was a function of two primary forces:

Biological maturation Social experience

Who created the looking-glass theroy?

CHARLES HORTON COOLEY

JEAN PIAGET: THEORY OF _

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

Importance of Freud's ideas

Freud's notion that we internalize norms and his idea that childhood experiences have lasting importance in the socialization process remain critical.

what are the contributors of the physiological theories of socialization and self-development? (5)

Freud, Piaget, Kohlberg, and Bandura Carol Gilligan

Carol Gilligan's Theory of_

Gender and Moral Development

what did Gilligan concluded from her study?

Gilligan compared the moral development of girls and boys and concluded that the two sexes use different standards of rightness

What is the moral development of boys based?

Gilligan found that boys' moral development reflects a justice model which stresses formal rules.

what is the contribution of Gilligan's work?

Gilligan's work enhances our understanding of gender issues.

how Itard tried to help Victor? How Victor advanced?

He wanted to civilize Victor with the objectives of teaching him to speak and to communicate human emotion. Victor showed early progress in understanding language and reading simple words, but failed to progress beyond a rudimentary level. The only two phrases Victor ever actually learned to spell out were lait (milk) and Oh, Dieu (Oh, God).

What did Itard believed were the 2 things that separated humans from animals?

Itard believed two things separated humans from animals: empathy and language.

Modern sociologist viewed which as more important? (nature or nurture?)

Modern sociologists view nurture as much more important than nature in shaping human behavior

what is the Nativist idea of language? and by whom?

Nativist linguist Noam Chomsky -language as innate, embedded in the genes, language acquisition device (LAD)

what were the consequences in Spitz's study about isolation?

The babies raised in the nursing home environment suffered seriously. More than a third died. Twenty-one were still living in institutions after 40 years. Most were physically, mentally, and socially retarded

Concrete operational stage

The concrete operational stage (about first grade to early adolescence), the level of development at which individuals first perceive causal connections in their surroundings. -children focus on how and why things happen -Children now attach more than one symbol to a particular event or object

formal operational stage

The formal operational stage (adolescence to adulthood), the level of human development at which individuals think abstractly and critically.

Anger

The person facing death views it as a gross injustice.

what is the purpose of total institutions?

Their purpose is resocialization

Explain the three concepts of the looking-glass theory

We are who we are because of (1) our perceptions of how others view us (2) our perceptions of how others judge us and (3) our response to how we think we are judged.

Erickson argues that we face_

challenges throughout the life course

which agent of socialization is the one that has the greatest impact on socialization and it is the most important socialization agent of all?

family

Albert Bandura:

social learning theory

Preparatory stage of Mead's stages of self development

(to age 3) -Children interact through imitation, only with no real understanding of interaction taking place. -learning to take the role of other through imitation (mimic behavior) -they have no self

Define Adulthood as the sociology focus box in our book

-21 does not turn you into adult -Many factors play a part in our decision to consider a young person grown up -Factors: complete schooling (most important), full time job, sustain a family financially, no live with parents, marry and forming a family -On average at 26 complete all the previous factors -People of low income that did not attended college finish school before 20, and a full-time job, independent living, marriage, and parenthood may follow in a year or two -Privilege background people (high income) are likely to attend college and even go on to graduate or professional school, delaying the process of becoming an adult for as long as 10 years, past the age of 30 -Important difference on social class regarding when to become adult

Tell the story of Genie

-A more recent case of childhood isolation involves a California girl abused by her parents. From the time she was two, Genie was tied to a potty chair in a dark garage. -In 1970, when she was rescued at age thirteen, Genie weighed only fifty-nine pounds and had the mental development of a one-year old. With extensive treatment, she became physically healthy, but her language ability remains that of a young child. Today, Genie lives in a home for developmentally disabled adults

What is the history of childhood?

-According to Philippe Aries (1965), the whole idea of "childhood" is fairly new. -During the Middle Ages, children of four or five were treated like adults and expected to fend for themselves. -Even a century ago, children in North America and Europe had much the same life as children in poor countries today: Most worked long hours, in mines and textile mills, under dangerous conditions, for little pay.

what are the 4 conclusions of the life course?

-Although linked to the biological process of aging, essential characteristics of each stage of the life course are socially constructed. -Each stage presents characteristic problems and transitions that involve learning something new and, in many cases, unlearning what has become familiar. -General patterns relating to age are always modified by social variables such as race and gender. -People's life experiences vary depending on when they were born (cohort).

Tell the case of Anna

-Anna, a five-year old girl, was discovered by a social worker in 1938 in a farmhouse in rural Pennsylvania after suffering extreme social and sensory deprivation since birth. -Anna had been hidden in a second floor storage room, tied to a chair. She had been born in 1932 to an unmarried and mentally impaired woman of twenty-six who lived with her strict father who did not want the "illegitimate" child in his house. For the first six months of her life, -Anna was passed among several welfare agencies, but was return to his house when her mother could not afford to pay for her care. Anna's mother keep her in the storage room and feed her mostly milk to keep her alive. -Learning of Anna's rescue, Davis went to see the child. He found her with local officials at a county home. Davis was stunned by the emaciated girl, who could not laugh, speak, or even smile. Anna was completely unresponsive, as if alone in an empty world.

Explain reward and punishment within the social learning theory

-Appropriate behavior is praised and rewards are given (Reinforces desired behavior) -Punishment (or withholding rewards) is given out ;nor nonconformist behavior: Gender identity: A boy may be praised for changing a flat tire, but laughed at for wanting to play with dolls, and vice versa for a girl

How is childhood in North America?

-Childhood for North Americans is roughly the first twelve years of life. -Americans think of childhood as carefree time for learning and play

Critics of social learning theory by Albert Bandura

-Criticisms include concerns about rewards and punishments -Individuals may model both good or bad role models

What school introduces to the child? How the child changes?

-Enlarges children social world to include people with background different from their own -It is only as they encounter people who differ from themselves that children come to understand the importance of factors such as race and social position -They are likely to cluster in playgroups made up of one class, race, and gender

what family contributes to individual?

-Family has the job of teaching children skills, values, and beliefs. -Children learn from the kind of environment adults create. -The family also gives children a social position in terms of race, religion, ethnicity, and class. -Also, social standing (rich or poor family)

Explain the 3 concepts of learning theory within the social learning theory

-Focuses on observable behavior -Behavior is shaped by early experiences -Imitation, modeling

How Mead concepts of I and Me differ from Freud's Id and superego?

-For Freud, ID originates in our biology, but Mead rejected any biological element of the self (although he never clearly spelled out the origin of I) -The id and the superego are locked in continual combat, but the I and the me work cooperatively together (We initiate action (I), and then we continue action based on how others respond to us (me))

Although some analysts (including_)point to _as the crucial time when personality takes shape, _took broader view of socialization.

-Freud -Childhood -Erickson

Compare Freud and Piaget's perspectives

-Freud saw human being torn by opposing forces of biology and culture -Piaget saw the mind as active and creative -Piaget showed that human beings' ability to shape their social world unfolds gradually as the result of both biological maturation and social experience.

How old age is different from other earlier stages in the life course? (include what needs to be done)

-Growing up typically means entering new roles and taking on new responsibilities, but growing old is the opposite experience--leaving roles that provide both satisfaction and social identity -Retirement can be a period of restful activity. -Retirement can be the loss of valued routines and sometimes outright boredom. -Retirement demands learning new, different patterns or roles and unlearning familiar habits from the past.

Tell the case of Isabelle

-He also studied another girl, Isabella, who was raised for six years by her deaf mother in a dark room. After more than six years of virtual isolation, this girl displayed the same lack of responsiveness as Anna. -She, however, fared better than Anna when rescued from this isolated environment due to the benefit of an intensive learning program directed by psychologists, passing sixth grade in school by the age of fourteen at the time Davis concluded his observations.

What did Spitz concluded in his Hospice study about the isolated babies?

-He concluded that children who do not have a significant relationship with a caregiver will suffer from what he termed "anaclytic depression," a debilitating and potentially fatal disease. -"hospitalism" as a form of pediatric separation disorder.

What are the criticisms of mead?

-He may be criticized for ignoring the role of biology in the development of the self. -Mead rejected any biological element of self (although he never specified the origin of the I).

How Carol Gilligan Criticized the work of Lawrence Kohlberg?

-He only studied privileged, white men and boys, resulting in a biased opinion against women. -In his stage theory of moral development, the male view of individual rights and rules was considered a higher stage than women's point of view of development in terms of its caring effect on human relationships.

what is the criticism of Gilligan's work?

-However, she does not adequately address the issue of the origin of the gender-based differences that she has identified. -She has also been criticized for using anecdotal evidence, that researchers have not been able to duplicate her work, and that the samples used were too small

How human infants support the nature part of human development? give examples

-Human infants display various reflexes—biologically based behavior patterns that enhance survival. -ex: sucking reflexes, grasping reflexes, Moro reflexes (infant swinging both arms outward and then bringing them together across the chest. probably developed amount our evolutionary ancestors so that a falling infant could grasp the body hair of a parent.)

explain Sigmund Freud "ID" of the personality includes three basic components

-ID represent the human being's basic drives, which are unconscious and demand immediate satisfaction -id present at birth, making newborn a bundle of demands for attention, touching, and food -But society opposes the self-centered id, which is why one of the first words a child typically learns is "no"

How TV has influenced on violence? (provide studies)

-In 1996, the American Medical Association (AMA) issued the startling statement that violence in television and films had reached levels that were a health hazard to this country's people. -A 2001 study found a strong link between the amount of time elementary schoolchildren spend watching television and using video games and aggressive behavior -In 1997, the television industry adopted a rating system for shows in response to the violence and sexual content of TV programs.

what did Harlow did in his experiment? what concluded?

-In a laboratory setting, the Harlows removed baby rhesus monkeys from their mothers at birth. -The babies were provided with all the necessities of life such as food and warmth (temperature), but the babies had no contact with other monkeys. -Bazaar behavior developed. -The Harlows concluded that social isolation caused the monkeys raised in isolation to develop abnormally. -Harlow found that rhesus monkeys raised by surrogate mothers would cling to the cloth surrogate for comfort even when the wire surrogate provided nourishment and warmth provided by an electric light. These results led researchers to believe the need for closeness and affection goes deeper than a need for warmth. these monkeys showed less development damage from benefiting of closeness. -Harlow's research on "surrogate" mothers suggested the importance of mother/child bonding. (need for love)

Explain how Melvin Kohn contributed to the understanding of family as socialization agent

-KOHN'S CLASS STUDIES -Melvin Kohn (1977) explains the differences between working-class and middle-class parents. -People of lower social standing usually have limited education and perform routine jobs under close supervision. -They encourage obedience and may even use physical punishment like spanking to get it. -Middle-class parents, with more schooling, usually have jobs that demand imagination and creativity which they inspire in their children. -Middle-class parents provide more cultural capital that advances learning and fosters a sense of confidence that these children will succeed later in life (Lareau, 2002).

Middle adulthood

-Middle adulthood—roughly ages forty to sixty-- is characterized by greater reflectiveness. -Health issues become more pronounces. -Career and family goals undergo changes. -Children grow up and leave women with many free time that do not know how to fill (return to school and seek new careers)

How adolescence varies with class position?

-Most young people from working-class families move directly from high school into the adult world of work and parenting. -Wealthier teens, however, have the resources to attend college and perhaps graduate school, thereby stretching adolescence into the late twenties and even past thirty

Explain "social learning theory ties to symbolic interaction"

-Much research falls under the combined points made in social learning theory and symbolic interaction -Interaction and role-taking, modeling, imitation, and reinforcement

what is the Non-nativist linguist idea of language and by whom?

-Non-nativist linguist Eric Lenneberg—environment plays a role and critical periods provide a limited span of time during which the organism is sensitive to external stimuli and capable of acquiring certain skills (critical period hypothesis). -Critical period for language acquisition lasts until around age 12

What role do peer groups play in socialization?

-Peer group lets children escape the direct supervision of adults and be more independent. -Peer groups provide an opportunity to develop a sense of belonging and identity. -Among their peers, children learn how to form relationships on their own. -Peer groups offer the chance to discuss interests that adults may not share with their children or tolerate in them: Clothing and popular music vs Drugs and sex

How naturalism justified colonialism of Europeans?

-People trying to understand cultural diversity also misunderstood Darwin's thinking -Europeans linked differences of the way people behaved from one society to another to biological rather than culture -They claim that members of technologically simple societies were biologically less evolved and therefore "less human" -Ethnocentric view helped justify colonialism: why not take advantage of others if they seem not to be human in the same sense that you are?

what are the general ideas of Geroge Mead?

-Person develops as he or she interacts with others -Biological forces are of little importance -The environment shapes our thinking and our actions -We are not passively socialized, we do influence those who are influencing us

what are the criticisms about Kohlberg's model?

-Precise time frame will vary from person to person. -Many people in the United States apparently never reach the postconventional level of moral reasoning. -Model may not apply in the same way to people in all societies. -His theory is based on research using exclusively male subjects

How school socialize children into gender roles? (include how this pattern continues at college)

-Schools socialize children into gender roles. -Boys engage in more physical activities and spend more time out-doors, while girls often volunteer to help teachers with various housekeeping chores. -Boys engage in more aggressive behavior in the classroom, while girls are typically quieter and more well behaved -Gender differences continue in college, as women tend toward majoring in the arts or humanities and men lean toward economics, the physical sciences, and computing.

what did one of Gilligan's additional research about gender importance in research suggested?

-She found a clear pattern about her research on the effect of gender on self-esteem, in which young girls start out eager and confident, but their self-esteem slips away as they pass through adolescence -Reason lies in our society's socialization on females, where the ideal women is calm, controlled, and eager to please -Then too, as girls move from elementary to secondary school, they have fewer women teachers and find that most authority figures are men, As a result, by their late teens, girls struggle to regain the personal strength they had a decade earlier

Describe Adulthood in general terms

-Stage of life were most biological changes happen -Time where most accomplishment's take place, including pursuing a career and raising a family -Personality is largely formed by them, although marked changed in a person's environment (unemployment, divorce, or serious illness) may cause significant changes to self

Explain peers and teen relation

-Teens want to be with people their own age—their peers. -During the teen years, teens spend more time with their peers and without parental supervision. -With peers, teens can be both connected and independent, as they break away from their parents' images of them and develop identities of their own.

Explain: "SOCIAL DIVERSITY: HOW SHOULD THE MEDIA PORTRAY MINORITIES?" (include liberal and conservative view points)

-The mass media has become more sensitive in recent years to the possibility that they might offend people by making use of ethnic stereotypes. -Liberal critics argue that TV shows mirror our society's patterns of inequality and rarely challenge the status quo. -Most programs still depict men in positions of power over women. -Minorities, racial and ethnic, have mostly been portrayed in stereotypical roles -conservative critics charge TV and film industries are dominated by a liberal culture elite (advance liberal causes of feminism and gay rights) -wide range of political opinion is available in today's mass media

Tell Anna history after being rescued

-When Kingsley Davis visited her ten days after her discovery, he found her more alert and even smiling (perhaps for the first time in her life). Over the next year, Anna made slow but steady progress, showing more interest in other people and gradually learning to walk. -After a year and a half, she could feed herself and play with toys. -Anna did not start to use words until the age of ten. -After significant rehabilitation, Anna made progress in early stages of walking and speech, reaching the level of a two and a half to three year-old child, when she died at the age of ten from a blood disorder, possibly related to the years of abuse she suffered

explain Sigmund Freud "ego" of the personality includes three basic components

-a person's conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society. -arises as we become aware of our distinct existence and face the fact that we cannot have everything we want

Explain the stage "Postconventional" of Lawrence Kohlberg stages of moral development

-ability to comprehend and process more abstract moral/ethical principles -People move beyond their society's norms to consider abstract ethical principles -argue what is legal still may not be right -Think about freedom, liberty, or justice

Early adulthood

-adulthood—until about age forty-- -involves working toward goals set earlier in life. -Young adults learn to manage day-to-day affairs -Conflicting responsibilities as parents, partners, and workers require juggling.

Generalized other

-as widespread cultural norms and values we use as references in evaluating ourselves. -A game involves the role of specific people in just one situation. Every day life demands that we see ourselves in terms of cultural norms as any member of our society

Explain the stage "Conventional" of Lawrence Kohlberg stages of moral development

-care what others think and a desire to please others and conform to their culture -At formal operational stage of Piaget's stages -Young people loose some of their selfishness as they learn to define right and wrong in terms of what pleases parents and conforms to cultural norms -Intention of reaching moral judgments instead of simply looking at what people do

What are the positive effects of mass media?

-enrich our lives with entertaining and educational programming -increase exposure to diverse cultures and provoke discussion of current issues

Carol Gilligan identifies_in moral judgment. How this relates to males and females?

-gender differences -rule-based male reasoning; person-based female reasoning

While much of human personality is the result of our _, the socialization process can _. This very likely accounts for much of the _

-genes -mold it in particular directions by encouraging specific beliefs and attitudes as well as selectively providing experiences. -difference between the common personality types in one society in comparison to another.

what Charles Darwin theory of evolution lead people to think about human behavior?

-led people to think that human behavior was instinctive, simply our "nature" -led to claims that the US economic system reflects "instinctive human competitiveness," that some people are "born criminals," or the women are "naturally" emotional while men are "naturally" rational

Describe adolescence

-period of struggle to develop identity -Adolescence is often a period of social and emotional turmoil reflecting cultural inconsistency. -It is a time of social contradictions when people are no longer children but not yet adults. -Like all phases of the life course, it varies with class position.

Why total institutions bring personality change so easily?

-physicality isolated inmates -Limit of their access to communication -The institutions becomes their entire world, making it easier for the staff to bring about personality change--or at least obedience--in the inmate

Define how Mead saw "self" (include definition of self)

-self: part of an individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image, resulting from social experience

Physical contact with others is essential to meet our _needs. The very survival of the individual and the group depends on _

-social and emotional -its members being properly socialized.

It is apparent that severe social isolation contributes to poor _, but it's difficult to _

-social development -prove "scientifically"

Stage 5 Adolescence

-the challenge of gaining identity (versus confusion). -Teen years -Young people struggle to establish their own identity -In part, teenagers identify with others, but they also want to be unique -Almost all teens experience some confusion as they struggle to establish identity

Stage 4:Preadolescence

-the challenge of industriousness (versus inferiority). -6-13 years old -children enter to school, make friends, and strike out on their own more and more -They either feel proud of their accomplishments or fear that they do not measure up

Stage 3: preschool

-the challenge of initiative (versus guilt). -4-5 years old must learn to engage their surroundings (including people outside of the family) or experience guilt at failing to meet the expectations of parents and others

Stage 8: old age

-the challenge of integrity (versus despair). -As the end of life approaches, people hope to look back on what they have accomplished with a sense of integrity and satisfaction -For those who have been self-absorbed, old age brings only a sense of despair over missed opportunities

stage 6 Young adulthood

-the challenge of intimacy (versus isolation). -Challenge for young adults is to form and maintain intimate relationship with others -Falling in love (as well as making close friends) involved balancing the need to bond with the need to have a separate identity

Stage 7 Middle adulthood

-the challenge of making a difference (versus self-absorption). -Challenge of middle age is contributing to the lives of others in the family, at work, and in the larger world. -Failing at this, people become self-centered, caught up in their own limited concerns

explain Sigmund Freud "superego" of the personality includes three basic components

-the operation of culture within the individual. -The cultural values and norms internalized by an individual -operates as our conscience, telling us why we cannot have everything we want -The superego begins to form as a child becomes aware of parental demands and matures as the child come to understand that everyone's behavior should take account of cultural norms

what is a negative effect of TV on children as they grow?

-they become more passive and less likely to use imagination -TV is not harmful itself, but watching TV prevents children from engaging in other activities (especially interacting with other children and adults) which is vital to social and mental development

Critics of piaget (2)

1. Children may vary in movement through the stages of cognitive development. 2. theory may not apply to all people in a society.

5 stages of death in coming to accept death:

1. Denial 2. Anger. 3. Negotiation 4. Resignation 5. Acceptance

what are mead's stages of self development?

1. Preparatory stage 2. Play stage 3. Game stage

List the 4 stages of cognitive development of Jean Piaget

1. Sensorimotor Stage 2. Preoperational Stage 3 Concrete operational stage 4. Formal operational stage

criticisms against Freud's ideas (2)

1. Some of his work has been criticized as reflecting a sexist bias. 2. His theories are difficult to test scientifically

what are the 2 phases of resocialization?

1. The staff breaks down the new inmate's existing identity. (violate privacy and make everyone look alike) 2. The staff tries to build a new self through a system of rewards and punishments (gaining simple privileges are motivation to conform)

list the 8 stages of development by Erickson

1. infancy:The challengeof trust vs mistrust 2. Toddlerhood: the challenge of autonomy vs doubt and shame 3. Preschool-the challenge of initiative vs guilt 4. Preadolescence: the challenge of industriousness vs inferiority 5. Adolescence: the challenge of gaining identity versus confusion 6. Young adulthood: the challenge of intimacy vs isolation 7. Middle adulthood: the challenge of making a difference vs self-absorption 8. Old age: the challenge of integrity vs despair

what are the 3 characteristics of social institutions?

1. staff members supervise all aspects of daily life, including when and where residents (inmates) eat, sleep, work 2.Life in a total institution is controlled and standardized with same food, uniforms, and activities for everyone 3. Formal rules dictate when, where, and how inmates perform their daily routines

What were the ideas of self by Mead?

1. the self is not there at birth; it develops (reject the idea of personality guided by biological drives ad Freud asserted and biological maturation as Piaget claimed) 2. The self develops only with social experience, as the individual interacts with others (without interaction, the body grows, but no self emerges) 3. Social experience is the exchange of symbols (use words, humans attach meaning to almost every action) 4. Seeking meaning leads people to imagine other people's intentions (draw conclusions from people's actions, imagining underlying intentions) 5. Understanding someone's intentions requires imagining the situation from that person's point of view, a process called taking the role of the other.

Acceptance

Adjustment to death is completed and the person tries to make the most of whatever time remains.

what is the conclusion regarding isolation?

All evidence points to the crucial importance of social experience in personality development. Human beings can recover from abuse and short-term isolation. But there is a point—precisely when is unclear from the small number of cases studied—at which isolation in childhood causes permanent developmental damage.

what are the three cases of child isolation?

Anna—Kingsley Davis Isabelle Genie

Personality

DISTINCTIVE COMPLEX OF ATTITUDES, BELIEFS, BEHAVIORS, AND VALUES THAT MAKES UP AN INDIVIDUAL

what were the contributions of KINGSLEY DAVIS?

He studied extreme cases of social isolation in children in the early 20th century including that of Anna (1938) and Isabella.

What causes hurried child syndrome?

Higher levels of stress and anxiety in today's children than 50 years ago

who tried to help Victor of Averyon?

His case was taken up by a young physician, Jean Marc Gaspard Itard, who worked with the boy (whom he named Victor) for five years

Resignation

Is often accompanied by psychological depression.

How mass media arises?

Mass media arise as communications technology (first newspapers and then radio, television, films, and the Internet) spreads information on a mass scale.

what are the contributors of the sociological theories of socialization and self-development? (2)

Mead and Cooley

the looking glass theory can be summarize as

Others are like a mirror. We look into that mirror and it reflects back to us who we are.

Personal identity

PERSONALITY AND SELF COME TOGETHER TO GIVE AN INDIVIDUAL A SENSE OF SEPARATENESS AND UNIQUENESS

Positive Peer Pressure

Peers can and do act as positive role models and can demonstrate appropriate social behaviors.

Kohlberg's model presents moral development in distinct stages based on _

Piaget's work.

what did Rene Spitz studied?

Rene Spitz explored the development (or lack of development) of institutionalized children. In the 1945 study involving human babies, Spitz's followed the social development of babies who, for various reasons, were removed from their mothers early in life.

Define "social experience" as Mead saw it (include how this relates to other person idea and theory)

Social experience is the exchange of symbols; taking the role of the other (Cooley's looking-glass self)

Self

THE UNIQUE SENSE OF IDENTITY THAT DISTINGUISHES EACH INDIVIDUAL FROM ALL OTHER INDIVIDUALS

Negotiation

The person imagines avoiding death by striking a bargain with God.

Sensorimotor stage

The sensorimotor stage (birth to about age 2), the level of human development in which individuals experience the world only through sensory contact

Example of anticipatory socialization in teenagers?

Young people may mimic the styles and slang of the group they hope to join.

People are influenced by peer groups they would like to join, a process sociologists call _

anticipatory socialization.

Total institutions

are settings in which people are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by an administrative staff.

Peer pressure can be _

both positive and negative.

what balances superego and id?

ego

Erik H. Erickson and the _

eight stages of development

what is the polemic behind Genie case?

if a child was raised in complete isolation, without human contact, would the child acquire language, and if so, what kind of language would it be?

what school means?

leisure employed in learning

which social class spends most of time watching TV?

low income people

Piaget wondered how the child _

made sense of the world

In the 19th century there was an intense debate regarding the relative importance of _

nature (biology) and nurture (socialization) in the shaping of human behavior

A century ago, what people believed about how people had their personality?

people mistakenly believed that humans were born with instincts that determined their personality and behavior

Cognition

refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

George Herbert Mead Theory of_

the social self