Ch 5 sociology

Panera Bread restaurants recently began replacing cashiers with ordering kiosks in an effort to increase efficiency, shorten lines, improve order accuracy, and reduce labor costs. This is one example of

McDonaldization

Charismatic authority is unlike either traditional authority or legal-rational authority in that it is rooted in

Personal qualities of the leader

Prisha is a member of many different groups, including her school, soccer team, and Hindu temple. Above all these, however, is her close-knit family, which provides her with the most emotional satisfaction and greatest sense of belonging. According to Charles Horton Copley, Prisha's family would be classified as a

Primary group

Miles joined a small reading group at school and became close friends with the three other members. During the year, seventeen more students joined the group and rules had to be put in place to resolve issues such as which book they should read together. Think about the group dynamics. What impact did this increase in group size have on relationships within the group?

The relationships became more impersonal.

Which of the following statements about secondary groups is true?

They tend to be based on specific roles or activities.

Which of the following is considered a group?

a classroom of children

Which of the following is best suited to preventing groupthink?

a leader who encourages and rewards the presentation of alternative opinions

What are group members engaging in when they withhold their reservations and criticisms for the sake of consensus?

groupthink

What sort of group dynamic may have led officials at NASA to ignore warnings and launch the space shuttle Challenger, which exploded shortly after takeoff?

groupthink

In Los Angeles you may see cars sporting a bumper sticker that reads, "My favorite teams are UC[A and whoever's playing USC. What is this an example of?

hostility toward an out group

What do sociologists call the webs of direct and indirect ties that connect individuals to others who may influence them?

social networks

The principle of "six degrees of separation" that suggests that everyone in the world is connected to everyone else within six steps, exemplifies which concept?

social ties

Which of the following organizational traits did Max Weber identify as something that helps bureaucracies operate smoothly?

specialization

Members of a fraternity believe that they help create social cohesion by bringing together students with shared values. What perspective best describes their views?

structural functionalism

The mother of a university student is worried about her son joining a fraternity. She worries that peer pressure and groupthink may lead her son to do activities he wouldn't normally do, such as binge drinking. What perspective best describes her views?

symbolic interactionism

What was the Asch experiment measuring?

the power of peer pressure

Pakistani social media star Qandeel Baloch being murdered by her brother as an honor killing demonstrates a case of

the value of the group being stronger than the value of the individual

What kind of group consists of group members who share information and advice, provide support to one another, and have common interests, but never meet in person?

virtual community

According to Robert Putnam, what does the decline in bowling leagues

an increase in anomie and decline in collective bonds

Magda is an actively involved student at Washington State University and also is a big fan of its athletic teams. How is she likely to view other Washington State University students as part of her life?

as her in-group

Flora's car breaks down, leaving her stranded on the highway in the middle of rush hour. As more and more cars drive past her, Flora is surprised that no one stops to help her. The fact that other drivers fail to help Flora is most likely explained by

bystander apathy

When running through the airport, Collin trips and spills all of his stuff out of his backpack. Lots of people see Collin trip and fall, but no one helps Collin pick up any of his stuff or checks to see if he is okay. The fact that others do not help in this case is best explained by

bystander apathy

All left-handed people in the United States would be classified as a(n)

category

According to Max Weber, one of the chief characteristics of a bureaucracy is

clear hierarchy

When everyone in her class said that they liked to dance, Jill reported liking to dance, too, even though she dislikes dancing. The way that Jill changed her attitude about dancing so that her opinion matched that of her classmates is an example of

conformity

When Milgram modified his shock experiment so that the teacher could see the learner, the level of obedience

decreased

What kind of leadership style is typically expected of women in contemporary society?

expressive

The sense of solidarity or team spirit-that an individual feels toward his or her group is called

group cohesion

What characteristic distinguishes a group from an aggregate?

Groups foster the formation of enduring social relations.

Family businesses often devalue diverse points of view because they exclude nonfamily members from company decision-making, and as a result are less innovative and competitive. This may be due to a high degree of cohesion within family businesses which results in conformity rather than critical thinking. A sociologist would say these businesses suffer from the problem of

Groupthink

What is the danger of too much group cohesion?

It can lead to groupthink, in which dissenting opinions are strongly discouraged.

A producer for a cable news show is feeling insecure. She complains to her boss that she isn't very smart and that she only does well because she's scared of being yelled at. Her boss tells her to stop whining and not worry about it. He says, "I'm a results guy. I don't care why it works as long as it works!" What leadership style do you think her boss has?

instrumental

Leaders whose personal styles make them more task oriented or goal oriented and less concerned with people's feelings are called _ leaders.

instrumental

The professor who cares only about student grades and isn't concerned with his students' personal well-being or morale is demonstrating what kind of leadership?

instrumental

Stanley Milgram's shock experiment illustrates the phenomenon of

obedience

To get a sense of her performance in a course, Shayla compares her grades to the grades of others in the course. In this case, the other students are Shayla's _____.

reference group

Behaving in a way that confirms your own or other people's expectations is referred to as

self-fulfilling prophecy

Which of the following is a factor that can lead to increased group cohesion?

shared values

Individual members of a large group often neglect their responsibilities when a task needs to be completed because it is impossible for any one person to receive credit or blame. This phenomenon is called

social loafing