ch 6-16
What headlines is the BEST example of horse-race media coverage?
"Polls Indicate Republicans Will Lose Seats if/congress this Fall"
Which statement is MOST likely to come from a trade protectionist?
"We need to impose more tariffs on imported goods."
Where is the vesting clause found?
Article II of the Constitution
If an interest group conducts research and writes a report to share with Congress, it is using what kind of resource?
Expertise
The New Deal occurred under whose presidency?
Franklin Roosevelt
The Great Society took place during the presidency of ___________.
Lyndon Johnson
Which statement below BEST exemplifies the "paradox of voting"?
The likelihood that your vote affects the election outcome is tiny relative to the cost of voting.
At full employment, what is the unemployment rate?
between 4 and 4.5 percent
When representatives help constituents interact with government programs or agencies, they are engaging in ______
casework
During the last several decades, the number of ideologically moderate members in Congress has
decreased significantly.
What is NOT a voting cue?
election rules
The fiscal policy refers to ________.
the government's taxing and spending decisions
Which voting outcomes in Congress might compel a president to sign a bill into law that he did not like?
331 Representatives favor it, along with 71 Senators
______________ requires banks to have a certain amount of money on hand to cover withdrawals.
Reserve requirement
A runoff election is likely when a state uses __________ voting.
majority
A citizen's judgment of an officeholder's job performance since the last election is called
retrospective evaluation.
A justice who subscribes to a doctrine of judicial restraint would be MOST likely to produce which statement?
"We should not be ruling on this. This issue should be decided through legislation."
A legislature decides a tax increase of some sort is necessary. A poor individual seeking to limit his tax liability would likely support which type of tax increase?
(probably not) income
A __________ is a tax-exempt group that is not subject to contribution limits and spending caps and that is formed primarily to influence elections through voter mobilization efforts and issue ads that do not directly endorse or oppose a candidate.
527 organization
The president appoints individuals to hold roughly __________ executive branch positions, roughly ___________ percent of which much be confirmed by the Senate.
8,000; 15
Which activity BEST exemplifies police patrol oversight?
A Congressional committee reviews and agency´s spending reports from the previous fiscal year
Who is a member of the Senior Executive Service?
A cabinet secretary
What is an example of a member of Congress performing fire alarm oversight?
A constituent calls their legislator to complain about an agency action taken in her neighborhood
Which incident would MOST likely lead to a class-action lawsuit?
A group of people are all injured taking what turned out to be a harmful medication.
Which legislator holds a marginal seat?
A legislator who collected 52 percent of the vote in the last election
What is the BEST illustration of an issue getting on the policy agenda?
A member of Congress tells constituents at an election event that she would support increasing taxes to in order that the federal government can provide additional welfare services
In 2005, New York Times reporter Judith Miller went to jail for refusing to divulge her source for an article she had earlier written. Miller could have been protected if the federal government had had what in place?
A shield law
Sometimes interest groups file ______ briefs in court.
Amicus curiae
What separates an "initiative" from other public policy-making processes?
An initiative is a public policy question put on the ballot by citizens and voted for by citizens
In what way were parties that emerged around the time of the country's founding similar to parties today?
Both were created to enact policies their members like.
Media that is transmitted over airwaves, such as radio and basic television stations, is known as ___________ media.
Broadcast
If you wanted a job in the federal government but did not want to have to worry about political pressure from the president, which post would you most covet?
Chairperson of the Federal Reserve
A president who does not want to turn over recorded discussions between himself and his advisor would do what?
Claim executive privilege
Since the 1960s, the number of marginal seats in Congress has
Decreased consistently
When __________ control the White House, poverty levels tend to __________.
Democrats; decrease among poor Americans
The president has the MOST discretion to shape policy when __________.
Drafting an executive order
How are the number of electors for each state determined in the electoral college?
Each state receives an elector for every member of the House and Senate it has.
The __________ parties defined the first party system on the issue of the proper role and size of the national government.
Federalist and Democratic-Republican
What is the difference between fiscal and monetary policy?
Fiscal policy involves taxing and spending, whereas monetary policy involves controlling the money supply.
__________ of the __________ justices must agree to hear a case in order for it to be granted a writ of certiorari.
Four; nine
Attempts to use the redistricting process for political advantage are called
Gerrymandering
The War on Poverty, the creation of Head Start, and major civil rights legislation were all part of the __________.
Great Society
What is the BEST way to characterize the effects of individuals group identity on their political views?
Group experiences/characteristics may affect attitudes on some issues, but not on other issues.
In late 2015, President Obama struck a climate change deal in Paris with many countries around the world. However, since he wanted to avoid requiring Senate approval, how did he achieve the deal?
He signed an executive agreement
If Albert volunteers for a presidential campaign immediately after reading about the spoils system, what motivated him to get involved?
He was hoping he would get a job if his candidate won
Which survey question is MOST likely to trigger social desirability bias in survey responses?
How often do you participate in elections?
(Q019) Public opinion is considered _______ when many citizens have positions on either end of the political spectrum.
Ideologically polarized
Someone who describes herself as conservative is speaking about her political __________
Ideology
What distinguishes a contributory policy from a noncontributory policy?
In noncontributory programs recipients are not required to pay for the benefits they receive, whereas in contributory programs individuals do cover some of the costs themselves.
What does grassroots lobbying involve?
Interest group members contacting their elected officials
Those who believe that American is a government in which most policy decisions are determined by interest groups believe that American has a(n) __________.
Interest group state
Why was the Citizens United Supreme Court case so important to labor unions?
It dramatically increased the ability of labor unions to spend money in elections
What is the chief danger in a president giving extremely specific orders to an agency?
It limits the ability of bureaucrats to exercise their expert judgement on the matter
These days, what role does the Senate play in confirming judges?
It plays an active role.
What scenarios BEST illustrates the idea of by-product learning
Jackson shops for television at Best Buy and sees the results of a local election on one of the demo television sets.
Jessica was denied entry to medical school. She sued for admission and was allowed to enter the program provisionally while the case went through the court system. Years later, a few months before her graduation date, the Supreme Court declined to hear the case. What is the most likely reason why?
Jessica's case is moot.
Which policy is used to make sure that federal judges are impartial?
Judges are appointed for life.
Congress's bicameral structure reflects an attempt to reconcile which competing interests of the early nation?
Large versus small states
What is the source of the president's statutory authority?
Laws enacted by Congress
Imagine the president is considering proposing a new policy but not sure how the public will react to it. What media strategy would be best suited to gauging public opinion while shielding the president from potential backlash?
Leak the idea to a trusted reporter
Direct lobbyists generally target ___________
Legislators who are in favor of the group's goals
The responsibility-responsiveness dilemma is rooted in the tension between what two things?
Local interests and national interests
Congressman Ramsey votes for a farming bill that Congressman Walcott cares about in exchange for COngressman Walcott voting a housing bill that Congressman Ramsey supports. This is an example of what norm?
Logrolling
On which types of issues would we expect interest groups to be most successful?
Low-salience, low-conflict
Why is the collective action problem an issue for interest groups?
Many of their potential members decide to free ride on the group's efforts
What is fire alarm oversight in Congress?
Members of Congress respond to complaints about the bureaucracy as they arise.
Even though the froliferation of the Internet has created thousands of potential sources for Americans, citizenry remains poorly informed about politics. What is the MOST likely cause of this?
Most people are disinterested in following politics.
The Federal Register is used to publish potential regulations during which step in the rule-making process?
Notice - and - comment
Which group is responsible for monitoring government spending and preparing the president´s annual spending proposal?
Office of management and Budget
Which process is used by Congress requires that any new spending in one area must be offset by spending cuts in another area?
PAYGO
What is the BEST explanation for why members of the same political party in Congress may vote different ways on an issue?
Parties are ideologically diverse coalitions.
What is the BEST way to describe the effectiveness of parties in helping members of Congress work together?
Parties can help members build winning coalitions, but only on some issues.
What is the BEST description of party organizations in America?
Party organizations are decentralized and not hierarchical.
Since the founding of the nation, what has been the trend in presidential power?
Presidential power has greatly expanded since the time of George Washington
Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes presidential power?
Presidents are quite powerful but also quite constrained.
In a story about the opiate epidemic, an editor decides to spend most of the time talking about unsupportive families rather than the over-prescription of drugs by doctors. This is an example of _______.
Priming
The American Bar Association represents the interest of lawyers while the American Medical Association represents the interests of doctors. These are examples of what kind of group?
Professional associations
Citizens' views on politics and on what government is and should be doing are known as _______opinions.
Public
Which BEST summarizes the influence of public opinion on government?
Public opinion has wide-ranging effects on government officials.
What is an example of an "outside" strategy?
Raising and spending money to help elect (or defeat) congressional candidates
Which Cabinet position is subject to Senate approval?
Secretary of defense
A result of the "permanent campaign" is that ________.
Senators are less insulated from electoral forces than previously
Generally, leadership on committees in Congress is determined by which norm
Seniority
Payroll taxes go to fund which of the following programs?
Social Security
Which of the following is the MOST likely reason that soft new prevalent?
Soft news attracts a bigger audience than does hard news
You decide to join a club on campus because you enjoy socializing with other people who share your views. This is an example of what kind of benefit?
Solidary
a shield law protects
Sources
How has the Internet affected news for the average American?
The Internet has expanded the amount and scope of news available to most Americans.
Why is the Supreme Court careful to factor in how other branches will react when it makes decisions?
The Supreme Court has no authority to enforce the decisions it makes.
There is a common (if unfortunate) saying in the press that "if it bleeds, it leads," incaning that if a story involves violence or crime, it is likely to make the news. Why is this the case?
The media is a business and as such has to constantly worry about attracting viewers and readers.
What is the BEST explanation for why the number of lobbyists and interest groups has increased over time?
The number of things the federal government is involved in has increased.
What political story BEST exemplifies soft news?
The president's family gets a new dog.
What is the BEST way to describe the impact of federal regulations in everyday life?
They affect many aspects of our lives
In what way are civil service regulations potentially a drawback?
They can make it difficult to fire someone who is no longer doing a good job
Why do we have civil service regulations?
They produce better policy outcomes.
How do bureaucrats benefit from civil service regulations?
They provide job security.
If Brett wants to give money to a particular candidate in order to help her get elected to public office, what type of group should he donate to?
a PAC
What activity BEST exemplifies "fire alarm oversight"?
a congressional committee investigates an agency after a whistleblower said the group was wasting tax dollars
The Supreme Court would have original jurisdiction in a case involving
a dispute between two states over oil drilling rights in the Gulf of Mexico.
If you were a public opinion researcher wanting to study individual attitudes in an extremely deep and complex way, what method would you use?
a focus group
Which of the following individuals would be MOST likely to vote?
a white, middle-aged college graduate
If Jessica is trying to form an opinion about an issue, which person is she MOST likely to turn to for advice?
an expert whose view she already agrees with
Which pattern would lead to the greatest strain being placed on Social Security?
an increase in the age of the average American
In Congress, the Democrats are organized by a ______, whereas the Republicans are organized by a _______
caucus; conference
Groups with headquarters, often in Washington, D.C., and with members and field offices throughout the country are known as
centralized groups
A legislative district in what shape is most likely to have been gerrymandered?
cirlce
Which group is MOST likely to be harmed by the free rider problem?
citizen groups
The trade deficit is the part of the __________ that gets the most political attention.
current account
The American political parties are
decentralized organizations with loose coordination across groups.
Newspaper readership has ______ over the past decade
decreased
The norm of senatorial courtesy applies to what level of the judiciary?
district
If the Democrats control the Senate and the White House, and the Republicans control the House of Representatives, what is this an example of?
divided government
When would a Keynesian tell you to cut taxes or raise spending?
during a recession
What is the electoral college?
electors from each state who cast ballots for president and vice president
When do nominating conventions happen?
every four years when a party must pick its presidential candidate
________ refers to the media's ability to decide which issues are covered and which are ignored and to provide either more or less information about important political issues.
filtering
James Monroe's "Monroe Doctrine" demonstrates the important role that early presidents played in what area?
foreign policy
Whereas attitudes concerning __________ are generally stable over time, attitudes about __________ often change year to year.
general values; specific public policies
What would be the BEST way to help third parties gain traction in the American political system?
get rid of single-member districts
What is an example of retail politics?
going door-to-door to meet voters one-on-one
A candidate's efforts to mobilize voters all come together on Election Day through their
ground game
Appellate jurisdiction refers to the Court's power to _______
hear appeals from lower courts
Which policy area would a first spouse most likely focus their efforts?
human rights
Research has shown that people's opinions are MOST likely to be swayed by events that they consider to be
important and unfamiliar
At what stage of the legislative process do MOST house bills die?
in committee
Programs that provide assistance to those who cannot fend for themselves financially are known as __________.
income support
To decrease sample error, a pollster must __________ the number of respondents.
increase
The Great Society saw a(n) _________ in the size of the federal government in a number of areas, but most notably in _________.
increase; education
Over time, the income and wealth gap in the United States has
increased.
What political actions would make Social Security more sustainable?
increasing payroll taxes
The average cost of a loaf of bread in 1980 was $0.50. Today it is closer to $3.00. This is an example of what economic phenomenon?
inflation
If __________ increase(s), the Federal Reserve will take action that may result in __________.
inflation; higher unemployment
__________ strategies involve direct contact with elected officials or bureaucrats in Washington.
inside
The __________ approach to deciding Supreme Court cases says that justices should attempt to defer to the elected branches of government and not contradict their actions.
judicial restraint
When the Supreme Court strikes down a congressional or state law, it engages in __________.
judicial review
Sasha is asked about her views on the government's banking reform, a topic she has not thought about often. Sasha says she is in favor of it. What is her answer an example of?
latent opinion
When the government increases spending, it is generally preceded by a policy mood that is
leaning liberal
Harry is a 70-year-old retiree who joined the AARP. To celebrate, he took his daughter to a restaurant and flashed his new AARP card when the check came, earning him a 15 percent discount. What kind of benefit has Harry just used?
material
Cory is a 72-year-old individual with a serious medical condition. What program would he most likely turn to for treatment?
medicare
in order to prevent media ________ the federal government established the _________.
monopolies; Federal Communications Commission?
There is a company whose factories pollute a local river, depriving others living on the river of the ability to fish there. That is an example of what kind of externality?
negative
When is a politico most likely to act as a trustee?
on a complex issue
What is NOT considered an agent of socialization?
one's party identification
Mordor has just been added as the 51st state in the United States. When people go to vote in presidential primaries in Mordor, they get to decide on the day of the election if they are going to vote in the Republican or Democratic primary. This is an example of what kind of primary?
open
After the New York Times ran a story on corruption in the sprocket industry, Congress began an investigation into sprocket regulations. This is an example of a topic getting on the
policy agenda
After implementation, which step in the policy-making process occurs?
policy evaluation
When we want to know the level of public support for expanding the government's role in society, what do we measure?
policy mood
Jasmine is a(n) __________ woman who needs medical attention. She would turn to __________ for assistance.
poor; Medicaid
In a similar previous case the court ruled for the plaintiff. The court will now consider that previous ruling in deciding how to deal with the current case. This is an example of __________.
precedent
To win a party's nomination, a candidate must win the
primary election.
An employee who joins an organization at work would be considered a member of a(n) _____, whereas an individual who wants to champion a particular issue such as protecting the oceans would join a(n) ______.
professional association; citizen group
Taxes that require upper-income people to pay a larger share of their income than lower-income people are called __________.
progressive
All Democratic primaries and caucuses (and some Republican primaries and caucuses) use a system where the number of delegates a candidate receives is determined by the percentage of the popular vote he or she received. This is known as _____________.
proportional allocation
When the United States goes from one party system to another, this is known as a
realignment
What strategy, if adopted, would MOST likely increase the president´s influence over leaders of independent agencies?
shortening the lengths of their terms
The second party system ultimately split over the issue of
slavery
Which tool does virtually every political organization in America use to foster frequent and immediate dialogue with supporters?
social media sites
Which social policy program is the MOST popular, often referred to as the "third rail" of American politics?
social security
Candidates have __________ control over election outcomes; however, their races are also heavily influenced by __________.
some; fundamentals
Those who believe in a living Constitution __________.
take into account evolving national attitudes in interpreting the document
The Laffer curve estimates a relationship between __________ and __________.
taxation; revenue
"Preventative social policy" is associated with what politlcal movement?
the New Deal
The 15 executive department heads who help the president implement policy make up what office?
the cabinet
At what stage of the Supreme Court decision-making process are the justices' law clerks most influential?
the creation of a cert pool
Who is the incumbent?
the current officeholder, running for re-election
What is the current account?
the difference between all national receipts and all national payments
If NBC were to invite a presidential candidate to host Saturday Night Live during he election season, other candidates might cry foul, citing _______
the equal time provision
A balanced budget means that ______.
the government spends no more than it brings in via revenue
Jackson, a conservative Republican, and Jessica, a liberal Democrat, both watch the same news show in separate houses. Neither are happy with the coverage of a particular story. What is the BEST explanation for how this can be?
the hostile media effect
A person who argues that people should take more responsibility for their own social welfare and social policy should be determined by the free market would best be characterized and believing in what principle?
the ownership society
The United States Trade Representative is primarily responsible for advising __________
the president
The interaction between the president, who needs something done, and a bureaucrat, who is responsible for carrying out the president´s orders, is called
the principal-agent game
What is a major goal for all staffers of the Executive Office of the President in the first term?
the reelection goals of the president
After working for the government for years, Geordi goes to work for an engineering firm that lobbies for more government funding. This is an example of ___
the revolving door
Framing is the influence on public opinion as a result of
the way a story is presented or covered, including the details, explanations, and context offered in the report.
If a particular legislator is wavering on a close vote, who will party leaders likely send to his office to try to persuade him to vote their way?
the whip
Interest groups are MOST likely to be successful when they are lobbying for issues that attract little public attention because
there is less likely to be electoral consequences for legislators supporting them
What is the Democratic Party's goal in creating superdelegates?
to ensure the nominee is someone the officials believe can win the general election
What is the principal responsibility of the Federal Reserve Board?
to manage monetary policy
The National Beer Wholesalers Association is an interest group made up of individual businesses. This is an example of a __________.
trade association
The American Congress has ______ Chambers?
two
Money that can be raised in __________ amounts and can be spent on issue advocacy is known as _________ money.
unlimited;soft
What is a common strategy for preventing bureaucratic drift?
using standardized procedures in the monitoring of agency behavior
The fact that many people who grow up around each other have similar political views is evidence that __________
we often learn about politics from each other
Under which regime would a Democratic president MOST likely veto a bill?
when both the House and the Senate are controlled by Republicans
What is a "markup" as it relates to Congress?
a collaborative process in which the final wording of a bill is determined
The Supreme Court's power of judicial review was established
as a result of Marbury v. Madison.
Which sample would be the MOST desirable for commenting on the country's mood?
1,500 people selected randomly
What is the MOST important thing a survey company must do to ensure a proper sample?
Collect a random sample.
What is the BEST explanation for why bureaucratic drift can be difficult to correct?
Congress and the president cannot agree on the nature of the drift.
Over the past 30 years, states in the upper Midwest and Northeast have steadily lost seats in the House of Representatives to states in the South and West. This is part of which process that takes place every 10 years?
Apportionment
Which statement about presidential military authority is true?
As commander-in-chief, the president has day-to-day control over military operations, including the authority to put troops into action without congressional consent.
Why has attack journalism grown more common in recent decades?
Attack stories tend to attract more viewers
In what way is a challenger MOST likely to have an electoral advantage when running against an incumbent for a seat in Congress?
Current public opinion
Imagine a scenario in which a large majority of people in your town wanted to eliminate all taxes even if that meant the local government could no longer fund road repairs, schools, or the local police force. Your state's senator would be acting as a(n) _____ if she decided to vote to eliminate all taxes simply because the people have demanded it.
Delegate
Which list properly orders federal courts from smallest geographic area of jurisdiction to largest?
District; Circuit; Supreme
Officially, state legislatures redraw district boundaries every 10 years to ensure that_______
Districts are approximately equal in population
The Daily Bugle newspaper editor will generally cover any story involving crime and punishment, but they rarely run stories about political corruption. This is an example of what media effect?
Filtering
What policy area is the president most likely to get the policy they want
Foreign policy
What is closely associated with credit claiming?
Pork barrel policies
The MOST extreme response that Congress can take to try to control the president is ________
Impeaching the president
Why is promoting descriptive representation valuable in itself?
It encourages trust in the system among various demographic groups
Basic details about the federal court system, such as the creation of district courts and the size of the Supreme Court, are found in what document?
Judiciary Act of 1789
Which of the following voters is using a "voting cue" to make her candidate choice?
Katie looks at the party affiliation of each candidate.
News Corp. is a major corporation that owns Fox Broadcasting, Fox News, DirectTV, more than 40 other cable channels, several major newspapers including the Wall Street Journal, several weekly magazines, and a variety of film studios. News Corp. is an example of what media concept?
Media conglomerate
What does it mean that MOST political judgments are latent opinions
Most Americans form their opinions only as needed
Which statement about political independents is true?
Most Independents actually do lean towards one party or another.
Which statement about leaking is true?
Most leaked stories come from politicians whose party is not in power?
What would it mean to privatize Social Security?
People could choose how to privately invest their payroll taxes during their working years
What evidence do we have that public opinion is relevant in American politics today?
Politicians and journalists spend lots of time and money trying to figure out what people think.
What statement about presidential reelection is MOST accurate?
Presidents usually factor in the effects that first-term political activities may have on their reelection bids as they plan their legislative priorities.
The official name for the food stamp program in the United States is the __________.
Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program (SNAP)
What piece of legislation sought to limit the political activity of federal employees?
The Hatch Act
Which statement about the presidential impeachment process is true?
The House votes to impeach the president, and the Senate conducts a trial to decide if the president should be removed from office
How does Social Security work?
The money you pay in payroll taxes pays today's retirees
__________ is made up of politicians who were elected as candidates of a party, whereas __________ involves the structure of national, state, and local parties, including party leaders and workers.
The party in government; the party organization
What is the purpose of the president using the veto as a threat?
The president can influence the legislative process in Congress.
The local TV news show aired the following results of a poll that asked people who they were likely to vote for in the upcoming election.Lannister 49 percent Stark 47 percent Tyrell 3 percent Undecided 1 percent Sampling error +/-3 percent What would you conclude?
The race is too close to call.
What is the BEST way to describe the nature of twenty-first century media?
There is more political info?
Which statement BEST characterizes the nature of political action committees and 527s?
They are not part of the political party organization.
Party leaders are often frustrated when individual candidates fail to follow the party line on certain issues. What prevents them from reining such candidates in and forcing them to promote the party's goals?
They have little formal power to compel candidates to do anything.
Which statement BEST describes how MOST people choose to consume?
They want coverage that does not conflict with their political views
What is the BEST way to describe "fundamentals" in American elections?
Voters tend to utilize them a great deal, even if it is not fair to do so.
Who would be MOST likely to succeed in getting an amendment attached to a bill that then goes on to become law?
a Senate member in the majority party
What is a class-action lawsuit?
a civil lawsuit brought by a group of individuals
What document would a party use to craft its party platform?
a list of what issues to emphasize in the upcoming campaign
In many areas of the country there is only one electric or water utility company. Such a company is said to have __________.
a monopoly
Who is MOST subject to civil service regulations?
a permanent agency employee
What do scholars believe has the greatest effect on a young person's ideology and partisan identification while growing up?
a person's parents
A negotiated agreement in a criminal case in which a defendant agrees to tell the court that he or she is guilty in return for the state's agreement to reduce the severity of the criminal charge or prison sentence the defendant is facing is known as __________.
a plea bargain
If the government is worried about increasing inflation, what policy step would probably be taken?
a reduction in interest rates
An interest group is MOST likely to utilize outside strategies when trying to influence which member of Congress?
an individual in a very tight race for re-election
Some government agencies have the reputation of ¨turkey farms,¨ meaning that ______
campaign workers and donors are rewarded for their service by being appointed to these agencies.
One of the main goals of the Affordable Care Act was
comprehensive health coverage.
In what type of organization do local chapters have the most power?
confederations
Pieces of relevant information such as ideology, party identification, religious beliefs, and personal circumstances that come to mind when an opinion is requested are known as
considerations
Among other responsibilities, the Office of Management and Budget is primarily responsible for __________.
creating the president's budget
A __________ the free market may point out that __________.
critic of; it may promote inequality
Falling prices across an economy is known as
deflation
What BEST summarizes the way people feel about the government?
most people are disenchanted with the government.
What do we call the principal or main body in each party organization in America?
national committee
If you were to advocate for a system that encouraged as many people as possible to vote in a primary election, what type of primary would you suggest?
open
Imagine a candidate asks her intern to quietly dig into the voting record of her opponent looking for instances of bad decision-making. What is the BEST term to use when describing the intern's activities?
opposition research
What is the MOST important method campaigns use today in America?
paid campaign advertising
From 1897 until 1932 one of the major parties, the Republicans, won most presidential elections, whereas the other major party, the Democrats, won when the Republicans were divided. The major issues of the time were industrialization and immigration. The Republicans had the support of business, whereas the Democrats relied on urban immigrants and southern whites. This description is an example of a __________.
party system
What marked a shift in the history of the bureaucracy from the spoils system predominating to the widespread use of the merit system?
passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Act in 1883
If a voting system has a rule that whichever candidate receives the most votes wins, even if he or she does not get over 50 percent of the votes, we describe that system as what kind of voting?
plurality
The spoils system was characterized by placing priority on __________, which was particularly useful to __________.
political loyalty; party organizations
Inflation generally __________ savers and __________ debtors.
punishes; rewards
After viewing a documentary highlighting child labor practices in other countries, Calvin decides to join an interest group to advocate for workers' rights. What kind of benefit motivated Calvin to get involved?
purposive
Imagine you wanted to play with your new drone in a remote filed near your home but learned that you would have to register the craft and pay a fee before you were allowed to fly it. If you were to go home and vent your frustration to your parent, what would you complain about?
red tape
Many critics of the modern bureaucracy cite the abundance of __________, which refers to the unnecessarily complex procedures that lower-level bureaucrats must follow when implementing policies, regardless of whether they are applicable to the situation at hand.
red tape
Social Security is funded by __________ taxes and offers __________ benefits
regressive; progressive
Because it would be impossible to ask all 300 million people living in the United States their opinion, we instead collect a _______________when doing surveys.
sample
Turnout in presidential elections is __________ when compared to midterm elections.
significantly higher
If Tyler wants to donate a large sum of money to a political organization but did not want his name disclosed, he would seek to contribute __________ money to a _________
soft; 501(c)4
Which figure argues cases on behalf of the federal government before the Supreme Court?
solicitor general
Who below is ineligible for a presidential pardon?
someone who has been impeached by Congress
John Lewis, a representative from Georgia, has become an expert on civil rights. This is an example of which norm in Congress?
specialization
A voter who votes for the Republican candidate for president and the Democratic candidate for her congressional district can be described as a(n) __________.
split-ticket voter
The president represents the country symbolically and politically through their role as the head of __________.
state
Throughout history, welfare programs have been administered by __________.
state and local governments
A Justice who believes in __________ would focus carefully on __________ when making her decision.
strict constructionism; the words of the law in question
Those who believe that we should go by the exact words written in the Constitution are known as __________.
strict constructionists
Modern presidential campaigns are primarily conducted through what type of advertising?
television
If the president needs technical information about the state of the economy, to what group would she turn?
the CEA
What event precipitated a large increase in the size and scope of the federal government, particularly in the area of executive authority?
the great depression
Which activity is MOST hidden from the public?
the justices meeting in conference
According to Duverger's Law, if we want to know how many major political parties a country will have, what should we look at?
the rules for determining how many votes are needed to win an election, along with other electoral rules
Which house of Congress did the Founders envision as being the more responsible one, with the greater concern about national, rather than local, interests?
the senate
Welfare is primarily administered by
the states
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) is the official name of which kind of program?
welfare
In which situation is the president most likely to commit to an executive agreement rather than a treaty?
when the presidency and the Senate are controlled by different parties
When is a member of Congress going to be most interested in having the president come campaign for her?
when the president's popularity is high
Imagine Justice Thomas and Justice Alito both agree on the outcome of a case. Justice Thomas is asked to write the majority opinion. Justice Alito agrees with the majority opinion, but differs from the other justices in his legal reasoning. He is MOST likely to
write a concurring opinion.