ch 6, 23, 27, 5

The potential energy stored in food (such as glucose) is used by all organisms to make the energy-carrying molecule called ________ which powers cellular activity.

ATP

A group of proteins in the thylakoid membrane that shuttles electrons between the proteins and other carriers is called a(n) _________ _________ chain.

Electron Transport

What step of aerobic respiration generates the most ATP?

Electron transport chain

______ regulate their internal body temperature using their metabolism.

Endotherms

What type of cells are found on the body's surfaces?

Epithelial

______ tissues have a variety of functions, including secretion, nutrient absorption, and protection, depending on their location in the body.

Epithelial

The first number in a blood pressure reading represents the ______, which is generated by the contraction of the ventricles.

systolic pressure

the four main categories of vertebrate tissues.

1. nervous 2. muscle 3. epithelial 4. connective

all the molecules that have stored potential energy and that can be used in aerobic respiration to generate ATP.

1. proteins 2. carbohydrates 3. lipids

Place the structures in the order that blood flows through them, starting at the top with the right atrium.

1. right atrium 2. right ventricle 3. pulmonary arteries 4. pulmonary veins 5. left atrium 6. left ventricle

all of the following that are part of the integumentary system.

1. some types of glands 2. hair 3. skin 4. fingernails

all of the following that are functions of different types of connective tissue.

1. store fat 2. transport gases, nutrients, and wastes 3. provide flexible and firm support 4. fill spaces between organs

all the organ systems that help protect the body by fighting infections, blocking the entry of pathogens, and eliminating wastes.

1. urinary 2. integumentary 3. lymphatic 4. immune

Rank the blood vessels that return blood to the heart from the largest (at the top) to smallest (at the bottom).

1. veins 2. venules 3. capillaries

The actual yield of ATP per 1 molecule of glucose that completes aerobic respiration is about ______ ATP.

30

Before the NADH and FADH2 produced during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are "cashed in" during the electron transport chain, the net number of ATP molecules produced per glucose molecule is ______ molecules.

4

The energy from electron transfers is used by some of the proteins in the electron transport chain to pump ______ into the intermembrane compartment of a mitochondrion.

H+

The electron transport chain harnesses the potential energy of the molecules ______, which donate electrons to proteins in the electron transport chain.

NADH and FADH2

The electron transport chain accepts energy-rich electrons from ______ and ______ produced in the previous reactions of aerobic respiration.

NADH; FADH2

The energized electrons from photosystem I are passed to the rest of the electron transport chain and used to produce

NADPH.

Connective, muscle, ________ and _________ tissues are the four broad categories of tissues in animals.

Nervous, and epithelial

What is the final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration?

Oxygen

the correct statement with respect to the role of blood in gas exchange.

Oxygen is delivered by the blood to the cells, and carbon dioxide is transported from the cells to the lungs.

photorespiration

Oxygen is used by the enzyme rubisco in an energetically wasteful reaction.

_________ is the liquid part of blood and consists of water and dissolved substances.

Plasma

In plants and algae, photosynthesis takes place in organelles called __________ , which contain thylakoid membranes embedded with the pigment chlorophyll.

Reaction

The ______ is the chamber of the heart that the blood enters when returning from the body or lungs.

atrium

Blood enters the heart at a chamber called a(n) ______, while blood exits the heart from a chamber called a(n) ______.

atrium; ventricle

At the beginning of the Krebs cycle, acetyl CoA loses its coenzyme, and the two-carbon acetyl group combines with a four-carbon molecule, producing a six-carbon molecule called

citrate

Two pathways that cells use to make ATP from glucose without oxygen are anaerobic respiration and ______.

fermentation

What type of circulatory system is the most efficient in terms of nutrient delivery, waste removal, and meeting metabolic needs of organs?

closed circulatory system

cellular respiration

converts the energy in food to an energy-carrying molecule

What are the mitochondrial folds

cristae

Glycolysis occurs in the ______ of all living cells.

cytosol

When an animal's body has extended exposure to ______, cell membranes become less fluid.

extreme cold

In what animals does blood flow directly from the gas exchange organs to the rest of the body before returning to the heart?

fishes

Cellular respiration harvests the potential energy stored in ______ and uses the energy to make ATP.

food molecules

Glycolysis generates ______ ATP molecule(s), but requires an input of ______ ATP molecule(s), producing a net of 2 ATP molecules per glucose.

four; two

stratified squamous

multiple layers, found in outer layer of skin

In plants, stomata in the epidermis of leaves and stems allow for

gas exchange with the atmosphere.

In fishes, blood moves from the ventricle of the heart directly to the ______ to load oxygen and unload carbon dioxide, then circulates to the rest of the body and back to the heart.

gills

Organs that are made of epithelial tissue and that secrete different substances such as sweat, saliva, hormones, breast milk, and tears, are called

glands.

The polysaccharides starch and glycogen can be broken down into what monomer that enters the cellular respiration pathway?

glucose

In the Calvin cycle, ATP and NADPH are used to convert carbon dioxide into

glucose and other sugars.

Aerobic respiration captures energy from the oxidation of ______ and reduction of ______ and stores the captured energy in the bonds of ATP.

glucose; oxygen

A tissue is composed of

groups of cells interacting to provide a specific function.

Red blood cells are packed with an oxygen-carrying pigment protein called ______.

hemoglobin

loose and dense connective tissue

holds organs in place, forms tendons and ligaments, connects tissues

all of the following that are organs.

human eye heart stomach

Within a photosystem, pigment molecules funnel photon energy to a special chlorophyll a molecule called the

reaction center.

Hemoglobin is the protein found in ______ blood cells that transports ______ throughout the circulatory system.

red; oxygen

In the electron transport chain, electrons are shuttled through a series of membrane proteins, which creates a gradient of

hydrogen ions.

Glycolysis can occur

in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

When cells perform aerobic respiration to generate ATP, the temperature of an organism

increases.

Air flows into the lungs when the size of the chest cavity ______ and the air pressure inside the lungs is ______ than the pressure outside the body. Air flows out of the lungs when the diaphragm and chest muscles relax, and pressure inside the lungs is ______ than the air pressure outside the lungs.

increases; lower; greater

In humans, oxygen-depleted blood leaves the _________ side of the heart and travels to the lungs to pick up oxygen. Oxygenated blood enters the ________ side of the heart and travels to the rest of the body.

right; left

What is the main function of nervous tissue?

sense, convey, and interpret information

simple squamous

single layer, flattened; lines blood vessels

simple columnar

single layer; lines digestive tract

The ______ node of the heart is a region of specialized muscle cells in the upper wall of the right atrium, which is sometimes called the pacemaker because it sets the tempo of the beat.

sinoatrial

The ______ system consists of bones and cartilage that serve as attachment points for muscles.

skeletal

Cardiac muscle, ________muscle, and ________ muscle are the three types of muscle tissue.

smooth and skeletal

Plants conduct gas exchange in photosynthesis by bringing in carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen through openings called

stomata

adipose tissue

stores fat for energy and insulation

Epithelial tissue composed of flattened cells in multiple layers is called ______ epithelial tissue.

stratified squamous

As a result of regular exercise, the heart will strengthen and the ______ will increase, such that the heart can beat less times per minute and still pump the same amount of blood.

stroke volume

ATP

supplies power to almost all cellular activities requiring energy

In an open circulatory system, such as that found in insects, a heart pumps fluid ______.

through short vessels that lead to open spaces in the body cavity

During the photosynthetic electron transport chain, protons are pumped into the ______ from the stroma and then pass back to the stroma through ______ channels, which are enzyme complexes that can use the energy released from the protons to generate ATP.

thylakoid space; ATP synthase

A group of cells interacting and functioning together form a(n)

tissue.

The lower respiratory tract is composed of the

trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

blood

transports gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones

What is the role of negative feedback in homeostasis?

trigger a return to normal conditions

Interstitial fluid is found

inside the body but outside cells.

The area between the outer and inner membranes of a mitochondrion is called the ______ compartment.

intermembrane

The fluid inside the body that surrounds cells is called ______ fluid.

interstitial

What describes an organ system?

two or more organs functionally joined

photosynthesis

uses light energy to produce food in the form of glucose

The ______ is the chamber of the heart that pumps blood away from the heart, to the gas exchange organs or to the rest of the body.

ventricle

Systolic pressure reflects the contraction of the ______ of the heart.

ventricles

What feature of capillaries permits easy diffusion of gases into and out of them?

walls made of a single layer of endothelial cells

The nose, pharynx, and ______ are parts of the upper respiratory tract in humans.

larynx

In plants, molecules called pigments are able to capture ______ for photosynthesis.

light energy

Plasma is the

liquid portion of the blood and is composed of about 90% water.

An animal's body consists mostly of

water.

The atrium is the part of the heart _____, whereas the ventricle is the part of the heart _____.

where blood enters; where blood exits

Leukocytes are ______, which originate in the red bone marrow, have nuclei, and lack hemoglobin.

white blood cells

A component of blood called _______ blood cells are called leukocytes and participate in immune responses.

white, leukocyte

Within the electromagnetic spectrum, visible light provides the energy for photosynthesis and has a

middle-range wavelength and medium amount of energy.

In eukaryotes, the oxygen-requiring reactions of aerobic cellular respiration occur in cellular organelles called

mitochondria.

The fluid enclosed by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion is called the

mitochondrial matrix.

Pyruvate is the product of glycolysis, and after it moves into the ______, it is oxidized to form ______, which enters the Krebs cycle.

mitochondrial matrix; acetyl CoA

A change in an existing condition that triggers action to reverse the change, called _____ feedback, is vital to maintaining _____.

negative; homeostasis

all the types of cells that compose nervous tissue.

neuroglia neurons

When carbohydrate supplies are depleted in cells, amino acids from proteins can enter aerobic respiration after ______ is removed from the amino acids and excreted.

nitrogen

In a(n) _________ circulatory system, a heart pumps fluid through vessels that open into the body cavity. Within the body cavity, the fluid exchanges materials with the body's cells before flowing back into the heart through pores.

open

In the CAM pathway, stomata are ____________ at night to let CO2 in when water loss is less and are ___________ during the day while maintaining a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the chloroplasts.

opened; closed

The stomach, small intestine, and the large intestine interact to form part of a(n)

organ system.

The reactions of the Krebs cycle ______ citrate as they produce ______.

oxidize; CO2, NADH, and FADH2

In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor, ______, combines with hydrogen ions to form water.

oxygen

Light consists of _______ which are discrete packets of kinetic energy.

photons

The enzyme rubisco adds oxygen instead of carbon dioxide to RuBP in a process called

photorespiration.

The C4 and CAM pathways minimize ______ rate by increasing ______ concentrations encountered by rubisco.

photorespiration; CO2

A grouping of photosynthetic pigments and associated proteins is called a ______, which is embedded in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts.

photosystem

At what part of the photosynthetic electron transport chain is water split to produce oxygen?

photosystem II

What part of a plant cell captures light energy?

pigment molecules

Blood clotting is initiated by

platelets

Small, colorless cell fragments that initiate blood clotting are called

platelets, thrombocytes

The ______ established by the electron transport chain powers the production of ATP using the enzyme ATP synthase.

proton gradient

bone

provides firm support and builds the skeleton

cartilage

provides flexible support, such as at the ends of bones, in the embryonic skeleton, and on the ears and trachea

Enzymes separate the glycerol and fatty acids of fats in food molecules; then the glycerol is converted to ______, which is able to enter aerobic respiration.

pyruvate

In glycolysis, a glucose molecule is split into two molecules of ______, and energy is harvested as ATP and NADH.

pyruvate

all of the following that are endotherms.

1. birds 2. mammals

all of the places where water is stored in the animal body.

1. interstitial fluid 2. cytoplasm 3. plasma

A(n) ______ consists of two or more interacting tissues that function as a unit.

organ

simple cuboidal

single layer, found in glands

the two systems that coordinate communication between other systems

1. nervous 2. endocrine

all of the following that are products in the overall equation for aerobic respiration.

1. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) 2. CO2 (carbon dioxide)

all of the following that cause the difference between the theoretical and actual yields of ATP in aerobic respiration.

1. ATP is spent transporting ADP and pyruvate into the mitchondrial matrix. 2. Protons leak across the inner mitochondrial membrane without using ATP synthase.

all of the following that are true about gas concentrations in the blood, alveoli, and respiring cells.

1. Air in the alveoli has a higher concentration of oxygen than blood in nearby capillaries. 2. Blood arriving at the leg has a lower carbon dioxide concentration than a respiring muscle cell in the leg. 3. Oxygen diffuses into blood cells at the lungs.

What two pathways minimize photorespiration rate by ensuring that rubisco always encounters high CO2 concentrations?

1. C4 pathway 2. CAM pathway

all of the following that are true about gas exchange during respiration.

1. Carbon dioxide moves from the capillaries to the alveoli. 2. Oxygen enters the capillaries from the alveoli.

all of the following that occur in C4 plants.

1. Carbon is fixed twice. 2. Photorespiration is minimized. 3. CO2 is first fixed to form a four-carbon molecule.

all of the following that have been produced from the original glucose molecule after glycolysis, oxidation of pyruvate, and the Krebs cycle occur, but before molecules enter the electron transport chain.

1. FADH2 2. CO2 3. NADH 4. ATP

all of the following that can be a final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration.

1. NO3- 2. SO42-

Select all of the following that cause the difference between the theoretical and actual yields of ATP in aerobic respiration.

1. Protons leak across the inner mitochondrial membrane without using ATP synthase. 2. ATP is spent transporting ADP and pyruvate into the mitchondrial matrix

all of the effects of body temperatures that are outside an animal's optimum range.

1. Reactions may proceed too slowly. 2. Enzymes function less efficiently.

all the functions of the skeletal system.

1. Stores mineral such as calcium 2. Produces some components of the blood 3. Framework for muscle attachments 4. Protects soft tissues

the components of a photosystem.

1. a reaction center chlorophyll 2. proteins 3. chlorophyll pigments 4. accessory pigments

all the functions of the urinary system.

1. adjust ion concentrations 2. maintain blood pressure and pH 3. eliminate toxins and waste

all of the molecules that amino acids can be converted to when entering the energy pathways of cellular respiration.

1. an intermediate in the Krebs cycle 2. acetyl CoA 3. pyruvate

Place the events in the correct order in which they occur in photosystem II, beginning at the top with the entry of photons into the photosystem.

1. antenna pigments capture a photon of light 2. light energy is transferred to the reaction center 3. two electrons carrying potential energy are passed to the electron transport chain

Rank the blood vessels from largest at the top to smallest at the bottom.

1. arteries 2. arterioles 3. capillaries

the components of the vertebrate circulatory system?

1. blood 2. vessels 3. heart

Rank the highest blood pressure (at the top) to the lowest blood pressure (at the bottom).

1. blood leaving the heart 2. blood entering the capillaries 3. blood flowing through the veins

the long term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system.

1. development of extra blood vessels 2. production of more red blood cells 3. lowered blood pressure 4. reduced cholesterol in blood

all the locations where epithelial cells are found.

1. external body surfaces 2. covering of organs 3. lining of hollow organs

the following that are typically or always heterotrophs.

1. fungi 2. animals

all the functions of epithelial tissues.

1. gas diffusion 2. protection 3. nutrient absorption

all of the following that are products of the Calvin cycle.

1. glucose (from PGAL) 2. ADP 3. NADP+

all the food molecules that can be broken down into glucose monomers, which enter aerobic respiration at the beginning of glycolysis.

1. glycogen 2. starch

all of the following that are biochemical pathways of aerobic cellular respiration.

1. glycolysis 2. electron transport chain 3. Krebs cycle

Rank the 3 groups of reactions of aerobic respiration in the order they occur, beginning with the first stage of cellular respiration at the top.

1. glycolysis 2. krebs cycle 3. electron transport chain

Using an input of energy from food molecules, the reactions of cellular respiration produce ______.

ATP

all of the following that are required for glycolysis to occur.

ATP glucose

In the light reactions, pigment molecules in photosystems capture photons of light, and energy from light becomes stored as potential energy in ______.

ATP and NADPH

The Calvin cycle cannot proceed without the molecules ________ and _______, which are produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis.

ATP and NADPH

What is produced in the light reactions and provides energy and reducing power for the carbon reactions?

ATP and NADPH

In the last stage of cellular respiration, protons moving down their concentration gradient back into the mitochondrial matrix through ______ drive the production of ATP.

ATP synthase

What enzyme uses the energy of a proton gradient to add a phosphate to ADP?

ATP synthase

What molecule transforms a proton gradient into chemical energy during photosynthesis?

ATP synthase

ATP synthase is an enzyme that forms a channel for hydrogen ions to diffuse across a membrane and power the formation of

ATP.

Anaerobic respiration and fermentation are two pathways that generate ______ in the absence of ______.

ATP; oxygen

What type of organism has the ability to produce organic compounds from inorganic substances?

Autotroph

______ is the force that blood exerts on the walls of arteries.

Blood pressure

In C4 plants, the Calvin cycle takes place within ________ sheath cells after a preliminary carbon fixation step occurs in the mesophyll cells.

Bundle

In photosynthesis, the cycle of reactions called the ______ is named for the first stable compound PGA, which is a 3-carbon molecule.

C3 pathway

When CO2 levels in C3 plant leaves are high (stomata are open), the ______ pathway is favored; when CO2 levels in C3 plant leaves are low and O2 levels are high (stomata are closed), the ______ pathway is favored.

C3; photorespiration

C3 pathway

CO2 binds to rubisco to form PGA, the first step in a pathway that fixes carbon as glucose.

Aerobic cellular respiration requires that ______ diffuses out of cells and ______ diffuses into cells.

CO2; O2

The carbon reactions of photosynthesis, also called the ______, reduce CO2 and result in the production of sugar molecules.

Calvin cycle

CAM plant

Carbon dioxide is incorporated into a four-carbon molecule at night, and the Calvin cycle takes place during the day in mesophyll cells.

C3 pathway

Carbon dioxide is used by the enzyme rubisco to produce PGA.

C4 plant

Carbon dioxide is used to produce a four-carbon molecule, and the Calvin cycle takes place in bundle-sheath cells.

What is the name of the type of muscle that makes up the walls of the heart?

Cardiac muscle

What is the most abundant photosynthetic pigment in plant cells?

Chlorophyll a

In what organelles does photosynthesis take place in a eukaryotic cell?

Chloroplasts

__________ tissue is the most widespread tissue type in the human body and consists of cells scattered within extracellular matrix.

Connective

True or false: C3 plants can use both the C3 pathway and the C4 pathway to fix carbon from carbon dioxide.

False

True or false: Glucose is the only food molecule that can enter the pathways of aerobic respiration and lead to the production of ATP.

False

all of the molecules that are reactants of glycolysis.

Glucose NAD+

During which step of aerobic respiration is glucose split into two 3-carbon molecules?

Glycolysis

______ are organisms that obtain carbon by consuming preexisting organic molecules.

Heterotrophs

In aerobic respiration, what process produces CO2, ATP, and electron carrier molecules?

Krebs cycle

_________ tissue consists of cells that contract when protein filaments inside the cells slide past one another.

Muscle or Muscular

Photorespiration

Rubisco adds oxygen instead of carbon dioxide to RuBP, and the product does not enter the Calvin cycle.

What occurs during photorespiration that stops the Calvin cycle from proceeding?

Rubisco adds oxygen instead of carbon dioxide to RuBP.

What region of specialized cardiac muscle cells causes the atria to contract and sets the tempo of the heartbeat?

Sinoatrial node

What describes a closed circulatory system?

The blood remains in vessels and exchanges materials with interstitial fluid.

True or false: The integumentary system protects the body.

True

True or false: The potential energy stored in glucose cannot be removed all at once or it will cause destruction of the cell.

True

What cellular process uses glucose and oxygen to produce ATP?

aerobic respiration

Photosynthetic pigments other than chlorophyll a are called ______ pigments.

accessory

Chlorophyll b and carotenoids are examples of

accessory pigments.

The fatty acids of fat molecules are converted into two-carbon molecules called ______, which can enter the Krebs cycle of aerobic respiration.

acetyl CoA

What product of pyruvate oxidation enters the Krebs cycle?

acetyl CoA

What function do the digestive, circulatory, and respiratory systems all have in common?

acquisition of energy

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP is the overall equation for what process?

aerobic respiration

The heart, ______, and vessels are the three main components of a circulatory system.

blood

In endotherms, most of the heat required to maintain a constant body temperature comes from

body metabolism.

Networks of tiny blood vessels that connect arterioles to venules are called ________ beds.

capillary

The second stage of photosynthesis is called the ______ reactions, which use ATP and NADPH to reduce carbon dioxide to sugar molecules.

carbon

In the carbon reactions of photosynthesis, carbon from ______ is used to produce sugar molecules using energy from ATP and electrons from NADPH.

carbon dioxide

The Krebs cycle produces ATP, NADH, FADH2, and releases ______, which contains the carbon atoms remaining from the original 6-carbon glucose molecule.

carbon dioxide

What is a key characteristic of muscle tissue?

cells that contract

all the examples of C3 plants.

cereals most trees

In blood pressure readings, the ______ is the low point on a sphygmomanometer, when the ventricles relax.

diastolic pressure

The ______ system breaks down food into small molecules that can be used for energy or growth.

digestive

The range of possible frequencies of radiation is called the ______ spectrum.

electromagnetic

Some proteins in the ______ use the energy of the electrons donated by NADH and FADH2 to pump protons (H+) into the intermembrane compartment of the mitochondrion.

electron transport chain

The ______ system produces communicating signals that travel within the circulatory system and are long-lasting, and the ______ system produces short-lived signals that travel rapidly.

endocrine; nervous

An ectotherm's main source of heat is _____, and body temperature is adjusted mainly using _____ changes.

external; behavioral