Ch. 6 - Behaviorism and Social Cognitive Theory
Self-Regulated Learning Includes the Following Components
1) Goal Setting 2) Self-Monitoring 3) Self-Assessment 4) Strategy Use
Classical Conditioning
A component of behaviorism that explains how we learn involuntary emotional or physiological responses that are similar to instinctive or reflexive responses
Behaviorism
A theory that explains learning in terms of observable behaviors and how they're influenced by stimuli
Punishers
Decreases the likelihood of the behavior recurring
Response Cost
Involves the removal of reinforcers already given
Vicarious Learning
Observing the consequence of another's decision and adjusting your own behavior accordingly
Synthesized Modeling
People combine behaviors observed in different acts
Symbolic Modeling
People imitate behaviors and thinking displayed by characters in books, plays, movies, television, or the Internet.
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)
Process of systematically implementing the principles of operant conditioning to improve students' behavior
Intermittent Schedule
Some, but not all, of the desired behaviors are reinforced
Reinforcement
The process of applying reinforcers to increase behavior
Discrimination
The process of giving different responses to related but not identical stimuli. Opposite of generalization.
Positive Reinforcement
The process of increasing the frequency or duration of a behavior as the result of presenting a reinforcer
Satiation
The process of using a reinforcer so frequently that it loses its ability to strengthen behaviors
Ratio Schedules
Type of intermittent schedule which depends on the number of individuals
Removal Punishment
Occurs when a behavior decreases as a result of removing a stimulus
Generalization
Occurs when stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus elicit conditioned responses by themselves
Reinforcement Schedules
Patterns in the frequency and predictability of reinforcers
Negative Reinforcement
Process of increasing behavior by removing or avoiding an aversive stimulus
Antecedents
Stimuli that precede and induce behaviors
Reciprocal Causation
Suggesting that behavior, the environment, and personal factors are interdependent.
Interval Schedules
Type of intermittent schedule which depends on time
Desists
Verbal or nonverbal communications that teachers use to stop a behavior
Four Processes are involved in learning from models
1) Attention 2) Retention 3) Reproduction 4) Motivation
Suggestions for applying cognitive theory to increase students' learning
1) Capitalize on modeling 2) Use vicarious reinforcement and punishment as learning and management tools 3) Follow through on all aspects of instruction and classroom management 4) Promote self-regulation
Three guidelines to promote positive emotions in our students through classical conditioning
1) Consistently treat students with warmth and respect 2) Personalize our classrooms to create an emotionally secure environment 3) Require that students treat each other with courtesy and respect
Similarities between Social Cognitive Theory and Behaviorism
1) Focus on experience as an important cause of learning 2) Include the concepts of reinforcement and punishment in their explanations of learning 3) Emphasize that feedback is an important aspect of the learning process
Steps in ABA
1) Identify target behaviors 2) Establish a baseline for the target behaviors 3) Choose reinforcers and punishers 4) Measure Changes in the target behaviors 5) Gradually reduce the frequency of reinforcers as behavior improves
Guidelines to Using Behaviorism
1) Use antecedents to elicit desired behaviors which can then be reinforced 2) Reinforce students for genuine accomplishments and good behavior 3) Use reinforcers and punishers appropriately to help maintain an orderly classroom 4) employ drill-and-practice technologies to help your students develop basic skills
Reinforcer
A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior recuring
Modeling
A general term that refers to behavioral, cognitive, and affective changes deriving from observing the actions of others
Cognitive Behavior Modification
A procedure that promotes behavioral change and self-regulation in students through self-talk and self-instruction. A tool to help develop self-regulated learning
Learning
A relatively enduring change in observable behavior that occurs as a result of experience
Inhibition
A self-imposed restriction on our behavior, and observing a model and the consequences of the model's behavior can either strengthen or weaken it
Social Cognitive Theory
A theory of learning that focuses on changes in behavior, thinking, and affect that result from observing others
Direct Modeling
An individual attempts to imitate the behavior or thinking of a live model
Unconditioned Stimulus
An object or event that causes an unconditioned response
Cognitive Modeling
Cognitive changes which occur in individuals when they observe models articulate their thinking as they demonstrate skills
Secondary Reinforcers
Consequences that become reinforcing over time through their association with other reinforcers
Primary Reinforcers
Consequences that satisfy basic biological needs such as food, water, air, sleep, and sex.
Types of Reinforcement Schedules
Continuous, Fixed-Ratio, Variable-Ratio, Fixed-Interval, Variable-Interval
Two most common types of antecedents
Environmental Conditions and Prompts & Cues
Consequences
Events that occur following behaviors
Continuous Schedule
Every desired behavior is reinforced
Nonexclusion Time-Out
Involves seating a student near the teacher or on the edge of the classroom
Operant Conditioning
Learning in terms of observable responses that change in frequency or duration as the result of consequences
Premack Principle
More-desired activity can serve as a positive reinforcer for a less-desired activity
Presentation Punishment
Occurs when a learners behavior decreases as a result of being presented with a punisher
Extinction
Results when the conditioned stimulus occurs often enough in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus that it no longer elicits the conditioned response
Types of Positive Reinforcers
Social Reinforcers (Comments, signs, or geaustures), Concrete Reinforcers (Objects that can be touched or held), Activity Reinforcers (Privileges or desired actions)
Self-Regulation
The ability to direct and control one's own actions, thoughts, and emotions toward meeting goals
Delay of Gratification
The ability to forgo an immediate pleasure or reward in order to gain a more substantial one later
Unconditioned Response
The instinctive or reflexive (unlearned) physiological or emotional response caused by the unconditioned stimulus
Shaping
The process of reinforcing successive approximations of a behavior
Self-Regulated Learning
The process of setting personal goals, combined with the motivation, thought processes, strategies, and behaviors that lead to reaching the goals
Positive Behavior Support
The process of using interventions that replace problem behaviors with others serving the same purpose for the student but are more appropriate
Punishment
The process of using punishers