Ch 6 part 1 Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

self conscious emotions

-Appear between ages 1½ and 3 years -Typically, in the middle of the second year: Shame Embarrassment Guilt Pride Envy The ability/understanding of self-conscious emotions Require: -awareness of self as separate and unique—typically develops at 18-24 months -adult instruction in when to feel emotions—i.e. when to feel proud, ashamed, or guilty.

Thomas and Chess Structure of Temperament

-In 1956 Thomas and Chess found that temperament influences the child's likelihood of experiencing psychological problems. They later discovered that parenting practices also can modify children's temperaments pretty considerably. -By looking at the structure of temperament Thomas in chess's model identified nine different dimensions of temperament which tends to cluster together yielding three types of children.

Goodness of fit

-Interaction between temperament and child-rearing style -Effective child rearing: good fit with child's temperament -Role of cultural context Summary: an effective match between child rearing practices in a child's temperament can really pretty as favorable outcomes. Recent evidence indicates that temperamentally difficult children function much worse than other children when exposed to inept parenting, yet they also benefit from good parenting the most. With that being said, we want that goodness affect model where we can come buying child rearing practices in child temperament to help reduce the most valuable and favorable outcomes.

emotional self regulation

Adjusting one's own state of emotional intensity through strategies, in order to accomplish our goals Requires effortful control/voluntary effortful management of our emotions Improves over first year, with brain development—gradual development of prefrontal cortex

What roles do siblings play?

Majority of children have siblings—~80% of North American and European children that grow up with at least one sibling. Arrival of new baby can be stressful for older siblings— sibling security of attachment usually declines when a new baby is born, especially if the child is over age two. Older siblings also show concern and affection for the new baby. (showing certain temperamental traits such as high emotional reactivity or activity levels). These increase the chance of sibling conflict Siblings also typically develop rich emotional relationship—young children learn and practice a wide range of skills.

Responding to Emotions of Others

Matching feeling tone of caregiver Sensitivity to structure and timing of face-to-face interactions: 3-4 months This really lays the foundation for understanding others thoughts and feelings. Social referencing: 8-10 months

what role does parental warmth play?

Often expressed through play Promoted by: -time spent in physical proximity to babies -intimacy and cooperation between parents --This family member actually engages in more highly stimulating physical activity than moms (who buy toys). This style of play can help babies to regulate their emotion in intensely arousing situations. (US national survey indicated that fathers under age 29 devote about 85% as much time to children as mothers do but this is nearly double the hours that young fathers reported even just three decades ago.) cool?

Rothbart structure of temperment

Reactivity: quickness and intensity of emotional arousal attention motor activity Self-regulation: strategies that modify reactivity

social referencing

Reliance on a trusted person's emotional reactions to appraise an uncertain situation Infant emotional expressions are closely tied to their ability to interpret emotional cues from others. Toddlers use those signals to evaluate safety and security of surroundings, to gather information about others intentions and preferences, and to guide their own actions.

Suggestions for Helping Toddlers Develop Compliance and Self-Control

Respond with sensitivity and support. (patience—know that it is a learning process) Give advance notice of change in activities.; "we have to leave the park in 5"—makes them more compliant when it's time to go Offer many prompts and reminders. Reinforce self-controlled behavior. Encourage sustained attention. Support language development. Increase rules gradually.

Rothbart

Rothbart: in individual who is An influential model of temperament today. She combined related trades proposed by Thomas in chess as well as other researchers. By doing so, shielded a list of six different dimensions. According to her individuals differ not only in reactivity on dimensions, but also on effortful control or the capacity to voluntarily suppress the dominant response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response. -universal

multiple attachments

So Bowlby Believe that infants are predisposed to direct their attachment behaviors to really just a single person. However, his theory did allow for multiple attachments. This extends past the mother and may include a variety of familiar people that we can form some sort of an attachment to as well. Fathers Siblings Grandparents Professional caregivers

stability of temperment

Stability is low in infancy and toddlerhood and moderate from preschool years on Temperament develops with age, becoming more stable after age 3 years Although temperament is modified by experiences, we know that children's temperaments would've rarely change from one extreme to the other.

Measuring Attachment Security (usually called the strange situation)

The strange situation is the name of a laboratory procedure for assessing the quality of attachment between ages one and two, researchers have identified a secure attachment pattern and then also three patterns of insecurity. Secure: 60% Avoidant: 15% Resistant: 10% Disorganized/disoriented:15%

categorical self

This is from 18-30 months Classifying self and others into social categories on basis of age physical characteristics goodness vs. badness Used to organize behavior, including gender-typed behavior i.e. dolls for girls trucks for boys

empathy

ability to "feel with" another person -aided by self awareness, and advancing cognitive, language and social skills

Unlike Freud, Erikson viewed toilet training as only one of the many influential experiences of toddlerhood. this would be an example of..?

autonomy versus shame and doubt which resolved favorably when parents provide young children with suitable guidance and reasonable choices and are neither over nor under controlling.

First appearance of major emotions which are....

hapinness, anger and sadness, and fear -all promote survival

attachment-in-the-making-phase

this is approximately six weeks to 6 to 8 months of age, and it is when babies will responds differently to a familiar caregiver, band to a stranger, and begin to develop a sense of trust.

preattachment defined

this is between birth to six weeks of age. This is when we have built in signals, things like grasping, smiling, crying, that help bring the newborn babies into close contact at other humans to then convert them.

Bowlby's Ethological Theory of Attachment today:

this is the most widely accepted view. Bowlby was the first to apply this view to the human infant caregiver bond. -Built in infant behaviors help to keep the parent nearby to protect the baby from danger. Also, the attachment bond is really best understood as an evolutionary context in which survival of the species is really of the utmost importance. According to Bowlby, attachment begins as a set of innate signals that the baby uses to summon the parent and then it goes into four different phases as it develops into a true affectionate bond.

•Reciprocal relationship with caregiver

this spans from 18 months to two years old and older and is when we see a decline in the separation approach. -Out of early experiences children develop an internal working model/ a set of expectations about the availability on the attachment figures and their likelihood of providing support to them during times of stress. -This internal working model serves as a guide for all future close relationships that the child will have.

clear cut attachment phase

this spans from 6 to 8 months to about 18 to 2 years of age. So this is when babies display separation anxiety.—they become upset when their trusted caregiver leaves

How do caregivers affect child's self regulation style?

-contribute to child's self-regulation style -teach socially approved ways of expressing feelings

self recognition

-emerges end of second year -provided by acting on the environment and noting effects

Erikson's stage Trust vs Mistrust

-needed from caregivers specifically during feeding -1st year :responsiveness, sympathetic, loving balance of care -results in baby feeling the world is good and gratifying

pattern of attachment resistant

10%-- these infants remain close to the parent before their departure, and are usually distressed when the parents leave. They display angry or restrictive behavior during the parent child reunion.

pattern of attachment disorganized or disoriented

15%-- at the reunion needs infants either respond in it confused or maybe a contradictory way. This pattern reflects the greatest insecurity.

pattern of attachment avoidant

15%-- this is when infants are usually not distressed by the parents departure. Respond to the stranger in the same way that they would their parent, so maybe they're unresponsive to the parent during the reunion as well.

pattern of attachment: secure

60%-- this is when the infants use the parent as a secure base and maybe distressed by separation from the parent but upon the parental return they actively seek contact with them and they're crying is reduced immediately.

factors that affect attachment security

Early availability of consistent caregiver Quality of caregiving: sensitive caregiving—responding promptly, consistently and also appropriately to the needs of the baby. Infant characteristics—this refers to their personality, temperament, etc. Family circumstances—if there our stressful life changes in families it may actually undermine the attachment by interfering with parental sensitivity and then maybe affect the babies sense of security directly. Parents' internal working models—parents bring to the family contacts their own history of attachment experiences. That again bi-directionally what influence the effect of the security that the baby feels as well.

three types of children as explained inThomas and Chess Structure of Temperament.

Easy: 40% this type of child Weekly establishes regular routines in infancy, is generally cheerful, and also adapt pretty easily to new experiences. Difficult: 10% this type of child is your regular and daily routines, slow to accept new experiences, and tends to react pretty negatively and intensely Slow-to-warm-up: 15% this type of child is in active, shows a mild low key reactions to environmental stimuli, is someone negative in mood, and I just slowly to new experiences. -This category places the child at high risk for adjustment problems Unclassified: 35% this category is for children that show a unique blend of different temperamental characteristics.

self control

Effortful control is the capacity to: -inhibit impulses -manage negative emotions -behave in socially acceptable ways Depends on -awareness of self as separate, autonomous being -confidence in directing own actions -memory for caregiver's directives (remembering how the caregiver has told them to do things in the past)

compliance

Emerges between 12 and 18 months Awareness of caregivers wishes and expectations Ability to obey simple requests and commands Leads to first conscience-like verbalizations Delay of gratification: between ages 1½ and 3 years This is waiting for the appropriate amount of time and place to engage in attempting an act (i.e. don't laugh at funerals) Researchers study self-control by giving tasks that require some sort of delay of gratification. Children's capacity to delay gratification is influenced by: oBiologically based temperament oQuality of caregiving

Erikson's stages outline _________ theory

Freuds

hapinness in babies

equals the binding of parent and baby into a warm supportive relationship that fosters the infants developing competencies so the social smile that the Oaks by the parents communication.? •This first appears between six and 10 weeks •Laughter first appears around 3 to 4 months in response two active stimuli

self awareness

from birth -aided by capacity for intermodal perception

anger and sadness

oNewborn babies respond to unpleasant experiences such as hunger with generalized distress. oWe know that older infants react with anger really in the wider range of situations partly because they want to control their own actions and also the effects that they produce period oExpressions of sadness are common when the infant caregiver communication is seriously disrupted, and also parental depression can interfere with effective parenting and seriously impair the children's development.

Temperament definition

refers to early appearing stable, individual differences in reactivity. So quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention and motor activity, and also self-regulation.

Erikson's stage autonomy vs shame and doubt

second year -suitable guidance and reasonable choices -reasonable expectations for impulse control

Bowlby's Ethological Theory of Attachment

•Pre-attachment •Attachment-in-the-making phase •Clear-cut attachment phase •Reciprocal relationship with caregiver

fear

•rises from the second half of the first year •The most frequent expression of fear is to unfamiliar adults. This is a response called stranger anxiety. oOnce wariness develops, babies use that familiar caregiver as a secure base or a point from which to explore venturing into the environment and then returning again to that secure base for emotional support.