Ch. 7-9 History of Sports and Fitness exam

8-3. Briefly highlight the women's fight for inclusion during this period

-1920 Women the Right to vote -Women pursued public roles -Music, theatre and movies portrayed more liberated images -City women found new ways to express themselves -Female Physical Educators promoted gender specific sport such as basketball as beneficial to women's health -They opposed high competition and public spectacle for women -Could be damaging to women's physiology -Preferred socialness and friendliness of gatherings after games -Abilities were still questioned for competitive sport -Many still preferred their support as cheerleaders for men

7-1. What were the main sports in this quest for social mobility?

Boxing, baseball, bowling, pool

9-1. Briefly describe how television turned sport into such a social element.

-1948 7 thousand Americans had tv, 4 million by 1950 -Instant celebrity to the athletes -Connection to athletes as witnessed their exploits sitting at home -Viewers live vicariously through the athletes -Young boys dreamed of athletic careers and developed heroes

9-1. Discuss the impact of Roone Arledge and ABC sports on the way America viewed sport.

-ABC was behind in the sports broadcasting boom -Arledge led the transformation in how we viewed sports Sold it as entertainment focusing on the human drama -Multiple camera views Interviews to give spectators new insight -Camera men began to cover spectators in coverage -1961 Wide World of Sport travelled the globe showing sporting events from different cultures -Monday Night Football captivated football fans -Packaging sport as entertainment drew viewers and revenue

8-2. What was the GI Bill and what was the impact on college athletics?

-After WWII military veterans could go to college subsidized by the federal government -By 1946 2 million vets had enrolled -Boom to college sports teams -Raised expectations , increased pressure recruiting -Unethical practices by coaches and boosters to win -Widespread cheating

8-1. Why did the United States take an isolationist stance from world affairs after WWI?

-Although President Woodrow Wilson helped form the League f Nations the USA declined to join. -Cultural tensions brewed in the crowded cities -Unhappy laborers and their unions questioned American capitalism -Strikes for miserable wages and conditions -Socialists, communists and anarchists challenged the government -Fearing revolt we became anti-immigration and deported many -The USA decided to concentrate on their own domestic issues rather than world affairs

8-3. Who were Amelia Earhart, Jacqueline Cochran and Jackie Mitchell?

-Amelia Earhart flew solo across the Atlantic Ocean -Jacqueline Cochran pilot's license in 1932 and retired as the record holder for speed, altitude and distance in flying for men and women -Jackie Mitchell baseball pitcher at 17 struck out Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig in a exhibition game

7-2. Give some examples of women further challenging the boundaries through sport.

-Annie Oakley-trick shot artist in Buffalo Bill's Wild West show -Female cyclists in 6 day race in Madison Square Garden in 1896 -Cyclists riding 100 then 1000 miles exhibiting strong endurance -Horse riding and pedestrian feats never thought possible -Women in New England Colleges continued to play baseball -Some barnstorming teams travelled around playing men's teams! -Women baseballers began earning money -Walter Camp and Amos Alonzo Stagg had their wives assist in their coaching

8-2..What was the NCAA Sanity Code of 1948?

-Attempted to reinforce amateurism, limit financial aid to athletes, academic standards to play, enable better institutional control over growing financial enterprise of college athletics -Amateurism vs commercialism and winning

8-3. Give 2 examples of the marketing of products through the endorsement of athletes or coaches.

-Babe Ruth endorsed clothing , cigarettes, candy cars, etc and had to hire a manager -Red Grange hired an agent out of college to negotiate his pro contract and manage his endorsements -Knute Rockne took advantage of his fame with paid lectures, coaching schools , summer camps, endorsements

8-2. Give 2 examples of the overlap of sport and politics discussed in the chapter.

-Baseball ruled that Baseball was not under Anti-trust laws as it was viewed as a game and not a business. This allowed baseball owners to operate free from regulation for much of the century -Louis vs Schmeling fights were America vs Fascist Germany -Jesse Owens and the 1936 Hitler Olympics

9-2. Describe the Athletic Revolution

-Basically led by Muhammad Ali -Occurring souring the civil rights movement, women rights movement and gay rights movement. -There was no individualism. Athletes had to follow the rules of their coaches and the athletes started to rebel against individualism. -Sport became a stage for cultural warfare taking place in America, as rebels battled traditionalists in a struggle to define the nature of sport and larger society.

8-1. Briefly describe the impact of Knute Rockne and Notre Dame football on the acceptance of Catholics in America?

-Coach Rockne and Notre Dame success with team play gave pride to the Catholics in the country -Rockne created rivalries country wide playing a national schedule and helped unify the Catholics in the country as they rallied around the team -Rockne recruited all religions and immigrant groups to form a team representative of America -Rockne himself was a Norwegian immigrant who showed through hard work and abilities you could gain wealth and fame

9-1. What was the role of sport during the Cold War?

-Communism vs Capitalism -USA ideals vs Russia and China political, economic philosophies -Russia gained nuclear capability raising tensions of a holocaust -Athletes Iin 1960s thrilled he masses giving psychological escape to stress of Cold War and civil rights movement -Soviets joined Olympics in 1952 bringing the confrontation to sport -Olympics served as surrogate warfare after that between the countries -Both tried to show supremacy through sport, saving a war -Athletes formed friendships

8-2. Why was Joe Louis considered the first black American sports hero?

-Defeated Max Schmeling in a heavyweight rematch as 67% of Americans listened by radio -Held title for 12 yrs -Joined Army when Pearl Harbor was attacked -Gave patriotic speeches to lift morale during the war. -Donated exhibition match money to war orphans

9-1. What was the Kraus-Weber test of 1953 and the implication of the results in America?

-Fitness test of youth in America and Europe Europeans found much more fit, disturbing government officials and physical educators -Spectators rather than participants! -President Eisenhower established presidential fitness commission -Need fit people to defend country

8-1. Why did Branch Rickey choose Jackie Robinson for his " Great Experiment"?

-Four sport letterman and graduate of UCLA -Showed leadership in the military -Showed courage and fortitude while being court martialed for refusing to obey segregation practices during the war -Placed in a white minor league team in Montreal Robinson endured the racism and racial threats that came his way carrying the weight of African Americans -If Robinson and Rickey had failed the ramifications for race relations and black rights would have been set back years

8-1. Briefly describe the White Sox scandal of 1919 and how it impacted the American psyche.

-Having the most talented team in baseball the players felt under paid and under appreciated -Approached by gamblers to throw the World Series they lost in 9 games -In 1920 amid a grand jury investigation into baseball gambling fraud -Evidence showed 8 players had been involved, 7 receiving money -They were exonerated but new Commissioner banned them from baseball -Shocked the nation that their past time had been corrupted -Relied on the honesty of the game and player's performance

8-1. What was the purpose of the CYO and what sports were involved?

-In 1930 formed by a Chicago Bishop to combat delinquency -Boxing and Basketball- root of the success was boxing but it also sponsored the largest basketball league in the world -Accepted all races and creeds offering common ground in sport -Patriotic pledge of the organization helped acceptance Catholics into the mainstream of America -Tremendous social change due to this Bishop Bernard Sheil

9-2. Explain the impact in the 1970s of Title IX.

-In the 1970s, women formed the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women, or the AWIW, in order to promote more sports opportunities for female college students. -Lobbying efforts by female activists in Congress produced a federal law, known as Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, which required equal opportunities for both genders in any high school, college, or university that received federal aid. -The Title IX states: No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance. This law paved the way for women's athletics.

9-2. Discuss how the NCAA overtaking the AIAW in college women's sports hurt the leadership opportunities for women.

-Male athletic directors came in and then hire male coaches for women's teams so women did not have any more leadership roles in sport. -Athletic directors at coed schools were mostly male and tended to opt more for NCAA instead of AWIW.

9-2. Briefly explain why Muhammad Ali was the Face of the Athletic Revolution.

-Muhammad Ali saw sport as a stage for the cultural warfare taking place in America, as rebels battled traditionalists in a struggle to define the nature of sport and the larger society. -Challengers included both white and black athletes, who were characterized by coaches and much of the media's unwholesome rebels or outlaws, opposed such directives as oppressive, exploitative, and patriarchal. They tested authority with new styles and innovations and provoked radical change in the norms, standards, and mores of mainstream American society. -This movement, termed "The Athletic Revolution," found its leader in Muhammad Ali.

9-1. Explain how pro football's television contract protected the league's teams?

-NFL commissioner wisely guided the owners -Baseball owners acted in own best interests -Football formed an economic cartel with commissioner negotiating tv contract for the whole league -Contract protected teams from other teams tv stations -Shared the tv revenue equally allowing small market teams to survive

8-3. Who were Josh Gibson, Cool Papa Bell and Satchel Paige?

-Negro Leagues stars -Josh Gibson-"black Babe Ruth" his home run and batting feats exceeded the Babe's Batted over .400 several times -Cool Papa Bell-fastest man in baseball in 1920s Outfielder -Satchel Paige-International fame as greatest pitcher of all time, was a showman that pleased the crowds. Flamboyant barnstorming pitcher ,pitched in 5 decades. Rookie with Indians in 1948 at 42 yrs old

7-2. Briefly explain how educational and sporting opportunities for women was growing during this period

-New women's colleges provided opportunity for recreation play and instruction -Educators and physicians bickered over advantages and disadvantages of sport and education for women -Motherhood and fertility became a key issue in female participation, damage to reproductive organs was feared -Playing sport games between colleges in late 1800s challenged traditional passivity of female activity -College sport and physical education opportunities began developing -Early goals of participation were to watch level of competition in contests, concentrate on health benefits and social interaction -1895 Interscholastic basketball for women in Chicago high schools

8-1. Why did professional baseball begin playing the Star Spangled Banner before games in 1918?

-Pro players avoided the military draft of WWI by getting jobs in war related industries -These players were accused of being non patriotic slackers giving the leagues a bad image -The Star Spangled Banner was first played at the 1918 World Series to counter the charges and became the national anthem

9-1. Describe the attitude of the Baby Boomers with Muhammad Ali leading the way

-Questioned authority -Followed young leaders -John Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr -Crusaded for individualism, civil and equal rights, feminism, gay rights, environmentalism Generated a cultural war challenging nationalism, patriotism, and materialism -Created a more liberal multicultural America

8-3. What was the impact of radio on sport in the 1920s?

-Radio became common place in the 1920s -Publicized athletic heroes as sportcasters dramatized and sensationalized sport events on the radio -Baseball games, Kentucky Derby, Indy 500, Rose Bowl tied listeners to American traditions -Sports teams feared drop in attendance but stations bought rights to the games by selling advertisements -Heroes were built by writers and broadcasters

8-1. What was the social significance of Jackie Robinson's entry into the major leagues?

-Record crowds went to the Dodger games with African Americans flocking to see their hero -Robinson conducted himself with great honor -Won Rookie of Year, MVP , pennants, World Series -Other teams began to integrate, Boston the last in 1959 -By 1959, 9 of 13 MVPs were black in the National league -Seven years after Robinson's debut was the crucial Brown vs Board of Education when the Supreme Court struck down segregation -Rickey, Robinson and Dodgers were catalysts of great social change

7-1. Briefly describe the efforts to assimilate Native Americans.

-Reformers used sport and education to try to assimilate Native Americans -1879 the Carlisle School for Indians was formed in Pennsylvania -The Carlisle school was the first of many across the nation to be formed to convert Native Americans to the white ways of society -Schools taught the English language, vocational skills and WASP values -Students were forced to groom and dress as whites -The young students struggled to maintain their own cultural identity

8-3. Who was Seabiscuit and why did he captivate America?

-Small western horse, not a part of the elite racing circle -Improbable run to glory in 1938, captivated america -Upset 1937Triple Crown winner War Admiral in match race -Went on to become the all time champion in prize money -Symbol for the hard pressed American coming out of he Depression

8-2. What were the 3 main sports that gained popularity in the cities during the Depression?

-Softball , Billiards , Bowlng -During the Depression large numbers of people played or watched these inner-city sports -Many made money by being a good player -Men and Women participated in softball and bowling -Many saw it as an opportunity for social mobility and were able to get out of the working class

7-2. Briefly discuss sport and fitness during WW I.

-Sport was used to train combatants, produce camaraderie , nationalism and patriotic spirit -Famous Athletic Directors were asked to develop fitness programs for soldiers -Competitive sport drew the greatest interest as baseball , basketball, football and volleyball were used to encourage aggressiveness and courage -Sport with the soldiers in Europe was used to keep them from alcohol and prostitutes in free time. Venereal disease felled many soldiers. -Army developed baseball league with 2 million players -Applicants 80% and draftees 33% were unfit for war -Emphasis on mandatory Physical Education in schools began

7-1. Why did some groups resist assimilation efforts of the federal government and the WASP reformers?

-Strong commitment to holding on to their own nationalistic cultures -European organizations such as the German Turners, Polish Falcons and Czech Zokols practiced adherence to traditions and cultures of their former country -Germans believed their educational system and lifestyle was superior to the American's -Polish and Italians were predominantly Catholic groups in contrast to the strong Protestant leadership in the US. -Jewish also wished to practice their views and ways of life in opposition to protestant Christianity

7-2. Discuss a few ways that the social reform of the WASPs was being hindered or challenged.

-Subordinate groups adopted American mainstream sports this did not mean they accepted WASP values in American culture -Catholic and Jewish groups formed their own settlement houses -Knights of Columbus promoted competitive Catholic contests to counter WASP influence through YMCAs -YMCA found little success in converting ethnic minority youths or those from the Sporting Fraternity -Sporting Fraternity still drew the young working class males -Ethnic and racial rivalries developed in the public parks -Sports and gambling involved the local gangs

8-1. How did President Franklin Roosevelt's "New Deal" address the nation's recreation and forced leisure?

-The "New Deal" was President Franklin Roosevelt's economic recovery plan during the Great Depression -It included a massive recreational program 1.5 billion$ in labor and construction costs -National parks and state parks, environmental programs, hiknng trails, improving rural areas employed 500,000 in 2 yrs -Other agencies employed multitudes in constructing swimming pools, stadiums, playgrounds, ball fields, gymnasiums across the country -This created jobs and addressed the forced leisure of this time with many facilities for recreation and sport

8-1. Why was the decade of the 1920s termed the "Golden Age of Sports"? And why did America need heroes?

-The US was in confused after WWI, rapidly changing, identity challenged -Sports writers provided a stabilizing influence by creating heroes of the sport stars of the day -Babe Ruth- the American Dream, The Four Horsemen- spirit, team work, different ethnicities working together, Jack Dempsey- rags to riches -This brought the American culture closer together as they saw the American dream in sports -America needed these heroes during this uncomfortable time and confusion of what America was.

8-1. With the black pride movement, what sports did the black culture make great strides in? What sports did the Jewish gain stature in?

-The black pride movement centered in Harlem , NY and was known as the Harlem Renaissance. Churches, music, sport and the arts -Basketball-Harlem Rens split a 6 game series with famous Celtics Basketball-Harlem Globetrotters barnstormed through out the Midwest -NBA began signing black players -Baseball- Rube Foster founded the Negro National League in 1920 -This formed a parallel culture for non-whites to the existing pro leagues

7-1..Write a brief statement for the involvement of African Americans in the following sports.Baseball,Horseracing,Cycling, Boxing, Football, Basketball

-The migration north of African Americans led to a number of black baseball teams in the major cities -Some would gain games versus white teams and did well proving their quality of play -Rube Foster led the formation of the Negro National league forming a parallel to white leagues employing black players -African American jockeys had great success and won many Kentucky Derbys. White jockeys were jealous of their fame and money and retaliated in their treatment of their black competitors -African American Marshall"Major Taylor was best cyclist in the world at the turn of the century. White cyclists used blocking tactics against him.

7-1. How did sport help bring these ethnic groups closer to American ways in their quest for social mobility?

-The working class believed that sport was a meritocracy meaning one could advance in wealth or social status based on ability -Hard working immigrants realized that their sons were bringing home additional income from semi-pro or neighborhood contests -The skill of ethnic minority athletic clubs gained the notice of Amateur sport governing bodies -These clubs were invited to participate in the official contests and tournaments This inclusion fostered their ethnic pride but also brought them closer to the American mainstream

7-1. Write a brief statement for the involvement of African Americans in the following sports.Baseball,Horseracing,Cycling, Boxing, Football, Basketball CONTINUED

-There were great black boxers but heavyweight champs John l. Sullivan and James Corbett refused to give any a title shot for years -In 1905 a brash African American Jack Johnson beat Canadian Tommy Burns for the championship -Whites began a search for the "Great White Hope" to defeat Johnson -Retired and undefeated Jim Jeffries answered the call but was beaten decisively by Johnson crushing the theory of white superiority -Racial conflicts ensued across the nation and 11 were killed and many injured -In football blacks gained acclaim at colleges in the Midwest and North -Black colleges initiated their own intercollegiate rivalries -Basketball became a favorite with black churches, clubs and YMCA teams -Harlem Rems and Globetrotters

7-1. What sports did the Carlisle School excel in?

-They took well to baseball but gained national acclaim in football -The team drew huge crowds to college stadiums and were a big commercial attraction -The most famous player was Jim Thorpe who would go on to be the early attraction in professional football.

9-2. How did Coach Bear Bryant cause social change in the south with the Alabama football program?

-Winningest FB coach of all time - 6 national championships - Helped break color barrier by allowing blacks on his team. - Slowly started to integrate blacks on his team and other schools started to follow.

7-2. Give some examples of how the women were challenging social boundaries during this time.

-Women began battling for citizenship equal to men since Antebellum period -Really cranked it up 1870-1910 -Activists claimed women were merely sexual beings and marriage forced dependency. Advocated birth control to better women's lives. -Women began moving from passive to more active leisure activities -Women's athletic clubs began to form and some access to men's clubs during certain hours -Magazines and pictures began portraying women as active, vivacious and independent -Working women in dance halls, vaudeville acts, movies, sports