CH 7

If you ask your classmates to draw either side of a U.S. penny from memory, the vast majority will not be very successful. This is likely due to:

- encoding failure

One of your new patients claims to have been molested and discovered this after going to a hypnotherapist. You know all of the following EXCEPT:

- memories recovered under medications are reliable.

When people are given subtle misleading information about a past event, they often misremember the true details surrounding the event. This is known as:

- the Misinformation Effect

This activated memory holds a few items such as a phone number briefly before the information is stored or forgotten.

Short term memory

The amygdala boosts activity in the brain's memory-forming areas when stimulated by _____.

Stress hormones

According to psychologists, memory refers to: persistence of learning over time. storage of information. retrieval of information. all of these things.

all these things

Automatic processing is an unconscious, effortless encoding of information about: space. time. frequency. all of these things.

all these things

You hear a familiar word in your native language and it is virtually impossible not to recognize the word's meaning. This best illustrates the importance of _____ processing.

automatic

The _____ is the neural center involved in processing explicit memories for storage.

hippocampus

Some patients suffering from amnesia are incapable of recalling events. Yet they can be conditioned to blink their eyes in response to a specific sound. They have MOST likely suffered damage to the: hippocampus. cerebellum. hypothalamus. amygdala.

hippocampus.

Some patients with anterograde amnesia have learned how to spot hard-to-find figures in theWhere's Waldo? series without any conscious awareness that they can do so. This best illustrates their retention of _____.

implicit memories

Morgan claims to remember being sexually abused by her father when she was less than a year old. Her memory is not likely to be reliable because of _____.

infantile amnesia

Our capacity for storing long-term memories is _____.

limitless

This prolonged strengthening of potential neural firing is believed to be the basis for learning and memory, and is known as _____.

long-term potentation

This prolonged strengthening of potential neural firing is believed to be the basis for learning and memory and is known as: declarative memory. explicit memory. implicit memory. long-term potentiation.

long-term potentiation

Because of _____, "hypnotically refreshed" memories may prove inaccurate, especially if the hypnotist asks leading questions. encoding failure state-dependent memory proactive interference memory construction

memory construction

Whenever Rachel gets blue, she immediately is flooded with thoughts of failed relationships and missed chances. Rachel's experience best illustrates _____.

mood-congruent memory

Although Ron typically smokes two packs of cigarettes each day, he recalls smoking little more than one pack per day. This poor memory BEST illustrates: the misinformation effect. motivated forgetting. the spacing effect. the self-reference effect.

motivated forgetting.

In the process of retrieving a specific memory from a web of associations, a person needs to activate one of the strands that leads to it. This is known as _____.

priming

In the process of retrieving a specific memory from a web of associations, a person needs to activate one of the strands that leads to it. This is known as:

priming

A fill-in-the-blank test is a good example of _____.

recall

A fill-in-the-blank test is a good example of: recall. recognition. relearning. retrieval.

recall

A student has to pick the correct answer from a displayed list of options. This type of memory measure is known as: recall. recognition. reconstruction. relearning.

recognition

Jackson is happy to hear that his class final will be all multiple-choice questions as he feels he has a better chance to pass the class by using _____.

recognition

Research on memory construction reveals that memories: are stored as exact copies of experience. reflect a person's biases and assumptions. may be chemically transferred from one organism to another. even if long term, usually decay within about five years.

reflect a person's biases and assumptions.

According to Sigmund Freud, one reason that people forget is because they are _____ painful memories. retrieving processing focusing repressing

repressing

Maximizing _____ cues is a good way to improve your memory of something.

retieval

Melissa adequately studied for her short-answer psychology exam. However, while taking the final she could not remember the material she previously retained. According to the computer information-processing model of memory Melissa is having difficulty with ______.

retrieval

The happier Michaela feels, the more readily she recalls experiences with former teachers who were warm and generous. This best illustrates that emotional states can be _____.

retrieval cues

While taking an American history exam, Marie was surprised and frustrated by her momentary inability to remember the name of the first President of the United States. Her difficulty most clearly illustrates:

retrieval failure

Memories before the age of _____ are often unreliable. six five four three

three

The processing of information into the memory system is called _____.

- encoding

Short-term memories have a limited life without:

- active processing.

We long remember exciting or shocking events due to activation of the limbic system's:

- amygdala

Encoding is to _____ as storage is to _____.

- data input into a computer; data saved on the hard drive

During a basketball game, Tyree suffered a concussion. Afterwards he could not remember the game or what happened when he was treated in the hospital. Tyree was experiencing:

- Amnesia

Jaylen found the ISBN of the book she wanted to order in the Books in Print catalog. To remember the eleven-digit number, 19772552901, she thought of the number as the year her best friend was born (1977) and her aunt's phone number (255-2901). Jaylen was using the strategy of _____ to help her remember the ISBN number.

- Chunking

While you probably wish that your study time was automatic, unfortunately successful studying for introductory psychology requires attention and conscious effort known as _____.

- Effortful Processing

Contrary to all of the Hollywood stars who claim to have been molested as toddlers and infants, _____ of things happening before age 3 are unreliable.

- Memories

The hippocampus and brain cortex display simultaneous activity rhythms during sleep. This supports the process of:

- Memory Consolidation

Every time we "replay" a memory, we replace the original memory with a slightly modified version. Researchers call this:

- Memory Construction

It's evening and we're mentally replaying the day's events. We picture our facial expressions as we listened to a friend's tale of woe. Because we were unable to see these expressions at the time, our recall illustrates:

- Memory Construction

The surprising ease with which people form false memories BEST illustrates that encoding and retrieval involve:

- Memory Construction

The surprising ease with which people form false memories best illustrates that encoding and retrieval involve _____.

- Memory Construction

Professor Stiles studies memory in people who have had strokes. Professor Garcia studies people who claim to have clear memories of events that happened over 3 decades ago. Such research on the extremes of memory helps us to understand how _____.

- Memory works

Our ability to recognize material can make us feel _____, which might lead to poorer performance on certain tests.

- Overconfident

After studying biology all afternoon, Marcus is having difficulty remembering details of the organic chemistry material he memorized that morning. Marcus' difficulty best illustrates _____.

- Retroactive Interference

George Miller's research on short-term memory capacity indicated that we can only store about seven bits of information (give or take two) in our _____.

- Short term (working memory)

Forest often has vivid dreams. In the morning, he can recall them in great detail. This sometimes gets him in trouble because he can't figure out if he is remembering a dream or something that he actually experienced. This problem is known as _____.

- Source Amnesia

It is not uncommon for us to recognize a person, but to have no idea where we met him or her. Or, we may HEAR something but later recall instead that we SAW it. This type of misattribution is known as:

- Source amnesia

An attorney uses misleading questions to distort a court witness' recall of a previously observed crime. This BEST illustrates:

- The Misinformation Effect

Kaleb decided to go to his 25-year high school reunion. He looked in his yearbook to see whose picture he might recognize. According to research, he should expect to recognize _____ percent of his classmates' pictures.

90%

_____ was to the study of memory as _____ was to the study of conditioning. Hermann Ebbinghaus; Anna Freud Hermann Ebbinghaus; Ivan Pavlov Ivan Pavlov; Hermann Ebbinghaus Ivan Pavlov; Anna Freud

Hermann ebbinghous; ivan pavlov

_____ are to real perceptions as false memories are to real memories.

Preceptual illusions

Dr. Harris showed experimental participants several photographs of rivers and streams. She then asked the participants to draw a picture representing the sentence, "The boy threw rocks at the bank." The majority of participants drew a river bank rather than a financial building. What MOST likely affected the participants' responses? Experience Priming Explicit memory Culture

Priming

Which is NOT a measure of retention? Recall Recognition Relearning Reimaging

Reimaging

What is MOST likely to occur as a result of an emotionally painful experience? The memories will be repressed. The memory will likely fade over time. The memory can be forgotten easily. The memory of the event will likely be intrusive.

The memory of the event will likely be intrusive.

Dr. Nguyen's experimental rats have learned the location of a food treat in a maze. She removed the hippocampus 3 hours after the rats located the food. What will be the effect on the rat's memory for the food's location? The rats will not be able to remember the location of the food. The rats will be able to partially remember the location of the food. The rats will initially remember to location, but their memory will fade rapidly. The rats' memories for the food will be unaffected by the removal of the hippocampi.

The rats will not be able to remember the location of the food.

Jamaal has to make an important phone call. Unfortunately, his cell phone is not charged and he has to use his landline, which does not store phone numbers. To make the call, he has to get the number from his cell phone and remember it long enough to dial on his landline. For this task, which memory system is MOST important? Working memory Long-term memory Flashbulb memory Echoic memory

Working memory

One reason our memories fail is because of problems with information:

encoding

Carlos can't remember Juan Alvarez's name because he wasn't paying attention when Juan was formally introduced. Carlos' poor memory is best explained in terms of _____.

encoding failure

Harriet has Alzheimer's disease and her _____ memories for people and events are lost, but she is able to display an ability to form new implicit memories by being repeatedly shown words.

explicit

Mr. Nydam suffers amnesia and is unable to remember playing golf on a particular course. But the longer he plays the course, the more his game improves. His experience illustrates the difference in:

explicit memory and implicit memory

Stephen Ceci and Maggie Bruck found that most preschoolers and many older children could be induced to report:

false memories

Many people can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they heard news of the attacks on the United States in September 2001. This BEST illustrates _____ memory. echoic flashbulb implicit iconic

flashbulb

Some patients suffering from amnesia are incapable of recalling events. Yet, they can be conditioned to blink their eyes in response to a specific sound. They have most likely suffered damage to the _____.

hippocampus