Ch. 7
joints
Areas where two or more bones join together
Symphyses
Bones united by fibrocartilage
symphyses
Bones united by fibrocartilage, slight movement
supraspinous ligament
Connects tips of spinous processes (C7 to sacrum)
The articulation between C-1 (atlas) and occipital bone is a ______________ that allows this movement: ______________.
Double condyloid; flexion and extension of the neck ("yes" movement)
Which choice(s) places the joints in the correct order from most stable to most mobile? Select all that apply.
Fibrous → Cartilaginous → Synovial Suture → Syndesmosis → Symphysis
What components of sutures give this joint great strength?
Interconnecting tissue fibers and interlocking bones.
collateral ligaments
Ligaments that run along the sides of the knee and limit sideways motion MCL and LCL
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body
opposition
Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips
Adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body
Actions of the proximal and distal radioulnar joint are:
Pronation and supination
Which of the following is not a function of synovial fluid?
Provide stem cells to repair articular cartilage
iliofemoral ligament
Resist anterior displacement of hip and prevents hyperextension
Circumduction combines which movements?
Sequence of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction movements
What role, if any, does synovial fluid play in joint homeostasis?
Synovial fluid lowers friction between moving parts. Synovial fluid provides nutrients to and removes wastes from chondrocytes.
What distinguishes the three different types of fibrous joints?
The length of connective tissue fibers joining the bones together
synovial membrane
The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space.
As you abduct your shoulder to full range of motion, ______________.
The scapula abducts
glenohumeral joint
The synovial ball-and-socket joint of the shoulder
syndesmoses are the same as
amphiarthrosis
Think about kicking a soccer ball. What kind of movement would your hip be making during the kick?
angular
factors that effect joint stability
articular shape number and positions of ligaments muscle tone
Where is the meniscus located?
between the condyles of the femur and tibia
Based on its degrees of freedom, the wrist (radiocarpal joint) is classified as a ______________ joint.
biaxial
patellar ligament
connects patella to tibia
The acetabular labrum acts to ______________ the ______________.
deepen, hip socket
angular movements
increase or decrease the angle between two bones
synovial fluid
joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane
reposition
opposite of opposition
types of synovial joints
plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket
plantar flexion
pointing toes
acetabular labrum
rim of fibrocartilage that enhances depth of socket (hip dislocations are rare)
Infraspinatus
rotates arm laterally
Articular capsule
sleevelike structure around a synovial joint composed of a fibrous capsule and synovial membrane
what is sacrificed for free movement in the glenohumeral joints
stability
extracapsular ligaments
stabilizing ligaments located outside joint capsule
Four rotator cuff muscles
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
SITS muscles
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
Gomphoses
teeth to maxilla and mandible
Circumduction
the circular movement at the far end of a limb
Inversion
turning inward
Elevation
upward movement
In the fetal skull, sutures are temporarily ________ to ________ movement.
wide; allow
Which joint has more degrees of freedom: the elbow or the wrist?
wrist
condyloid joint example
wrist and knuckles
glenoid labrum
fibrocartilage ring that deepens glenoid cavity
Menisci
fibrocartilaginous pads in the knee
structural joint types
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
hayline cartilage
fine callogen fibers on the end of bones
Pronation
movement that turns the palm down
synovial fluid functions
1. lubrication 2. nutrient distribution 3. shock absorption
biaxial joint movement
flexion and extension/ adduction and abduction
knee joint
hinge joint
synovial fluid is made of
hyaluronic acid
hip ligaments
iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral
What types of joints connect adjacent vertebrae?
intervertebral symphysis joints on the anterior side two gliding diarthrodial facet joints on the posterior side
Largest joint in the body
knee joint
tibiofemoral joint
knee joint
lateral flexion
lateral movement of trunk in coronal plane left and right
what connects vertebral bodies
ligaments
cruciate ligaments
ligaments that cross each other, forming an X within the notch between the femoral condyles ACL and PCL
tibial collateral ligament
medial support, prevents leg from moving to far laterally
scapulothoracic joint
not a true joint. Space between the scapula and the thoracic cage
what do muscles and tendons from hip and thigh do
reinforce stability
Where do flexion and extension occur?
sagittal plane
Which of the following is an example of rotation?
shaking your head no
rotation
the turning of a bone around its own long axis
Gliding joints are true synovial joints, with synovial membrane and synovial fluid contained in a joint capsule.
true
The great majority of synchondrosis joints are present only during childhood.
true
The shoulder has more degrees of freedom of movement than the wrist.
true
Eversion
turning outward
degrees of freedom
number of axes about which a joint can move
Rotation
occur along the longitudinal axis of the moving segment
synovial joint parts
outer fibrous capsule inner synovial membrane
extrinsic reinforcing ligaments
outside and separate from the joint capsule
intrinsic reinforcing ligaments
part of the joint capsule, classified as diarthroses
cruciate ligaments function
prevents the tibia from sliding forward beneath the femur
condyloid joint
type of diarthrosis in which one articulating bone surface is an oval, convex shape, and the other is a reciprocally shaped concave surface
saddle joint
type of joint found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and rotation
structural joints
types of tissues covering joints
Stand in anatomical position. Your shoulder joints are in ________ degrees of flexion and your forearms are ________ so that the palms of your hands face ________.
0; supinated; anteriorly
classification of synovial joints
1. plane 2. hinge 3. pivot 4. condyloid 5. saddle 6. ball and socket
Major knee ligaments
2 cruciate 2 collateral
knee joints named
2 tibiofemoral joints and patellofemoral joints
how many knee joints are there
3
Amphiarthrosis
7slightly movable joint
most to least stable
sutures, invertebral joints, elbow joints, hip joints, shoulder joints
Fiberous Joint
sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses
what type of joint is the temporomandibular
-primarily a hinge joint -but the loose capsule and relatively flat articular surfaces also permit gliding and rotational movement -important when positioning food on the grinding surfaces of the teeth
intervertebral joints
C2 to L5 spinal vertebrae articulate: At inferior and superior articular processes (gliding joints) Between adjacent vertebral bodies (symphyseal joints)
The shoulder girdle consists of which combination of bones?
Clavicle, scapula, and sternum
joint cavity
contains synovial fluid
synovial joints ends are covered with
hayline cartilage
The humeroulnar joint is what type of synovial joint?
hinge
The jaw is a ______________ joint.
hinge and gliding
What kind of joint do you think an elbow joint is?
hinge and pivot
What type of joint is the knee?
hinge joint
dens
part of the axis (C2)
Antlo-axial Joint
pivot and gliding joint
The rotator cuff muscles include all except the ________.
tres major
Dorsiflexion
Backward flexion, as in bending backward either a hand or foot
Anatomical features of the knee joint include ______________.
Bursae to reduce friction and heat build-up Reinforcing ligaments including the cruciate ligaments Menisci to shape the tibial surfaces to better fit the femoral condyles
Meniscus
C shaped, thicker on convex side than concave side
Non-axial joints
Slipping movement only, no axis around which movement can occur. Example: gliding joints
Unlike other joint categories, all synovial joints have ________.
a joint capsule lubricating fluid
Articulation
a joint; the point where two bones come together
Supraspinatus
abduction of shoulder
sutures function
add strength and stability
tres minor
adducts and laterally rotate the humerus
functional joints
amount of movement that occurs at the joint
atlanto-occipital joint
articulation between the atlas and the cranium
pivot joint example
atlas and axis, radius and ulna,
Flexion
Decreases the angle of a joint
humeroulnar joint
Elbow joint Hinge joint uniaxial joint
special movements
Elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, supination, pronation, and opposition.
n a suture, which is ______________ movable; bones are connected by ______________.
Not; short connective tissue fibers
Nursemaid's elbow involves dislocation of the ______________ joint.
Humeroradial
Match the joint categories and subcategories.
Intertarsal-Gliding synovial Pubic symphysis-Cartilaginous Interphalangeal-Hinge synovial Radioulnar (proximal and distal)-Pivot synovial Tibio-fibular-Syndesmosis
meniscus function
Lubrication and nourishment of the knee joint, weight distribution, and assistance with joint biomechanics
As you fully extend and "lock" your knee, ______________.
The femur rotates on the tibia
range of motion
The range through which a joint can be moved
gliding joint
allows one bone to slide over another; found in wrist and ankles
reinforcing ligaments of shoulder
coracohumeral, coracoacromial, and glenohumeral ligament
By the age of 21, the long bones are no longer able to grow in length due to closure of the epiphyses. The total number of joints in the body of an adult, therefore, is ________ the number of joints in a growing child.
fewer than
What type of tissue is located between the bones in a symphysis?
fibrocartilage
The wrist (radiocarpal) joint is unable to rotate.
true
anterior and posterior cruciate ligament
ACL and PCL
symphysis
allows some flexability
humeroradial joint
articulation between the capitulum of the humerus and head of the radius
uniaxial joint
bone moves in just one plane or axis
multiaxial joint
bone moves in multiple planes or axes
biaxial joint
bone moves in two planes or axes
fibrocartilage discs
-improve fit between articulating bone ends -increase stability and minimize wear/tear -provide structure and support
For the articulations between most ("typical") pairs of vertebrae, including T-1 with T-2, the bodies are connected by ______________ joints and the superior and inferior articular facets on the arches are connected by ______________ joints.
Symphysis; pivot
supenation
Palm up
The articulation between C-1 (atlas) and C-2 (axis) is a ______________ that allows this movement: ______________.
Pivot and gliding; rotation of the head to the left and right ("no" movement)
Arrange the following joints on the stability-mobility scale, from most mobile to most stable.
Shoulder Knee Elbow Intervertebral Coronal suture (adult)
gliding movement
Two surfaces slide past each other Between carpal or tarsal bones
Angular ligament
Which ligament is responsible for holding the head of the radius in place?
synovial bursa
a fluid-filled structure, similar to a synovial joint capsule, located between a bony prominence and the tendon or belly of a muscle. Functionally, a synovial bursa reduces frictional degradation as the muscle moves reciprocally over the prominence.
Syndesmosis
bones are connected by interosseous ligament/ longer fibers
cartilaginous joints
bones held together by cartilage (hayline or fibrocartilage)
synchodroses
bones joined by hyaline cartilage
synchondroses
bones united by hyaline cartilage, immovable
where does circumduction occur
both sagittal and frontal planes
Sutures are made of
bundles of short collagenous fibers
temporomandibular joint
connection on either side of the head between the temporal bone of the skull and mandibular bone of the jaw
Depression
downward movement
Humeraoulnar joint
elbow joint
tendon sheath
elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon
fibrocartilage discs are formed by
enclosing articulating bones with joint capsule
example of synchondrosis joint
epiphyseal plate and costal cartilage
Hypoextension
extension that is less than normal, under-extended
lateral rotation
external rotation away from the midline
Fibrous joints allow no movement, and cartilaginous joints allow slight movement.
false
Joints connecting ribs to the vertebral column are immovable.
false
The hip has more range of motion than the shoulder.
false
fibular collateral ligament
lateral support, protect against hyperadduction at the knee
Compared to a suture, a syndesmosis has ________ connecting bones and allows ________ movement.
longer fibers; more
Subscapularis
medially rotates arm
Protraction
moving a body part forward
retraction
moving a part backward
Which factor plays the greatest role in stabilizing movable joints?
muscle tone
are the bursae and tendon sheaths part of the joint
no, but are closely associated
proximal radioulnar joint
pivot joint, pronation and supination
Which kind of joints allow short, gliding movements?
plane
When a person does a push up, first pushing off the floor and fully straightening their elbow and the returning to the ground so that their chest touches the floor, what motions does the scapula go through?
protraction and then retraction
example of symphysis
pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs
The normal extent of a specific movement possible at a synovial joint is known as its ______________.
range of motion
reinforcing ligaments function
reinforce and strengthen joint
bursae
sac-like structures filled with synovial fluid that cushion movement of one body part over another
plane joint
short slipping or gliding movements; i.e. carpals
ball an socket joint
spherical surface articulating with a cup shaped socket- 3 DOF
functional joint types
synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
Fibrous joints that are also amphiarthroses include ________.
syndesmosis
Which of the following joints is considered to be a diarthrosis?
synovial joint
synovial fluid is secreted by
synovial membrane
Hyperextension
the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit
tempromandibular joint
the hinge joint by which the jaw or mandible attaches to the temporal bone of the skull
radioulnar joint
the pivot joint that allows for rotation of the radius (pronation and supination)
patellafemoral joint
the point where the kneecap and femur are connected in the trochlear groove
Compared to the shoulder, the hip has ________ degrees of freedom and ________ range of motion.
the same; less
Hinge joint axis of rotation
transverse plane
syndesmoses
Allow more movement than sutures but still immobile
pivot joint
Allows for rotation around the length of a bone, and only allows for rotation.
Like the ______________, the shoulder is classified as ______________ based upon its degrees of freedom.
Hip; triaxial
hinge joint
Joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in only one plane
joint capsule
connective tissue that encloses the cavity and retains the fluid
what movements is the vertebral column capable of
flexion and extension/ lateral flexion/ circumduction/ left and right rotation
bursa
fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another
dens function
forms a pivot joint w/ C1 allowing for increased ROM of the head and neck
Diarthrosis
freely movable joint
Diathroses
freely movable joints
synovial joints
freely movable joints
where does adduction and abduction occur?
frontal plane
Synchodrosis example
growth plate
What type of tissue is located between the bones in a synchondrosis?
hayline
What tissue covers the articulating surfaces of bones in a synovial joint?
hayline cartilage
Synarthrosis
immovable joint
Sutures
immovable joints of the skull
extension
increases the angle of a joint
medial rotation
internal rotation towards the midline
symphysis example
intervertebral joints and pubic symphysis
biaxial
movement in two planes; ribs and wrist
bursae function
reduce friction between structures
Ball and socket joints have ________ degrees of freedom and can perform ________ movements (include any combination movements.)
three; seven
hip joint
triaxial ball and socket