ch 7 inquizitive

The current federal minimum wage is $7.25 per hour and has been since 2009. How much would the minimum wage need to be to constitute a living wage?

$11-$18 per hour

Match each social class to the correct percentage of the U.S. population.

1 percent: upper class 12 percent: underclass 13 percent: working poor 14 percent: upper-middle class 30 percent: middle class working (lower-middle) class

In 2017, about how many Americans lived below the poverty line?

40 million

The National Human Trafficking Hotline reported over ___ cases of slavery in the United States in 2017 alone; more than ___ % of those cases involved sexual slavery, and more than ___ percent occurred in just three states (California, Texas, and Florida).

8,500, 70%, 30%

Social mobility in the United States varies widely by geographic area. Identify the characteristics of a geographic area that is associated with high levels of social mobility.

Associated with High Social Mobility less residential segregation less income inequality better schools greater social capital greater family stability Not Associated with High Social Mobility large-scale events greater wealth

Why does the ideology of equal opportunity resonate with most Americans?

Correct Answer(s) Americans tend to believe that unequal opportunities restrict meritocracy. We live in a bourgeois society, in which the maximization of profit is the primary business incentive. Incorrect Answer(s) We have higher standards of equality than other modern capitalist societies. We tend to believe that the "rules of the game" should be altered to compensate for inequalities resulting from an "uneven playing field."

Which of the following terms represent measurements of intragenerational mobility?

Correct Answer(s) horizontal social mobility vertical social mobility Incorrect Answer(s) lateral social mobility structural mobility

Which of the following are considered occupations of the working poor?

Correct Answer(s) housekeeper fast-food worker janitor Incorrect Answer(s) long-term unemployed artist

In capitalist societies, social class ranks individuals based on which of the following factors?

Correct Answer(s) wealth property power prestige Incorrect Answer(s) age race

T or F: Max Weber suggests that wealth, power, and prestige must all be attained to reach upper-class status and any individual aspect of social class cannot be converted into another.

False

Sociologist Sara Goldrick-Rab and her colleagues at the Wisconsin HOPE Center have conducted the largest-ever studies of the experiences of college students with food and housing insecurity. Identify the groups that faced higher levels of food and housing insecurity.

Higher Levels community college students, compared to university students women, compared to men LGBTQ students, compared to heterosexual students Lower Levels heterosexual students, compared to LGBTQ students university students, compared to community college students men, compared to women

Identify each item as an example of either income or wealth.

Income royalty checks for writing a novel Social Security checks Wealth equity in an owner-occupied home money in a 401(k) account stocks and bonds

Match each country to the correct aspects of history, economics, and stratification. There may be more than one match for each country.

Intermarriage has eliminated clearly defined racial groups, but skin color still largely defines an individual's place in society in this country. Brazil Correct label: Brazil A great number of social services are provided by the government in this country. Sweden Correct label: Sweden Religion is a primary factor for maintaining social and economic positions in this country. Iran Correct label: Iran This country was transformed from a constitutional monarchy to a theocracy in 1979. Iran Correct label: Iran The top tax rate in this country is 60 percent. Sweden Correct label: Sweden Slaves were imported to this country through the mid-1800s. Brazil Correct label: Brazil

Match each basic principle of social stratification to the appropriate example.

Mark Zuckerberg is likely to pass down his wealth to his children: Social stratification persists over generations. Barack Obama was able to become president of the United States despite African Americans generally holding a lower status than whites in the United States: Social stratification is a characteristic of society. Gender is the most important characteristic of stratification in more traditional societies: Different societies use different criteria for ranking their members. The American achievement ideology suggests that people who are not successful did not work hard enough: Social stratification is maintained through beliefs that are widely shared by members of society.

Match the major systems of social stratification to the correct factors. There may be more than one match for each system.

Members must marry within their own group: caste Status within the hierarchy is inherited and cannot be changed: caste This is prohibited by every nation in the world: slavery During the course of a lifetime, individuals can move up or down levels in the strata: social class This is a system primarily based on economics: social class, slavery

Identify each example as indicating either relative or absolute deprivation.

Relative Deprivation A low-income student earns a scholarship to a highly prestigious university. Her peers wear expensive clothes to class and drive nice cars. She wears clothes she bought at the thrift store and has to ride the bus to go anywhere. A lower-middle class family owns a house at the edge of a county where many rich people live. They have many highly educated neighbors nearby and cannot afford to shop at the multitude of upper-middle class stores in the area. Absolute Deprivation An underclass family lives paycheck to paycheck and often runs out of money near the end of the week and must seek additional assistance from food banks and churches. A homeless man sets up on a street corner every day to scrape together whatever he can but often goes hungry and cannot find a place to stay when the local homeless shelter is at capacity.

Which of the following are types of slavery occurring in the world today?

Slavery Occurring Today sex slavery human trafficking serfdom Slavery Not Occurring Today slavery as punishment for a crime

Place each major poverty policy enacted in the United States in chronological order.

Social Security Medicaid Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act

Identify the true and false statements about the trends of college enrollment by income level from 1970 to 2017.

The college enrollment gap between low- and high-income high school grads narrowed from 1970 to 2017. Approximately the same percentage of middle-income high school grads enrolled in college in 2017 as in the late 1990s. A larger percentage of all high school graduates, regardless of income, has been enrolling in college over time. False Statement(s) The college enrollment gap between low- and high-income high school grads widened from 1970 to 2017.

According to sociologist Forrest Stuart, who conducted an in-depth ethnography of Skid Row, some police officers consider it their job to help homeless people, which Stuart refers to as "therapeutic policing." Which of the following are examples of therapeutic policing?

Therapeutic Policing arresting a homeless person for jaywalking shutting down a weight-lifting program for homeless people ticketing a homeless person for loitering Not Therapeutic Policing arresting landlords who unfairly evict tenants arresting a drunk individual for attempting to murder a homeless person

Identify the true and false statements about the trends of college enrollment by income level from 1970 to 2017.

True Statement(s) The college enrollment gap between low- and high-income high school grads narrowed from 1970 to 2017. Approximately the same percentage of middle-income high school grads enrolled in college in 2017 as in the late 1990s. A larger percentage of all high school graduates, regardless of income, has been enrolling in college over time. False Statement(s) The college enrollment gap between low- and high-income high school grads widened from 1970 to 2017.

Identify the true and false statements about the federal poverty line.

True: The federal poverty line is an absolute measure. The percentage of people living below the federal poverty line has never dipped below 10 percent. False Statement(s) The federal poverty line for an individual is $16,240. All families above the federal poverty line can afford basic necessities.

Place the professions in order from most to least social prestige, as measured by the National Opinion Research Center.

architect, veterinarian, firefighter, social worker, auto-body repairperson

Match each number to the correct description.

average number of children for women with a bachelor's degree or higher: 2.2 average age at which women with a high school diploma have their first child: 24 average number of children for women with a high school diploma: 2.9 average age at which women with a master's degree have their first child: 30

Place each demographic category in order from most to least likely to believe in the American Dream.

college graduates, Hispanic Americans, Black Americans, high school graduates

Sociologist Jessi Streib found that many unanticipated conflicts can crop up in ________ marriages, such as differing approaches to career advancement or child-rearing practices (Streib 2015). Partners with ________ ______ status are often more deliberate and organized about such things, while partners with _______ _______ status are more likely to be open to various possibilities and willing to "go with the flow."

cross-class, higher socioeconomic, lower socioeconomic

When people living in poverty are less likely to vote or participate in political life, they are victims of political __________.

disenfranchisement

Match each type of work to the appropriate description. There may be more than one match for each type of work.

often comprised of individuals in the upper-middle classPress Space to opencreative classunderemploymentprecarious labor Correct label:creative class includes writers and artistsPress Space to opencreative classunderemploymentprecarious labor Correct label:creative class Workers in the lower-middle and lower class often find themselves engaged in this.Press Space to opencreative classunderemploymentprecarious labor Correct label:underemployment Correct label:precarious labor includes contract labor, temporary work, or part-time workPress Space to opencreative classunderemploymentprecarious labor Correct label:precarious labor includes individuals whose work doesn't make full use of their skillsPress Space to opencreative classunderemploymentprecarious labor Correct label:underemployment

What term describes the unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of a society?

social inequality

What term describes the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy?

social stratification

A ----- ----- approach suggests that social inequality is a necessary part of society. A ----- ----- approach suggests that the poor and rich have different interests and may find themselves at odds as they attempt to secure and protect these interests. A ------- ------ pproach suggests that we develop everyday class consciousness as a way to distinguish the status of others.

structural functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism

Most individuals from which social class category generally depend on income from salaried work but often are financially stable?

upper-middle class

Match each occupation to the associated social class.

upper-middle class professionals and managers Correct label: professionals and managers middle class highly skilled blue collar jobs Correct label: highly skilled blue collar jobs working (lower-middle) class clerical jobs Correct label: clerical jobs working poor seasonal work Correct label: seasonal work

Match each label to the correct example of social mobility.

A paramedic gets a job as a receptionist.vertical social mobility Correct label:vertical social mobility A registered nurse leaves nursing to become a high school teacher.horizontal social mobility Correct label:horizontal social mobility A retail store cashier gets a job as a manager.vertical social mobility Correct label:vertical social mobility

How much social mobility is there in the modern United States compared to fifty years ago?

Mobility is about the same in the United States now as it was fifty years ago.

Identify the true and false statements about the Indian caste system.

True Statement(s) The caste system is a reflection of what Hindus call karma, the complex moral law of cause and effect that governs the universe. Caste-related segregation and discrimination were prohibited in 1949 by India's constitution. False Statement(s) The highest ranking caste in India's caste system is the vaisya caste. In a caste system, members can marry across groups only when it is a single rank higher or lower than their own group.

Identify the true and false statements about the wealth gap in the United States.

True: When comparing 2007 income with 2017 income, those in the top income groups have exceeded the income growth rates of those in other groups by hundreds of percentage points. The super-rich are super-consumers. False Statement(s) The rich profit from wealth creation, according to Andrew Sayer. There are many negatives to a large wealth gap, but it has little to do with problems like global warming.

Match each term related to social mobility to the correct definition.

a social system with ample opportunities to move from one class to anotheropen system Correct label:open system a social system with very little opportunity to move from one class to anotherclosed system Correct label:closed system the movement between social classes that occurs during the course of an individual's lifetimeintragenerational mobility Correct label:intragenerational mobility movement between social classes that occurs from one generation to the nextintergenerational mobility Correct label:intergenerational mobility

Consider the following example. Maxine comes from a working-class background. Her father worked in construction his whole life and her mother was a stay-at-home mom who dropped out of high school but later got her GED. Maxine becomes interested in computer programming at a young age and spends many hours in the school library teaching herself. Maxine attends the state university on a scholarship. While there, she develops a valuable algorithm for identifying neurological diseases that makes her a multi-millionaire. She drops out of college to continue her work. Which term related to social class best describes this scenario?

status inconsistency

If researchers find that the Great Recession of 2008 led to large numbers of middle-class people experiencing downward mobility to the lower-middle class, it would be an example of what?

structural mobility

Which social class category is comprised of people who live in poverty conditions and typically earn $15,000 or less per year?

underclass

What does Max Weber consider the ultimate basis of class divisions?

wealth, power, and prestige