Ch. 7 Skeletal

Which statements characterize endosteum

- it is active during bone repair - it lines medullary cavities - it contains osteoblasts

Which statements characterize periosteum?

-It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. -It covers the outer surface of the diaphysis of a long bone. -It functions to anchor blood vessels to the surface of bones.

Which statements characterize canaliculi?

-Nutrients pass through them -they extend from lacunae to lacunae -they contain osteocyte cytoplasmic extensions

Compact bone makes up ______ of bone mass.

80%

The hormone that is produced in the thyroid gland and has the greatest effect on children's blood calcium levels is

Calcitonin

A fracture at the distal end of the radius is a ______.

Colles fracture

Epiphysis

End of a long bone

A central canal of an osteon is also called a ______ canal.

Haversian

Which statements describe the matrix of bone?

It is composed of organic and inorganic substances. It is harder than the matrix of cartilage.

Which statements characterize bone remodeling?

It occurs at the periosteal and endosteal surfaces of a bone. It helps maintain calcium and phosphate levels in body fluids. It can be stimulated by stress on a bone.

Which characterizes the process of bone resorption?

Lysosomes dissolve the organic parts of bone matrix. Hydrochloric acid dissolves minerals of bone.

Calcitonin is produced by the _______________ cells in the thyroid gland.

Parafollicular

A fracture at the distal end of the fibula and malleolus of the tibia is specifically called a(n) ______ fracture.

Potts

Glucocorticoids are released from the ______.

adrenal cortex

a bone's growth in diameter is called ______ growth

appositional growth

The end of a long bone is covered with ______.

articular cartilage

Calcium is required for ______.

blood clotting initiation of muscle contraction stimulation of the heart

Osteoblasts function to ______.

bone formation

The continual deposition of new bone tissue and the removal of old bone tissue is called ______.

bone remodeling

Acting as levers for movement is a function of ______.

bones

In bone fracture repair, a fibrocartilaginous callus is replaced with a(n) _________ callus

bony or osseous

Which hormone promotes calcium deposition in bone and inhibits osteoclast activity?

calcitonin

The two primary hormones that regulate blood calcium are ______.

calcitriol and parathyroid hormone

Bone formation requires ______.

calcium phosphate vitamin D

Tiny channels that connect lacunae to other lacunae in an osteon are called ______.

canaliculi

Spongy bone is also called ______.

cancellous bone

Which is an organic component of bone?

collagen fibers

The type of bone that contains osteons, characterized by lamellae surrounding central canals, is called

compact bone

Rings of bone connective tissue that surround the central canal of an osteon are called ______.

concentric lamellae

large, smooth, and round projection

condyle

The suture that forms between the frontal and parietal bones is called the __________ suture.

coronal structure

The outer covering of bone, the periosteum, is composed of which type of connective tissue?

dense irregular connective tissue

What is the elongated cylindrical shaft of a long bone called?

diaphysis

Bone remodeling begins during ______.

embryologic development

The bones of the upper and lower limbs are produced through _________ ossification.

endochondrial ossification

An incomplete layer of cells that lines the medullary cavity of a bone is called ______.

endosteum

A thin line of compact bone in the epiphysis of a mature bone is called the ______.

epiphyseal line

Which structure replaces the epiphyseal plate?

epiphyseal line

The expanded end of a long bone is called the ______.

epiphysis

Small, flat, shallow, articulating surface

facet

the bones composing the appendicular skeleton include the upper limb bones, lower limb bones, and vertebrae.

false

In the repair of a fracture, a bony callus replaces a ______.

fibrocartilagenous callus

frontal bone

flat bone

Which bones are produced by intramembranous ossification?

flat bones of the skull

Flattened of shallow depression

fossa

What is a blood clot within a bone fracture called?

fracture hematoma

The semisolid material that suspends and supports the collagen fibers and is part of the organic materials in the matrix of bone is the __________________ substance.

ground

During bone development, the liver releases somatomedin in response to __________ hormone

growth hormone

Calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide interact to form ______ in the matrix of bone.

hydroxyapatite crystals

High levels of cortisol ______ bone loss.

increase

The function of parathyroid hormone is to ______.

increase blood calcium levels

When osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity, bone mass ______.

increases

A long bone's growth in length is called ______.

interstitial growth

ethmoid bone

irregular bone

Which statements characterize the microscopic arrangement of spongy bone?

it contains no osteons it contains parallel lamellae

Which statements describe the inorganic components of the matrix of bone?

it gives the bone its hardness it contains hydroxyapatite crystals

Which statements describe an osteon?

it is also called a Haversian system it is microscopic it runs parallel to the diaphysis of a long bone it contains a central canal

Chondrocytes occupy small spaces called

lacunae

femur

long bone

Which bones are greater in length than width?

long bones

Choose the bones formed through endochondral ossification.

lower limb bones upper limb bones vertebrae

Choose the bones produced through intramembranous ossification

mandible maxilla flat bones of the skull

Osteocytes are ______.

mature bone cells

The cylindrical space within the diaphysis of a long bone is called the

medullary cavity

The region of a mature bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis is the

metaphysis

What is the region of a mature bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis called?

metaphysis

Another name for the calcification of bone is

mineralization

Another term for bone tissue is ______ connective tissue.

osseous

Bone resorption is a function of ______.

osteoclasts

______ remove bone matrix and ______ add to it.

osteoclasts and osteoblasts

Mature bone cells sitting in lacunae are called ______.

osteocytes

When osteoblasts become entrapped in the matrix they produce, they become cells called ______.

osteocytes

Decreased bone mass can cause a disease called

osteoporosis

The release of ____________ hormone increases blood calcium levels.

parathyroid

The release of hormone increases blood calcium levels.

parathyroid hormone

Marked bony prominence

process

Functions of bone include ______.

protection blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) support mineral storage

The diaphysis of a bone is the ______ of a bone.

shaft

diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

carpal bone

short bone

Cancellous or trabecular bone is also called

spongy bone

The second most common site to harvest bone marrow is the ______.

sternum

A fracture, which is a thin break caused by recent increased physical activity in which the bone experiences repetitive loads, is called a ______ fracture

stress fracture

metaphysis

the area where the epiphysis of a developing bone meets the shaft

Long bones include ______.

the bones of the toes the thigh bone the bones of the palm the bones of the fingers

Which statements characterize central canals of osteons?

they are a cylindrical channel they contain nerves they contain blood vessels

Which statements characterize concentric lamellae of osteons?

they contain collagen fibers they are rings of bone tissue their numbers vary among osteons

Which statements characterize osteoclasts?

they have ruffled borders they are phagocytic

Ribs are classified as bones of the axial skeleton

true

Endochondral ossification forms most bones of the ______.

upper and lower limbs

In mature skeleton, ______ bone marrow fills the medullary cavity of a long bone, and ________ bone marrow is located within the proximal epiphyses of the long bones such as the humerus and the femur.

yellow, red

Severe anemia can trigger the conversion of ____________ bone marrow into______________ bone marrow.

yellow; red