Ch 8-10 Exam
anxiety sensitivity theory
The belief that panic disorder is caused in part by the tendency to interpret cognitive and somatic manifestations of stress and anxiety in a catastrophic manner
impulsive control disorders
psychological disorders in which people repeatedly engage in behaviors that are potentially harmful, feeling unable to stop themselves and experiencing a sense of desperation if their attempts to carry out the behaviors are thwarted People with impulse-control disorders repeatedly engage in behaviors, often ones that are harmful, that they feel they cannot control. After acting on their impulses, they experience a sense of pleasure or gratification, although later they may regret that they engaged in the behavior. Before they act on their impulses, these individuals experience tension and anxiety that they can relieve only by following through on their impulses. Threats to physical health Coronary heart disease Hypertension Stroke Diabetes Arthritis Back/neck pain Ulcer Headaches Other chronic pain. People with this disorder often have: Co-occurring bipolar disorder, Personality disorder such as antisocial or borderline, substance use disorder, and cognitive disorders. Anger management therapy uses relaxation training, cognitive restructuring, hierarchical imaginal exposure, and relapse prevention for a 12-week period in individual or group modalities
oppositional defiant disorder
A disorder characterized by angry or irritable mood, argumentative or defiant behavior, and vindictiveness that results in significant family or school problems. Odd typically becomes evident between ages 8 and 12. ODD often progresses to conduct disorder Preadolescent boys are more likely to develop this disorder than are girls of the same age, but after puberty it tends to be equally common in males and females. In some cases, oppositional defiant disorder progresses to conduct disorder; in fact, most children with conduct disorder have histories of oppositional defiance.
intermittent explosive disorder
An impulse-control disorder involving an inability to hold back urges to express strong angry feelings and associated violent behaviors. Angry outbursts, either verbal (temper tantrums, tirades, arguments) or physical, in which individuals become assaultive or destructive in ways that are out of proportion to any stress or provocation are common. Treatment SSRIs, mood stabilizers Cognitive behavioral therapy
Theories and Treatments of eating disorders
Biological - Serotonin and dopamine receptor genes SSRIs Psychological Cognitive-behavioral therapy Exposure therapy Holistically viewing their bodies in front of a mirror Bilogical Dopamine, plays a role in feelings of reward and pleasure including those feelings related to eating. Serotonin and dopamine receptor genes play a role in altering emotion regulation in individuals with anorexia nervosa. SSRIs limited effectiveness in treating anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Psychological Aim of treatment is identifying and changing the individual's maladaptive assumptions that occur with the body shape and weight. Cognitive-behavioral therapy - Clinicians attempt to change what are selective biases in people with eating disorders that lead them to focus on the parts of their bodies they dislike. Exposure therapy in which clients view their own bodies, clinicians attempt to reduce the negative emotions that they would ordinarily experience. Clinicians address the component of body image involving size overestimation by helping clients view their bodies more holistically in front of a mirror Teaching them mindfulness techniques to reduce their negative cognitions and affect about their bodies. Giving them psychoeducation about the ways that their beliefs reinforce their negative body image
anorexia nervosa
Characterized by an inability to maintain normal weight, an intense fear of gaining weight, and distorted body perception Bones, muscles, hair, and nails become weak and brittle Develop low blood pressure, slowed breathing and pulse Lethargic, sluggish, and fatigued Gastrointestinal system functions abnormally Heart and brain damage Multiple organ failure
elimination disorders
Elimination disorders are characterized by age-inappropriate incontinence and are generally diagnosed in childhood Enuresis: bed wetting or urination in their clothing after the age of age when they should be toilet trained Encopresis: child who is at least 4 years old repeatedly has bowel movements either in its clothes or in another inappropriate place. There are subtypes of enuresis based on the time of day when the child inappropriately passes urine (daytime only, night only, or both). Th e subtypes of encopresis distinguish between children who have constipation and then become incontinent due to overflow, and those who do not have constipation and overflow of feces. Researchers believe that these distinctions are important because they can differentiate which children do and do not have a physiological basis for their symptoms
pyromania
Impulse-control disorder involving the persistent and compelling urge to start fires. To be diagnosed with pyromania, the individual must not set fires for monetary reasons or have other medical or psychiatric conditions Reflect abnormalities in dopamine functioning. Treatment Cognitive-behavioral therapy People with pyromania Deliberately set fires. Feel tension and arousal before they set fires. Fascinated with and curious about fire and its situational contexts. Derive pleasure, gratification, or relief when setting or witnessing fires. Majority of people with pyromania are male. Pyromania may reflect abnormalities in dopamine functioning in areas of the brain involving behavioral addictions. Treatment Cognitive-behavioral therapy for pyromania include imaginal exposure and response prevention, cognitive restructuring of responding to urges, and relaxation training.
Kleptomania
Impulse-control disorder that involves the persistent urge to steal. Don't actually wish to have the object, or the money that it's worth. Instead, they seek excitement from the act of stealing. Researchers believe that these features of kleptomania also bear similarities to substance dependence. People feel an urge or state of craving prior to stealing and a sense of gratification after they steal.
Eating Disorders and Impulse-Control Disorders: The Bio-psychosocial Perspective
Psychological approaches gave greater weight to psychodynamic theories. Evidence-based treatment now seems virtually to mandate that clinicians use cognitive-behavioral treatment
disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders
This grouping of disorders includes diagnoses assigned to individuals who have difficulties regulating their emotions and behavior whose disorder violate the rights of others.
imaginal flooding
a behavioral technique in which the client is exposed through imagination to the feared situation Client is immersed through imagination in the feared situation.
in vivo flooding
a behavioral technique in which the client is exposed to the actual feared situation
flooding
a behavioral technique in which the client is immersed in the sensation of anxiety by being exposed to the feared situation in its entirety Client is totally immersed in the sensation of anxiety by being exposed to the feared situation in its entirety.
relaxation training
a behavioral technique used in the treatment of anxiety disorders that involves a progressive and systematic patterns of muscles tensing and relaxing
separation anxiety disorder
a childhood disorder characterized by intense and inappropriate anxiety, lasting at least 4 weeks, concerning separation from home or caregivers The symptoms of separation anxiety disorder all revolve around a core of emotional distress involving situations in which they are parted from their caregivers. Even the prospect of separation causes extreme anxiety. Children with this disorder avoid situations in which they will be parted from their attachment figures.
hoarding
a compulsion in which people have persistent difficulties discarding things, even fi they have little value
Pica
a condition in which a person eats inedible substances, such as dirt or feces significant medical consequences occur to due to lead poisoning or injury to the gastrointestinal tract Th is is a serious disorder because even one incidence can cause the child to experience significant medical consequences due to lead poisoning or injury to the gastrointestinal tract
factitious disorder imposed on another
a condition in which a person induces physical symptoms in another person who is under that person's care
body dysmorphic disorder
a disorder in which individuals are preoccupied with the idea that a part of their body is ugly or defective
avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
a disorder in which individuals avoid eating out of concern about aversive consequences or restrict intake of food with specific sensory characteristics Individuals show an apparent lack of interest in eating or food because they are concerned about the aversive consequences. Food may be avoided based on its sensory characteristics: Color, smell, texture, temperature, or taste. As a result, significant weight loss occurs and psychosocial function is disturbed. People may develop this disorder as the result of a conditioned negative response to having an aversive experience while eating, such as choking. Previously included as a feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood in the DSMIV- TR, this diagnosis is now applicable to individuals of any age who do not have another eating disorder or concurrent medical condition, or who are following culturally prescribed eating restrictions. As a result of adding this disorder to DSM-5, researchers believe that the frequency of eating disorder "not otherwise specified" will be cut in half, leading to better chances of appropriate diagnosis and treatment
somatic symptom disorder
a disorder involving physical symptoms that may or may not be accountable by a medical condition accompanied by maladaptive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors People with this disorder think to a disproportionate degree about the seriousness of their symptoms. They feel extremely anxious about them, and spend a great deal of time and energy to the symptoms or their concerns about their health People with this disorder think to a disproportionate degree about the seriousness of their symptoms, feel extremely anxious about them, and spend a great deal of time and energy to the symptoms or their concerns about their health
selective mutism
a disorder originating in childhood in which the individual consciously refuses to talk A disorder originating in childhood in which the individual consciously refuses to talk under certain circumstances Anxiety may be at the root of selective mutism given that children most typically show this behavior in school rather than at home. Children with this disorder are capable of using normal language, but they become almost completely silent under certain circumstances, most commonly the classroom. The estimates of this disorder's prevalence range from a low of .2 to a high of 2 percent and begin between the ages of 3 and 6, with equal frequencies among boys and girls. Anxiety may be at the root of selective mutism given that children most typically show this behavior in school rather than at home.
factitious disorder imposed on self
a disorder which people fake symptoms or disorders not for the purpose of any particular gain, but because of an inner need to maintain a sick role
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
a dissociative disorder formerly called multiple personality disorder, in which an individual develops more than one self or personality People with DID have at least two distinct identities and when inhabiting the identity of one, are not aware that they also inhabit the other identity. Formerly called multiple personality disorder An individual develops more than one self or personality Symptoms: ambidextrous losing time wearing glasses when you normally don't different tone of voice alters only come out in stressful situations/traumatic events
depersonalization/derealization disorder
a dissociative disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent and persistent episodes of depersonalization
anxiety
a future-oriented and global response involving both cognitive and emotional components in which an individual is inordinately apprehensive, tense, and uneasy about the prospect of something terrible happening A future-oriented response which involves a sense of dread about what might happen to you in the future
panic attack
a period of intense fear and physical discomfort accompanied by the feeling that one is being overwhelmed and is about to lose control During a panic attack, the individual feels overwhelmed by a range of highly unpleasant physical sensations. These can include respiratory distress (shortness of breath, hyperventilation, feeling of choking), autonomic disturbances (sweating, stomach distress, shaking or trembling, heart palpitations), and sensory abnormalities (dizziness, numbness, or tingling). During a panic attack, people may also feel that they are "going crazy" or losing control. The most commonly reported symptoms of a panic attack are palpitations ("heart pounding") and dizziness
graduated exposure
a procedure in which clients gradually expose themselves to increasingly challenging anxiety-provoking situations Clients initially confront situations that cause only minor anxiety and gradually progress toward those that cause greater anxiety.
compulsion
a repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior performed in response to uncontrollable urges or according to a ritualistic or stereotyped set of rules Compulsions are carried out in an effort to neutralize the obsession.
illness anxiety disorder
a somatic symptom disorder characterized by the misinterpretation of normal bodily functions as signs serious illness People with illness anxiety disorder fear or mistakenly believe that normal bodily reactions represent the symptoms of a serious illness. They easily become alarmed about their health and seek unnecessary medical tests and procedures to rule out or treat their exaggerated or imagined illnesses People with this disorder fear or mistakenly believe that normal bodily reactions represent the symptoms of a serious illness
conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder)
a somatic symptom disorder involving the translation of unacceptable drives or troubling conflicts into physical symptoms Clients with conversion disorder show a wide range of physical ailments: Pseudoseizures Disorders of movement Paralysis Weakness Disturbances of speech Blindness and other sensory disorders Cognitive impairment Individual experiences a change in a bodily function not due to an underlying medical condition is also known as hysteria
conditioned fear reactions
acquired associations between an internal or external cue and feelings of intense anxiety
obsessive compulsive disorder OCD
an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent obsessions or compulsions that are inordinately time-consuming or that cause significant distress or impairment
Panic disorder
an anxiety disorder in which an individual has panic attacks on a recurrent basis or has constant apprehension and worry about the possibility of recurring attacks Panic disorder is often associated with agoraphobia
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder involving alternation between the extremes of eating large amounts of food in a short time, and then compensating for the added calories either by vomiting or other extreme actions to avoid gaining weight Alternation between the extremes of eating large amounts of food in a short time Compensating for the added calories either by: Vomiting Purging Ipecac syrup has toxic effects Dental decay Laxatives, diuretics, and diet pills also have toxic effects over time Gastrointestinal damage may be permanent
dissociative amnesia
an inability to remember important personal details and experiences; is usually associated with traumatic or very stressful events An inability to remember important personal details and experiences that is associated with traumatic or very stressful events. This amnesia can be diagnosed with a specifier of dissociative fugue: During which they travel or wander without knowing their identity
specific phobia
an irrational and unabating fear of a particular object, activity, or situation Categories Animals Natural environment Blood-injection-injury Engaging in activities in particular situations Variety of miscellaneous stimuli people will go to extreme lengths to avoid what they are afraid of People with specific phobia go to great lengths to avoid the object or situation that is the target of their fear. systematic desensitization helps
phobia
an irrational fear associated with a particular object or situation
obsession
an unwanted thought, word, phrase, or image that persistently and repeatedly comes into a person's mind and causes distress Persistent and intrusive idea, thought, impulse, or image Obsessions cause marked anxiety or distress.
theories and treatment of somatic symptom and related disorders
cognitive behavioral therapy hypnotherapy medication interpersonal therapy
derealization
condition in which people feel a sense of unreality or detachment from their surroundings Condition in which people feel as though they are living in a dream and that their surroundings are not real.
depersonalization
condition in which people feel detached from their own body People feel that they are controlled by forces outside of themselves, or that they are observing themselves from outside their own bodies.
psychological factors affecting other medical conditions
disorder in which clients have a medical disease or symptom that appears to be exacerbated by psychological or behavioral factors
anxiety disorders
disorders characterized by excessive fear and anxiety and related disturbances in behavior chronic and persistent feeling of dread Anxiety disorders are the most highly prevalent of all psychological disorders with the exception of substance use disorders. physical symptoms are related to these disorders, nausea, etc.
generalized anxiety disorders
fear, anxiety, and worry an anxiety disorder characterized by anxiety and worry that is not associated with a particular object, situation, or event but seems to be a constant feature of a person's day-to-day existence Symptoms - General restlessness, sleep disturbances, feelings of being easily fatigued, irritability, muscle tension, and trouble concentrating to the point where their mind goes blank.
systematic desensitization
hierarchy of fears within each one of the fears or anxiety produced situation the clinician tells you how to feel better
conduct disorder
individuals with conduct disorder violate the rights of others and society's norms or laws Their delinquent behaviors include: Aggression to people and animals (such as bullying and acts of animal cruelty) Destruction of property Deceitfulness or theft Serious violations of rules (such as school truancy or running away from home). Around the world, rates of conduct disorder average out at 3.2 percent, with remarkable consistency across countries, although definitions of the disorder do seem to vary, at least by continent
agoraphobia
intense anxiety triggered by the real or anticipated exposure to situations in which they may be unable to get help should they become incapacitated Fear or anxiety about two of the following five: Using public transportation Being in an enclosed space (such as a theater) Being in an open space (such as a parking lot) Being outside of the home alone Standing in line or being in a crowd Their fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual danger involved People with agoraphobia are fearful not of the situations themselves, but of the possibility that they can't get help or escape if they have panic-like symptoms or other embarrassing or incapacitating symptoms.
social anxiety disorder
intense fear of anxiety of social situations in which the individual may be scrutinized by others The anxiety the person experiences is centered on a desire to avoid humiliation or embarrassment giving medication helps (SSRIs and SNRIs) CBT Motivational interviewing Acceptance and commitment therapy Mindfulness/meditation
rumination disorder
is an eating disorder in which the infant or child regurgitates food after it has been swallowed and then either spits it out or reswallows it Five common disturbances include: (1) delayed or absent development of feeding and eating skills, (2) difficulty managing or tolerating food or drink (3) reluctance to eat food based on taste, texture, and other sensory factors, (4) lack of appetite or interest in food (5) the use of feeding behaviors to comfort, self-soothe, or self-stimulate
somatic symptoms
symptoms involving physical problems and/or concerns about medical symptoms
trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder)
the compulsive, persistent urge to pull out one's own hair
fear
the emotional response to real or perceived imminent threat Innate alarm response to a dangerous or life-threatening situation.
malingering
the fabrication of physical or psychological symptoms for some ulterior motive
binge eating
the ingestion of large amounts of food during a short period of time, even after reaching a point of feeling full, and a lack of control over what or how much is eaten The ingestion of large amounts of food during a short period of time, even after reaching a point of feeling full, and a lack of control over what or how much is Binges occur at least twice a week for 6 months. Significant weight gain can occur since there are no compensatory behaviors.
panic control therapy PCT
treatment that consists of cognitive restructuring, exposure to bodily cues associated with panic attacks and breathing retraining
