Ch. 8: Deductive Arguments

Quiz

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Sound argument

A deductive argument that is valid and that has true premises

Form

The pattern of reasoning in a deductive argument

A false conclusion doesn't necessarily mean that a deductive argument is invalid True or False?

True

Quantity

Whether a categorical proposition in universal or particular

Which of the following is a type of deductive argument? a. An argument by elimination b. A generalization c. A poll d. An argument by analogy

a. An argument by elimination

Which of the following is an example of a categorical syllogism? a. "If you take that road, you'll end up lost. So, don't take that road" b. "All men are moral. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal" c. "Every crow I have every is black. Therefore, all crows are black" d. None of these answer is correct

b. "All men are moral. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal"

Which of the following is a universal proposition? a. "Some dogs are men" b. "No dogs are purple" c. "There are 3 dogs chasing me" d. None of these answer is correct

b. "No dogs are purple"

Which of the following best describes a hypothetical syllogism? a. A hypothesis that is confirmed by observation b. A deductive argument with 2 premises, at least 1 of which is a hypothetical claim c. A generalization about a scientific hypothesis d. A deductive argument with a conclusion that is a hypothetical claim

b. A deductive argument with 2 premises, at least 1 of which is a hypothetical claim

Translate this claim into standard form: "Only mammals can be dogs" a. All mammals are dogs b. All dogs are mammals

b. All dogs are mammals

Translate the following claim into standard form: "Men are the only members of the fraternity Phi Delta Phi" a. All men are members of Phi Delta Phi b. All members of Phi Delta Phi are men c. Some men are not members of Phi Delta Phi

b. All members of Phi Delta Phi are men

How are quantity and quality determined? a. The term with in the proposition b. The form of the proposition c. The order of proposition in the syllogism

b. The form of the proposition

In a standard categorical proposition, what is the form of the verb? a. To become b. To be c. To have d. To do

b. To be

"If you went to the store last night, then we have milk. If we have milk, then we have breakfast. If we have breakfast, then er don't have to stop at Dunkin' Donuts. Therefore, if you went to the store last night, we don't have to stop at Dunkin' Donuts." Which of the following is the preceding argument? a. An inductive argument b. Modus ponens c. A chain argument d. Generalization

c. A chain argument

"All dogs are diseased. John is a dog, Therefore, John went to the vet." Which of the following of the following is true of the preceding argument? a. The argument has a false conclusion because both the premises are false b. The argument has a true conclusion because it has at least one true premise c. The argument is not deductively valid d. The argument is sound

c. The argument is not deductively valid

Which of the following is true of deductive arguments? a. A deductive argument always establishes the truth of its conclusion b. Deductive arguments typically contain words and phrases such as "probably" and "it is likely the case" c. The conclusion of a valid deductive argument necessarily follows from its premises d. The premises of a deductive argument are always true

c. The conclusion of a valid deductive argument necessarily follows from its premises

Which of the following is the primary concern of logic? a. Truth b. Winning arguments c. Validity d. All of these are equally of concern to logic

c. Validity

Which of the following best describes a syllogism? a. An argument with 3 premises b. An inductive argument that offers support for its conclusion c. An argument by analogy such that if its premises are all true, then its conclusion is necessarily true d. A deductive arguments with 2 premises and a conclusion

d. A deductive arguments with 2 premises and a conclusion

Suppose the conclusion of a valid deductive argument were false. What can you conclude about the argument? a. The argument is not deductively valid at all b. All the premises are true c. All the premises are false d. At least one of the premises is false

d. At least one of the premises is false

The _________________ of an argument is determined by its layout or pattern of reasoning

form

In a modus _______________ argument, the second premise denies the consequent

tollens

In a modus _________________ argument, the second premise denies the consequent

tollens

*The major premise <-----------> *The minor premise <----------->

*All A are C *Some B are not C

Valid argument

A deductive argument where the form is such that the conclusion must be true if the premises are assumed to be true

Mondus tollens (Fallacy of Denying the Antecedent)

A hypothetical syllogism in the which the antecedent premise is denied by the consequent premise

Qualifier

A term, such as ALL, NO, or NOT, which indicates whether a proposition is affirmative or negative

Disjunctive syllogism

A type of deductive argument by elimination in which the premises present has only 2 alternatives. (Commits false dilemma)

Chain arguments

A type of imperfect hypothetical argument made up of 3 conditional propositions -2 premises and 1 conclusion - linked together

Venn diagram

A visual representation of a categorical syllogism used to determine the validity of the syllogism

Where must you look to find the middle term of a categorical syllogism? a. The premises b. The conclusion

a. The premises

Determine if the following argument is valid. "All S are V. Some V are not I. Therefore, some S are not I." a. Valid b. Not valid

b. Not valid

Are universal propositions characterized in a Venn diagram with shading or with an X? a. X b. Shading

b. Shading

Translate the following claim into standard form: "Not every bear is a grizzly" a. Not all bears are grizzlies b. Some bears are not grizzlies c. No bear is a grizzly d. Some bears are grizzlies

b. Some bears are not grizzlies

Which of the following parts of an argument must one analyze to identify the subject and predicate terms of a categorical syllogism? a. The 1st premise b. The conclusion c. The counterclaim d. The 2nd premise

b. The conclusion

A(n) _______________________ syllogism sorts things into specific classes

categorical

* The minor term <---------> *The major term <---------->

*The subject (S) term in a categorical syllogism *The predicate (P) term in a categorical syllogism

*Subject (S) term <----------> *Predicate (P) term <-------->

*The term that appears 1st in the conclusion *The term that appears 2nd in the conclusion

False conclusion

-A false conclusion doesn't necessarily mean that a deductive argument is invalid

Types of deductive arguments

-Arguments by elimination -Arguments based on mathematics -Arguments from definition

Deductive arguments

-Sometimes contains words or phrases such as: certainly, definitely, absolutely, conclusively, must be, & it necessarily follow that

Arguments based on mathematics

A deductive argument in which the conclusion depends on a mathematical or geometrical calculations

Argument of definition

A deductive argument in which the conclusion is true because it is based on a key term or essential attribute in a definition

Syllogism

A deductive argument presented in the form of two supporting premises and a conclusion -Usually presented as: 1. PREMISE: All men are mortals. 2. PREMISE: All fathers are men 3. CONCLUSION: Therefore, all fathers are mortals

Hypothetical syllogism

A deductive argument that contains two premises, at least one of which is a conditional statement --> "if...then" statement -3 basic patterns: *Mondus ponens: Affirming the antecedent *Mondus tollens: Denying the consequent *Chain arguments

Arguments by elimination

A deductive argument that rules out different possibilities until only one remains

Categorical syllogism

A deductive argument w/h 2 premises and 3 terms, each of which occurs exactly twice in two of the three propositions

What type of deductive syllogism includes an "if ... then" statement?

Hypothetical

In modus tollens argument:

If A (antecedent), then B (consequent). Not B. Therefore, not A.

Middle (M) term

In a categorical syllogism, the term that appears once in each of the premises

Predicate (P) term

In a categorical syllogism, the term that appears second in the conclusion

Is the following a disjunctive syllogism? "We need to turn more towards clean energy. Wind, solar, and hydro are all clean alternatives. However, wind is unreliable and hydro is too expensive. Therefore, we should pursue solar."

No

Major term

The predicate (P) term in a categorical syllogism

Minor premise

The premise in a categorical syllogism that contains the subject term

Major premise

The premise in categorical syllogism that contains the predicate term

Minor term

The subject (S) term in a categorical syllogism

Mondus ponens arguments (Fallacy of Affirming the Consequent)

There is one conditional premise, a second premise that states that the antecedent, or IF part, of the first premise is true, and a conclusion that asserts the truth of the consequent, or the THEN part, of the first premise

"If Jamal studies for the exam, he'll do well. Unfortunately, he got D on the test. Therefore, he didn't study." Is this a valid modus tollens argument?

Yes

Is the following a disjunctive syllogism? "I only beef and salmon in the freezer. Kara is coming over, and she is allergic to fish. So, I'll make a pot roast."

Yes

How many circles does a Venn diagram that tests a categorical syllogism have? a. 3 b. 2 c. 4 d. 1

a. 3

Premise 1: If A the B. Premise 2: ___________. Conclusion: B. Fill in the blank w/h the missing premise to make this a modus ponens syllogism a. A b. B

a. A

Translate the following into standard form: "Only Freshman have to take the exam" a. All people required to take the exam are Freshman b. Some people required to take the exam are Freshman c. No people required to take the exam are Seniors

a. All people required to take the exam are Freshman

"If Delila gets an A on the test, she will pass the course. If she passes the course, she'll have completed her requirements for graduation. If she graduates, she is assured an internship w/h the corporation. So she needs to get an A in order to secure the internship." What type of argument is this? a. Chain argument b. Modus ponens c. Modus tollens

a. Chain argument

"If to rains today, we won't go to park. The day is bright and sunny. So, we'll be at the part by 3." What type of argument is this? a. Denying the antecedent b. Modus tollens c. Affirming the consequent d. Modus ponens

a. Denying the antecedent

What is the last step when using a Venn diagram to test the validity of a categorical syllogism? a. Determine if the diagram makes the conclusion true b. Diagram any particular propositions c. Diagram any universal propositions

a. Determine if the diagram makes the conclusion true

Which fallacy occurs when particular proposition is misinterpreted as a universal generalization? a. Hasty generalization b. Fallacy of irrelevance c. Erroneous generalization

a. Hasty generalization

Premise 1: If I have bronchitis, then I have a cough. Premise 2: ______________________ What is premise 2, if this argument commits the fallacy of affirming the consequent? a. I have a cough b. I have bronchitis

a. I have a cough

Premise 1: If it quake, it is a duck. Premise 2: ___________ What premise is needed to make this the fallacy of denying the antecedent? a. It doesn't quack b. It's not a duck

a. It doesn't quack

Which of the following is true of a deductive argument? a. Its conclusion necessarily follows from the premises b. Its premises offer only support rather than proof for the conclusion c. It has no premises d. Its merely stronger or weaker rather than true or false

a. Its conclusion necessarily follows from the premises

"If New York is having cold weather, you can bet New Jersey is too! It has been blizzardingx all week in New York. Therefore, New Jersey is also frigid!" What type of argument is this? a. Modus ponens b. Modus tollens c. Affirming the consequent d. Undistributed middle

a. Modus ponens

"If Jorge os an accredited dentist, then he completed dental school. He did not finish dental school. Therefore, he is not a dentist." What type of argument is this? a. Modus tollens b. Undistributed middle c. Modus ponens d. Deny the antecedent

a. Modus tollens

Is the following argument sound? "All mammals are warm blooded. A snake is a mammal. Therefore, a snake is warm blooded" a. No, its valid but not sound b. No, its neither valid not sound c. Yes, its sound d. Yes, its valid and sound

a. No, its valid but not sound

Is the following argument sound? "All mammals are warm blooded. A snake is a mammal. Therefore, a snake is warm blooded." a. No, its valid but not sound b. Yes, its valid and sound c. No, its neither valid nor sound d. Yes, its sound

a. No, its valid but not sound

A deductive argument is valid if the form of the argument is such that ____________________ a. The conclusion must be true if the premises are true b. Both the conclusion and the premises are complicated c. Either the conclusion is true or the premises are true d. The conclusion and the premises are independent of each other

a. The conclusion must be true if the premises are true

The terms in standard-form propositions are always sounds are noun clauses a. True b. False

a. True

Which type of premise should you diagram first in a Venn diagram? a. Universal b. Particular

a. Universal

A deductive argument is valid if the form of the argument is such that a. the conclusion must be tru if the premises are true b. both the conclusion and the premises are complicated c. the conclusion and the premises are independent of each other d. either the conclusion is true or the premises are true

a. the conclusion must be tru if the premises are true

If you have read the Harry Potter series, then you surely now who Severus Snape is. Jay knows all about Severus Snape. Therefore, Jay has read the Harry Potter series. This argument commits the fallacy of ______________

affirming the consequent

"Taking into account velocity, distance, and force, we've determined the necessary conditions fro launching a missile." Upon what type of argument is the reasoning based? a. Argument based on calculations b. Argument based on mathematics c. Argument based on natural security

b. Argument based on mathematics

"The crime was committed at the gentlemen's club. Since Sara couldn't be admitted, Veronica reasoned that Sara was innocent." What type of reasoning did Veronica use? a. Argument from popularity b. Argument by elimination c. Inductive argumentation

b. Argument by elimination

"All authors are writers. Some professors are not writers. Therefore, some professors are not authors." This argument is an example of __________________ a. Hypothetical syllogism b. Categorical syllogism c. Modus ponens d. Modus tollens

b. Categorical syllogism

Which type of argument is made up of 3 or more conditional propositions? a. Modus tollens b. Chain argument c. Link argument d. If... then statement

b. Chain argument

In a modus tollens argument, what is the diction of the second premise? a. Affirm the consequent b. Deny the consequent c. Deny the antecedent d. Affirm the antecedent

b. Deny the consequent

Does a Venn diagram for a particular claim demonstrates what in a class or what does not exist in a class? a. Does not exist b. Exists

b. Exists

What fallacy, if any, is portrayed in the following argument? "We must enforce the death penalty. Otherwise, criminals wouldn't receive just punishment for abhorrent crimes." a. Slippery slope b. False dilemma c. No fallacy d. Affirming the antecedent

b. False dilemma

Premise 1: If I'm going to be an engineer, I need to master calculus. Premise 2: _______________ What must premise 2 be in order for this argument to be modus tollens? a. I won't be an engineer b. I won't master calculus

b. I won't master calculus

"If there are ants in the sugar bowl, they will probably be in the honey pot as well. Ants are swarming the sugar bowl. Better throw out the honey!" What type of argument is this? a. Non sequitur b. Modus ponens c. Affirming the consequent d. Modus tollens

b. Modus ponens

"Some M are not N. All P are N. Therefore, some P are not M." What is the middle in this argument? a. M b. N c. S

b. N

"If Xio and Chan are brothers, they will have DNA traits in common. Xio and Chan do have similar DNA patterns. Xio and Chan are brothers." Is this a valid argument? a. Yes, it is modus ponens b. No, it affirms the consequent

b. No, it affirms the consequent

A deductive argument is _______________ if it is not possible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false a. Sound b. Valid c. Fallacious d. true

b. Valid

Use a Venn diagram to determine if the following syllogism is valid. "All A are H. No S are H. Therefore, no S are A." a. Invalid b. Valid

b. Valid

"Anything that is an apple is a fruit". Translate the claim into standard form a. No apples are not fruit b. All fruit are apples c. All apples are fruit d. No fruit are not apples

c. All apples are fruit

"Whenever it rains, it pours". Translate the claim into standard form a. Not all times it rains are times it pours b. All rains are pours c. All times it rains are times it pours

c. All times it rains are times it pours

Why type of syllogism is based on inclusion or exclusion among classes? a. Classical b. Statistical c. Categorical d. Hypothetical

c. Categorical

"College students are reckless drivers". This proportion commits the fallacy of ______________ a. False dilemma b. Affirming the consequent c. Hasty generalization d. Denying the antecedent

c. Hasty generalization

Which of the following parts of an argument must one analyze to identify the subject and predicate terms of a categorical syllogism? a. The second premise b. The first premise c. The conclusion d. The counterclaim

c. The conclusion

What would a Venn diagram look like for the following claim? "Some dogs are rabid creatures" a. An empty circle b. A completely shaded circle c. Two overlapping circles with an X in the area where they overlap d. Two completely shaded, overlapping circles

c. Two overlapping circles with an X in the area where they overlap

What would a Venn diagram look like for the following claim? "No animals are unicorns" a. A circle with an X inside b. Two completely empty, overlapping circles c. Two overlapping circles with the area where they overlap shaded d. An empty circle

c. Two overlapping circles with the area where they overlap shaded

What type of argument is this? "A fetus is a type of human person. Killing or euthanizing a human person is morally wrong. Therefore, killing or euthanizing a fetus is wrong." a. moral quandary b. argument from elimination c. argument from definition d. false dilemma

c. argument from definition

What are the 2 qualities of a proposition? a. True or false b. Positive or particular c. Universal or particular d. Affirmative or negative

d. Affirmative or negative

Which type of syllogism contains a conditional premise and a premise that states the antecedent? a. Affirming the consequent b. Modus tollens c. Affirming the antecedent d. Modus ponens

d. Modus ponens

"If America is going to maintain its status as an economic giant, then Congress is going to have to curb spending. However, Congress will never cut pet programs and entitlement. Therefore, America is not going to maintain its status in the economic world". What type of argument is this? a. Confirming the consequent b. Modus ponens c. Denying the antecedent d. Modus tollens

d. Modus tollens

What are the quality and quantity of this claim? "Some fibers are not natural" a. Universal affirmative b. Particular affirmative c. Universal negative d. Particular negative

d. Particular negative

Which go the following describes whether the claim applies to all members of the group or a certain subset? a. Major b. Minor c. Quality d. Quantity

d. Quantity

The center of the Venn diagram, which represents the overlap of all 3 terms, is usually labeled ___________________ a. SM b. SP c. PM d. SPM

d. SPM

Which of the following is an example of a particular proposition? a. Each alligator is a reptile b. All whales are mammals c. No horse are plants d. Some humans are not carnivores

d. Some humans are not carnivores

When converting arguments to a standard form, if there are 2 terms that are synonyms, use ______________ a. "Not" in front of either of the terms b. A different term that is a synonyms for both terms c. "All" in front of either of the terms d. The same term for both

d. The same term for both

If a proposition refers to every member of a class, the quantity is _______________ a. Particular b. Specific c. Contextual d. Universal

d. Universal

This is a type of graphic that illustrates relationships between propositions a. Cluster diagram b. Ladder diagram c. Tree diagram d. Venn diagram

d. Venn diagram

If Kai prepares well for the test, he will get a good grade. Kai got an "A" in the test. This means that he was well-prepared for the test. This argument is an example of the fallacy of __________________ a. denying the antecedent b. false dilemma c. hasty generalization d. affirming the consequent

d. affirming the consequent

How may terms must be present in a categorical syllogism? a. 1 or 2 b. exactly 2 c. 4 or more d. exactly 3

d. exactly 3

The conclusion of a valid argument can be false only if __________________ a. the argument is sound b. the argument has an unstated premise c. there are two or more premises d. one of the premises is false

d. one of the premises is false