Ch. 8 - From DNA to Proteins

Where in the eukaryotic cell, do replication, transcription RNA processing and translation each occur?

DNA Replication occurs in the synthesis phase of the cell cycle. Transcription (DNA to RNA) occurs in the nucleus Translation (RNA to protein) occurs in the cytoplasm.

Describe two differences between DNA and RNA

DNA: Deoxyribose, Thymine, Double-stranded RNA: Ribose, Uracil, Single-stranded

Give one example of how a mutation may affect an organism's traits, and one example of how a mutation may not affect an organism's traits

If you have a change in amino acid due to a mutation, you will most likely see a change in the organism. If there is no change in the amino acid there should be no change in the organism.

What role do ribosomes play in translation?

Ribosomes are the specialized cellular structures in which translation takes place. This means that ribosomes are the sites at which the genetic code is actually read by a cell. Ribosomes are themselves composed of a complex of proteins and specialized RNA molecules called ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

One DNA strand has the nucleotide sequence AACGTA What is the sequence of the other strand?

TTGCAT (DNA): A=T C=G

Explain how the interaction between mRNA codons and tRNA anticodons codes for a specific amino acid.

The interaction of tRNA and mRNA in protein synthesis. ... code. The specific nucleotide sequence of an mRNA specifies which amino acids are ... the genetic code contains multiple codons that specify the same amino acid, there are many tRNA molecules bearing different anticodons which also carry the same amino acid).

How do the base pairing rules explain how a strand of DNA acts as a template during DNA replication?

The rules state that DNA from any cell of all organisms should have a 1:1 ratio of pyrimidine and purine bases and more specifically, the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine and the amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine. The pattern is found in both strands of DNA.

When you eat a serving of black beans, your body breaks down the beans into smaller subunits. How do you think your body uses the nucleotides and amino acids that are found in black beans.

We break down the black beans into energy to build other things. Nucleotides are monomers of DNA and RNA. Amino acids are monomers for proteins.

List the main types of RNA and their functions

mRNA -Messenger RNA carries the message that will be translated to form a protein. It holds the nucleotide sequence for a protein. (copied instructions/Recipe) rRNA -Ribosomal RNA forms part of ribosomes where proteins are made. It forms the ribosome, holds the mRNA and tRNA's and puts together the amino acids, building the protein. tRNA -Transfer RNA brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome. It transfers the amino acids to the ribosome to build the protein. (bringing ingredients)