Ch 8- Race and Ethnicity in Sports

Research suggests that racial ideology would most interfere with the establishment of academic identities among

C- black male athletes

Data shows that sport participation rates in the US are highest in

C- middle and upper middle income white communities

Research indicates that second and third generation Latinas in the US

A- face fewer barriers to playing sports than do first generation Latinas

When racial and ethnic exclusion are eliminated from sports, we can expect that

A- new and different challenges will emerge related to managing diversity.

Because most sport organizations are white-dominated, white-identified and white- centered, the success of ethnic minorities requires

A- previous experiences as athletes.

When Caroline Wozniacki mimicked a caricature of Serena Williams during an international tennis tournament, she

A- resurrected long held beliefs about the hypersexuality of the black female body.

The classification systems that are popularly used to divide all human beings into specific and distinct racial categories are based on

A- social meanings given to certain biological traits.

Recent research in biology and genetics has led to the conclusion that

A- the concept of race has no biological validity.

When European peoples were exploring and colonizing the globe, they developed racial classification systems and ideologies allowing them to conclude that

A- white skinned people deserved their power around the world.

Racial ideology is a web of ideas and beliefs that is used to

B- classify and evaluate people in terms of meanings given to skin color.

The author points out that the sport participation of Asian Pacific Americans

B- differs depending on the histories of the groups with Asian ancestry.

Race is used in the chapter to refer to a population of people who are believed to be

B- naturally or biologically distinct from other populations

Research indicates that sports are related to ethnicity in 3 ways. Which of the following is NOT one of those ways? Sports can be used to

B- reduce the importance of a person's history and ethnic heritage

Data on sport participation patterns among African Americans indicates that they

B- remain underrepresented in most pro and amateur sports.

When "whiteness" is used as the taken-for-granted standard against which everything else is viewed, the success of black athletes is

B- seen by whites as a "problem" in need of explanation.

A minority as used in the chapter refers to a socially identified population that

B- shares a sense of unity and suffers disadvantages due to discrimination.

In the discussion of how racial ideology influences choices to play sports it is noted that ideology influences

C- both blacks and whites

Major League Baseball teams have signed many Central and Latin Americans to contracts because these players

C- constitute a large pool of relatively cheap and skilled labor

Research done by sociologist Christina Chin showed that Japanese parents in her study formed and supported a youth basketball league for their children in the hope that it would

C- lead their children to form relationships with other Japanese children.

In the box, Identity Theft? Using Native American Names and Images in Sports, it is noted that team

C- mascots like Chief Wahoo is a form of bigotry.

Ethnic population is used in the chapter to refer to a category of people regarded as socially distinct because they

C- share a history, way of life and an identity

Sport participation among Native Americans is limited due to poverty, poor health, a lack of equipment and facilities and the fear that playing mainstream sports will

D- cut them off from their cultural roots and identities.

Sports are described in this chapter as "sites" where

D- ideas about skin color and ethnicity are formed, reaffirmed and put into action

Racism is defined as attitudes, actions, and policies based on the belief that people in one racial category are

D- inherently superior to people in one or more other categories

The racial ideology that became widely accepted in the US during the 19th and 20th centuries supported white Americans as they sought to

D- justify political expansion and racial segregation

The sport participation patterns of undocumented workers from Latin America are

D- largely unknown because reliable data are difficult to obtain.

Racial ideology in the US is based on the one drop rule. The original purpose of this rule was to

D- maintain power and property in the hands of white men.

Research on Major League Baseball indicates that Latino players

D- make up about 25% of all players on major league teams

The idea of race was first developed by

A- European explorers as they encountered diverse people around the globe

When dominant racial ideology has been used to explain the success of athletes with white skin, there has usually been an emphasis on the importance of

A- cultural factors

The sport participation patterns of Latinos and Latinas in North America are

A- diverse due to the many different histories and backgrounds of Latinos.

The elimination of racial exclusion tends to be slowest in sports that involve

A- extensive off-the-field social contact

When black women were in ads for the WNBA, the marketing people were so sensitive to issues of race that they presented the women in roles where they

A- were clearly nurturing and supportive.

An accurate view of race today is that it is

D- a biological myth based on social created ideas about human variation.

Using the definitions in the chapter, Native People in the US would be

D- an ethnic group that is also a minority group

The author hypothesizes that dominant racial ideology influences athletic performance among black men in many societies because it encourages those men to

A- feel a sense of destiny to become great athletes in certain sports.

Efforts to challenge discrimination in sports have been motivated strongly by

A- financial profits for those who control sports.

Research by Italian sociologist Mauro Valeri indicates that racism in Italian soccer

A- has increased in multiple forms in recent years.

Black male athletes have become valuable entertainment commodities in sports emphasizing power and domination partly because

A- many whites are fascinated by the movement of black male bodies.

After reviewing issues related to the dynamics of racial and ethnic relations in sports the author concludes that

A- today's challenges are the same ones faced 30 years ago.

Dominant racial ideology in the US during most of the 20th century was based on the belief that whiteness was a pure and innately special racial category. This belief

B- has created a deep cultural acceptance of racial segregations and inequalities.

When Doug Foley studied intergroup relations in a Texas town he noted that the Mexicano coach of the local high school football team resigned in frustration when

B- he could not meet the expectations of boosters and also fight bigotry.

The most difficult diversity issue faced in sports today is

B- integrating positions of power in sport organization

The statement that "white men can't jump" is not defined as a racial slur by most whites, because

B- jumping ability has nothing to do with success, power or wealth in society.

Research shows that the Latinas who are apt to play sports in the US are

B- members of second and third generation families

A major problem with racial ideology today is that it

B- supports the existence of racism and the use of racial stereotypes.

Racial segregation and exclusion are most likely to be eliminated in sports when

B- the entire team benefits from the success of individual team members.

When people use continuous traits as a basis for identifying races,

B- there is no limit on the number of races that can be identified.

Black female athletes sometimes earn to tone down their confidence and toughness so they

B- won't be seen by whites as "angry black women."

Tiger Woods, the popular and successful professional golfer, identifies himself as

C- Cablinasian

When Joe Louis won the heavyweight boxing championship in 1935, many white sports journalists used the racial ideology of that era to attribute his victory to

C- Louis's instincts and animal-like characteristics as a black man.

Teams such as the Indianapolis Clowns and the Harlem Globetrotters were able to make a living in the mid-20th century by playing sports in ways that

C- appealed black and Latino audiences who had internalized racial stereotypes

The classification systems usually used to distinguish races are based on

C- continuous rather than discrete traits.

The prospects for positive changes in racial and ethnic relations depend on

C- dealing directly with racial and ethnic issues and related challenges

Racial ideology became important to support Jim Crow Laws. These laws

C- enforced racial segregation in public settings.

In the box, "Jumping Genes" in Black Bodies, it is noted that much of the research devoted to identifying performance differences by skin color is based on the idea that

C- genes operate independently of the physical and social environment.

The NCAA, allowed Florida State University to keep their mascot Chief Osceola and his horse Seminole, because the university

C- has permission from a few tribal representatives to use their name and image.

Racial and ethnic exclusion occurs today at the community level, where it is

C- hidden behind participation fees and lack of access to transportation

The author notes that the racial and ethnic relations challenges faced by sports in the future will

C- increase due to more migration of athletes and other workers worldwide.

The most effective way for people to defuse the influence of racial ideology is to

C- learn each other's history and heritage and work together to achieve goals.

When Native Americans and other ethnic minorities have strong ethnic identities, one of the strategies they use when they play mainstream sports is to

D- redefine sport participation to fit their cultural beliefs.

Racial ideology influences social context to the point that black female athletes engage in a presentation of self that

D- tones down their toughness and make them appear nonthreatening.

The author recommends that sport programs should involve athletic directors, coaches, trainers, and athletes in

D-diversity training that critically examines diversity issues in society.