CH. 9 - Alcohol
How man calories per gram of ethanol (alcohol)?
7 grams
Discretionary Energy
Calories left over in a diet once nutritional requirements have been met.
Binge Drinking
Consumption of a large amount of alcohol in a single session.
TRUE OR FALSE: Just like carbohydrates and fats, ethanol metabolism is regulated by hormones and excess ethanol in the blood is stored within soft tissues for later use.
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE: When sleeping after consuming ethanol, there is an increase in growth hormone secretion by the pituitary gland, positively affecting sleep quality.
FALSE
What is Blood Alcohol Content (BAC)?
The amount of ethanol in the blood relative to water.
Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase
The enzyme used to metabolize toxic acetaldehyde.
ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
The form of alcohol found in an alcoholic beverage.
What is first pass metabolism?
The initial metabolism of ethanol occurring in the stomach. The concentration of drug is greatly reduced BEFORE reaching systemic circulation. This mainly involves liver enzymes, but also includes gastric enzymes, gut wall enzymes, and bacterial enzymes. Bioavaliability is reduced.
What is Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH)?
The primary enzyme involved in metabolism of ethanol.
According to the USAUDIT-C, harmful alcohol consumption is indicated by scoring above which of the following thresholds? a. 3 for males and 2 for females b. 4 for males and 3 for females c. 7 for males and 5 for females d. 8 for males and 6 for females
c. 7 for males and 5 for females
Metabolism of Alcohol
1. When an alcoholic beverage is ingested, a small amount of the ethanol in the beverage is immediately metabolized in the gastric mucosa (stomach lining) by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in what is referred to as first-pass metabolism. 2. The majority of ethanol, however, passes unaltered into the bloodstream through the stomach and small intestine by simple diffusion. 3. Once in circulation, the water solubility of ethanol allows it to diffuse into the majority of tissues, particularly the liver, due to the flow of blood directly from the stomach
Metabolism of Alcohol
90% of ethanol is metabolized in the liver by ADH at a rate of approximately 0.25 ounces (7 grams) per hour. The other 10% is excreted through breath, sweat, and urine
Moderate Drinking
A safe level of alcohol consumption recommended by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans - one standard drink per day for females, two standard drinks per day for males.
Standard Drinking
Any alcoholic beverage that contains 0.6 ounces of ethanol.
TRUE OR FALSE: Ethanol is regulated by hormones
FALSE Ethanol is not regulated by hormones and there is no storage depot or circulating pool of ethanol in the body
TRUE OR FALSE: Ethanol from concentrated alcoholic beverages may be absorbed at a greater rate than dilute alcoholic beverages, such as beer, when the stomach is empty
FALSE When food has been consumed prior to or during alcohol consumption, dilute alcoholic beverages are absorbed at a greater rate than concentrated alcoholic beverages Consuming ethanol in carbonated beverages may result in a greater rate of absorption than when consuming alcohol in noncarbonated beverages
TRUE OR FALSE: Ethanol is not essential for biological function and is, therefore, perceived as a homeostatic threat (a toxin of sorts)
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Even though there are three pathways, the majority of ethanol metabolism occurs in the liver through the alcohol dehydrogenase reaction.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Longer duration, aerobic exercise performance is reduced after drinking alcohol, with greater effects seen as the amount of ethanol consumed increases.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages (1 standard drink per day for women, 2 per day for men) has been shown to support lower-fat body compositions than both heavy drinkers or total abstainers.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The presence of food in the stomach, rather than the type of food, appears to be the most important factor, as no differences in absorption rates are evident between foods high in fat, protein, or carbohydrates
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: iIn order to remove ethanol and its metabolites from the body, the metabolism of ethanol takes priority, above the use of other energy providing macronutrients
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Food slows the absorption of alcohol and it also increases the rate at which ethanol is metabolized
TRUE Both by first-pass metabolism and metabolism in the liver, as a result of increased liver blood flow, activity of ADH, and rates of NADH, the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) re-oxidation
High-Risk Drinking
The level of consumption at which the risk of alcohol-related harm is greatly increased. Females: 4 or more drinks per day ; 8+ drinks per week Males: 5 or more drinks per day; 15+ drinks per week
Absorption of Alcohol and Blood Alcohol Contents distinguishers
The rate of absorption and subsequent amount of alcohol circulating in the blood [i.e., blood alcohol content (BAC)] is dependent on a number of factors, including sex, body mass, the type of beverage consumed, whether the stomach is empty, and the speed at which the alcoholic beverage is consumed
What is the Rate of Absorption?
The speed at which ethanol enters the bloodstream from the stomach.
Acetaldehyde
The toxic product of ethanol metabolism, which has to be further metabolized immediately to avoid its toxic effects. Since it is toxic it is ,metabolized rapidly and preferentially above other macronutrients to acetate by the mitochondrial enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
When is the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) used?
This pathway is used when the ADH pathway is saturated; for example, when large amounts of ethanol are consumed and it is up-regulated by repeated heavy consumption of alcohol. It is, therefore, more active in alcoholics than in the general population.
Approximately how much ethanol is metabolized per hour? a. 7 grams b. 10 grams c. 2 grams d. 14 grams
a. 7 grams
After consuming alcohol, how much of the absorbed ethanol is metabolized in the liver? a. 90% b. 70% c. 80% d. 100%
a. 90%
Which product of ethanol metabolism disrupts fatty acid oxidation in peripheral tissues? a. Acetate b. NADH c. Acetyl-CoA d. Acetaldehyde
a. Acetate
After exercise, when should alcohol be consumed? a. Alcohol can be consumed after rehydrating and consuming carbohydrates and protein. b. An individual should wait at least four hours after exercise to consume alcohol. c. Alcohol should never be consumed after exercise. d. Alcohol should only be consumed after resistance exercise.
a. Alcohol can be consumed after rehydrating and consuming carbohydrates and protein.
What enzyme, that is responsible for the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide, indirectly contributes to ethanol metabolism? a. Catalase b. Creatine kinase c. Salivary amylase d. Protease
a. Catalase
What acute effect does drinking alcohol have on the heart? a. Decreases left ventricle contractility and increases heart rate b. Decreases right ventricle contractility and increases heart rate c. Does not effect the heart d. Increases left ventricle contractility and decreases heart rate
a. Decreases left ventricle contractility and increases heart rate
How does frequent alcohol usage affect athletic performance? Select all that apply. a. Increases reaction time b. Increases testosterone secretion c. Increases protein synthesis d. Increases recovery time
a. Increases reaction time d. Increases recovery time
Which of the following are reasons why men, on average, will have a lower blood alcohol content (BAC) than women after consuming the same quantity of ethanol? Select all that apply. a. Men have a higher percentage of bodily water b. Men use ethanol for energy differently than women c. First pass metabolism is greater in men d. Women can tolerate higher BACs than men
a. Men have a higher percentage of bodily water c. First pass metabolism is greater in men
According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, how many standard drinks per day are recommended for females to ensure that alcohol consumption is moderate? a. One b. Three c. Four d. Two
a. One
How is high-risk drinking categorized for males? a. 4 or more standard drinks per day or 8 or more drinks per week b. 5 or more standard drinks per day or 15 or more drinks per week c. 8 or more standard drinks per day or 18 or more drinks per week d. 2 or more standard drinks per day or 10 or more drinks per week
b. 5 or more standard drinks per day or 15 or more drinks per week
Which intermediate substrate in the processing of ethanol is highly toxic and must be metabolized rapidly and preferentially above all other macronutrients? a. ALDH2 b. Acetaldehyde c. Acetate d. NADH
b. Acetaldehyde
What is the end-product of ethanol metabolism, which is then converted to acetyl-CoA similar to the beta-oxidation of fatty acids? a. Acetaldehyde b. Acetate c. A beverage containing 1.6 ounces of ethanol d. NADH
b. Acetate
Which of the following are healthy techniques to reduce the impact of alcohol intoxication? a. Drink liquor before beer and you're in the clear b. Eat before drinking alcohol to slow absorption and speed up processing c. Stay hydrated so ethanol concentration in the blood stays lower d. Drink on an empty stomach so it processes faster e. Binge drink regularly to build up a tolerance
b. Eat before drinking alcohol to slow absorption and speed up processing c. Stay hydrated so ethanol concentration in the blood stays lower
For males, high levels of ethanol consumption are closely associated with what? a. High lean-body mass b. Excess belly fat c. Improved muscle mass d. Low body mass index
b. Excess belly fat
What is the risk associated with drinking alcohol in cold environments? a. Vasodilation b. Hypothermia c. Hyponatremia d. Hyperthermia
b. Hypothermia
What are the likely effects of consuming alcohol prior to going to sleep? a. Decreased non-REM sleep and decreased growth hormone secretion b. Increased non-REM sleep and decreased growth hormone secretion c. Increase in REM sleep and increase in growth hormone secretion d. No change to sleep patterns or hormone secretion
b. Increased non-REM sleep and decreased growth hormone secretion
What effect can reduced pyruvate from alcohol metabolism have if liver glycogen is low? a. Fatty liver disease b. Severe hypoglycemia c. Cancer of the liver d. Fatty acid accumulation
b. Severe hypoglycemia
Alcoholics often suffer from structural and functional damage to their brain as a result of a deficiency in which vitamin? a. Riboflavin b. Thiamine c. Niacin d. Vitamin C
b. Thiamine
Flushing of the skin after consuming alcohol is typically associated with which deficiency? a. Lactate dehydrogenase deficiency b. Acetyl-CoA synthetase deficiency c. Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase deficiency d. Alcohol dehydrogenase deficiency
c. Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase deficiency
Why is breath alcohol level used as a measure of intoxication? a.. Because a small amount of ethanol stays in the mouth after being consumed b. Because the end products of alcohol metabolism are excreted in the breath and can be measured by a breathalyzer c. Because small amounts of ethanol are excreted in the breath d. Because ethanol in the blood flowing to the mouth and head is excreted through the tissue inside the mouth
c. Because small amounts of ethanol are excreted in the breath
Which of the following makes some nutrition researchers recommend the moderate consumption of red wine as part of a healthy diet? a. It is lower in ethanol than other beverages b.. It is low in acetaldehyde toxins c. It is high in antioxidant polyphenols d. It is high in essential vitamins and minerals
c. It is high in antioxidant polyphenols
Why are females more susceptible to the effects of alcohol? a. Ethanol metabolism by the liver in females is less effective than males. b. Females eat less food, so ethanol is absorbed faster than in males. c. They have less body water than males, so alcohol is more concentrated in the tissues it enters. d. Females prefer to drink wine and spirits, which are high in alcohol content.
c. They have less body water than males, so alcohol is more concentrated in the tissues it enters.
Ethanol is ultimately metabolized to produce ATP and what other substances? a. Oxygen and water b. Acetyl-CoA and NADH c. Pyruvate and hydrogen peroxide d. Carbon dioxide and water
d. Carbon dioxide and water
U.S Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (USAUDIT-C) Q1: How often fo you have a drink consuming alcohol> Q2: How many drinks containing alcohol do you have on a typical day you are drinking? Q3: How often do you have X (5 for men; 4 for women & men 65+) or more drinks on one occasion?
helps to identify an individual's habitual alcohol consumption and risk of alcohol-related harm Comprised of three questions, the USAUDIT-C provides an indication of whether an individual is drinking alcohol at harmful levels—above recommended guidelines. A total score of seven or more for males and five or more for females is a positive score; however, due to losses in lean body mass during old age, men over the age of 65 use the same 5 or more criteria for a positive score similar to women
How is alcohol (ethanol) formed?
it is produced by the fermentation of glucose
microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)
the second metabolic pathway for oxidizing ethanol, used at higher intakes of alcohol; it also participates in metabolizing drugs