Ch. 9 & 10
The manipulation of genes for practical purposes, such as medicine, agriculture, or criminal justice, is called
DNA technology.
Why are short tandem repeats (STRs) useful in DNA profiling?
Different people have unique numbers of repeats.
The first filial generation in a genetic cross is written as the ______ generation.
F1
The offspring of the first set of individuals mated in a particular cross is the
F1 generation
Select all of the advantages of studying heredity with the pea plant Pisum sativum over another species.
develops quickly many traits with two distinguishable forms can cross-fertilize can self-fertilize produces many offspring.
An example of a(n) ______ cross is the mating of two rats that both have the genotype Ff Tt for fur color and tail length to examine which of two fur colors and tail lengths their offspring will have.
dihybrid
What type of cross is a mating between two individuals that are both heterozygous for the same two genes?
dihybrid cross
A cell with two complete sets of chromosomes is a __________ cell.
diploid
A human ______ cell has 46 chromosomes, 23 chromosomes from each parent.
diploid
Siamese cats and Himalayan rabbits have light-colored bodies but darker-colored paws, ears, and tail due to an enzyme whose activity varies with temperature. This is an example of ______.
environmental effects
The effect of diet and lifestyle choices on phenotypes in humans is an example of
environmental effects.
X inactivation occurs early in ______ embryonic development and prevents ______ of every gene on the X chromosome.
female; a double dose
Mendel's ______ states that the segregation of alleles for one gene does not influence the segregation of alleles for another gene during gamete formation.
law of independent assortment
This diagram of gamete production from meiosis and gamete fusion in fertilization supports Mendel's ______.
law of segregation
Using the frequency of crossing between genes V and W, what can be created, as shown in the picture?
linkage map
X-linked recessive disorders can affect more human males than females because ______ always express the disorder when they inherit the recessive allele from ______.
males; the mother
What type of DNA is exclusively passed from mother to offspring and can sometimes be used in DNA profiling when nuclear DNA is degraded?
mitochondrial DNA
A ______ cross is a mating between two individuals that are both heterozygous for the same, single gene.
monohybrid
An example of a(n) ______ cross is the mating of two rats that both contain the alleles Ff for fur color. This cross is made to examine which of two fur colors their offspring will have.
monohybrid
When trying to detect genetic differences between two individuals, one advantage of DNA profiling over whole genome sequencing is that DNA profiling uses just the ______ regions of DNA for comparison.
most variable
polygenic inheritance
occurs when multiple genes determine the phenotype of a trait (many genes affect one phenotype..)
Epistasis
one gene affects the expression of another gene.
A type of gene expression called pleiotropy occurs when
one gene has multiple effects on the phenotype.
A SNP is one of about 10 million known places in the human genome where
one nucleotide has been substituted for another.
In a genetic cross, what does the P generation represent?
parental generation
Mendel conducted his experiments of inheritance using ______ because they are easy to grow and cross, show distinguishable traits, and produce many offspring.
pea plants
The technology that is used to produce millions of copies of a DNA sequence in a test tube is called ______.
polymerase chain reaction
What technology involves the examination of embryonic DNA for the presence of disease-causing alleles?
preimplantation genetic diagnosis
The ________ rule states that the chance of two independent events occurring is equal to the product of the individual chances that each event will occur.
product
If a couple that are both heterozygous carriers of the cystic fibrosis allele have children, the chance that both their first and their second child are carriers is 0.5 x 0.5, or 25%, as determined by the
product rule.
Modern scientists can splice DNA from different species together to produce what is referred to as ______ DNA.
recombinant
Although Mendel did not know that homologous chromosomes separate during meiosis I such that the alleles of one gene are packaged into separate gametes, he developed the law of ______, which deduced this phenomenon.
segregation
Mendel deduced the law of ______________ , which states alleles of a gene move apart from each other during gamete formation.
segregation
One of the reasons that Mendel was able to discover the basic principles of genetics using pea plants is because pea plants
self-fertilize and cross-fertilize.
Genes that are located on the X or Y chromosome are said to be ______ and often are expressed in one sex more than the other.
sex-linked
Red-green color blindness and hemophilia are examples of ______, which are controlled by alleles on the sex chromosomes.
sex-linked genes
Regions in the human genome where one nucleotide has been substituted for another in at least 1% of the population are called
single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
A diploid cell contains
two full sets of chromosomes.
Select all of the following that describe the inheritance of an autosomal dominant disorder.
-typically present in every generation -expressed in homozygous dominant individuals and heterozygous individuals
What occurs early in embryonic development of female mammals to prevent "double dosing" of proteins from X chromosomes?
X inactivation
Short _______ repeats are repeated noncoding DNA sequences that vary in copy number among different individuals and that are useful in DNA profiling.
tandem
Methods that involve the manipulation of genes or specific sequences of DNA are part of a broad category of research and practical applications called DNA
technology.
The law of independent assortment deduced by Mendel states that
the assortment of alleles for one gene does not influence how the alleles for a second gene assort during gamete formation.
F1 generation
the first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms
Who discovered how to calculate probabilities of inheritance primarily using traits of pea plants?
Gregor Mendel
In ______, one gene encodes a protein that is important in many biochemical pathways or that affects many parts of the body.
pleiotropy
Human eye color is controlled by multiple enzymes encoded by multiple genes; therefore, human eye color is an ______ trait.
polygenic
If the phenotype reflects the activities of more than one gene, it is called a ______ trait.
polygenic
An undifferentiated cell that can give rise to specialized cell types is called a ______ cell.
stem
A test cross
Testing a suspected heterozygote by crossing it with a known homozygous recessive
Different varieties of the same gene, called ______, may arise from mutations.
alleles
Which of the following genotypes is heterozygous?
Yy
Which of the following represents a monohybrid cross?
Yy x Yy
In order to detect specific DNA sequences within an individual, a scientist may use
a DNA probe.
In somatic cell nuclear transfer, the nucleus that is injected into the egg is from ______.
a body cell
In the human genome, 22 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes are called
autosomes
Of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes, the 22 pairs of chromosomes that are the same in both sexes and are not sex chromosomes are called the .
autosomes
DNA technology is especially useful in detecting and treating human diseases that are
caused by mutations of a single gene.
In the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, all of the DNA is divided into multiple ______________, which are continuous, long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins.
chromosomes
Long strands of DNA and their associated proteins are called
chromosomes
Homologous chromosomes are
chromosomes that look alike and have the same sequence of genes but may not carry the same alleles.
To construct linkage maps, scientists estimate the distance between genes on the same chromosome based on the ______, as indicated by the percentage of recombinant offspring.
crossover frequency
DNA sequencing is a technology that allows scientists to
determine the nucleotide sequence of genes, chromosomes, or genomes.
Wild type
the phenotype most commonly observed in a population, regardless of gender
PCR is a technique used to amplify trace amounts of ______ to be used in scientific and forensic analyses.
DNA
In biotechnology, the process of analyzing variable parts of a genome to detect genetic differences between individuals is called
DNA profiling. (NOT: Genome sequencing is determining the entire DNA sequence of an individual, not analyzing just the variable parts of the genome between individuals.)
The process of determining the order of DNA nucleotides in a stretch of DNA is called
DNA sequencing.
What is the first set of individuals mated in a particular cross?
P generation
Select all of the following genotypes that are homozygous.
RR and rr
Which of the following is a dihybrid cross?
RrYy x RrYy
A woman who is heterozygous for the X-linked, recessive hemophilia allele mates with a man who does not have hemophilia. Which of the possible offspring will have hemophilia?
Son: one X chromosome carrying the recessive hemophilia allele and one Y chromosome
Which of the following is a genotype?
Aa
Select all of the following that are true about autosomal recessive inheritance of a human disorder.
-Heterozygous individuals are called carriers. -Both parents of an affected individual carry at least one copy of the disease-causing allele.
Select all of the following that are components of preimplantation genetic diagnosis.
-In vitro fertilization -A DNA probe -PCR -A cell from the embryo
Select all the statements that are true about mitochondrial DNA.
-It has been used in studies of human evolution. -It can be useful in verifying the relationship between woman and child. -It can be used for analysis when nuclear DNA is not available.
Select all the potential ethical issues in using genetic testing.
-Parents may use genetic testing to select for desirable traits in embryos. -Tests that reveal a high risk of cancer may cause anxiety or depression. -PGD is expensive and may only be possible for the wealthy.
Select all the diseases that are caused by mutated alleles of genes and that can be detected and possibly treated using DNA technology.
-cystic fibrosis -hemophilia -Tay-Sachs disease -sickle cell disease
Select all of the following that are components of CRISPR technology.
-enzyme that cuts DNA -editing of genes to change the nucleotide sequence -guide RNA that binds to specific complementary DNA
Select all of the following that are true about linked genes.
-located on the same chromosome -inherited together -do not assort independently
Select all of the plants that are true-breeding when they self-fertilize.
A and B; their offspring all have the same form of the trait as the parent.
Codominance
A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive. (two alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype.)
_____ therapy is the process of replacing a faulty gene that may be causing a disease with a healthy version.
Blank 1: Gene or gene
The fact that different species use the same genetic code means that a(n) _____ from one organism can be transferred to and expressed by a different organism.
Blank 1: gene, DNA, DNA strand, or genetic material
Genes that are located on the same chromosome and inherited together are called _____ genes.
Blank 1: linked, linkage, or LINKED
A DNA _____ is short sequence of single-stranded DNA that is labeled with an isotope or tag and that can bind to a complementary DNA region of interest.
Blank 1: probe
The _____ rule states that the chance of two independent events occurring is equal to the product of the individual chances that each event will occur.
Blank 1: product or multiplication
The cloning technique that was used to create the first cloned mammal (a sheep named Dolly) was called _____ cell nuclear transfer.
Blank 1: somatic or somatic cell nuclear transfer
What technology allows researchers to edit, remove, or turn off specific genes in the genome of an organism?
CRISPR
______ discovered the principles of genetics before DNA, genes, and chromosomes were discovered.
Mendel
______ formulated key principles of genetics before DNA, genes, and chromosomes were discovered.
Mendel
Select the true statement about genes and chromosomes.
The number of genes in a cell exceeds the number of chromosomes.
A(n) ______ is a portion of DNA that encodes a protein.
gene
What is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that holds the instructions to make a protein?
gene
In what technology is a healthy gene added to a person's cells to supplement the function of a faulty, disease-causing gene?
gene therapy
How can parents determine if their growing fetus or newborn carries a disease-causing allele?
genetic testing
What is routinely done to screen for phenylketonuria (PKU) in newborns?
genetic testing
The possible termination of embryos or fetuses with mild conditions or certain traits is a moral and ethical dilemma associated with
genetic testing.
An individual's allele combination for a particular gene is called the .
genotype
The ______ is the combination of alleles an individual has for a particular gene.
genotype
The genetic makeup of an individual is called the
genotype
If parents contribute different versions of a gene, then the offspring are ______ for that gene.
heterozygous
Two chromosomes that look alike and have the same sequence of genes in the same positions are a(n) ______ pair.
homologous
If both parents contribute identical versions of a gene, then the offspring are ______ for that gene.
homozygous
A ______ organism produces mixed offspring: some that are identical to the parent plant and some that are different.
hybrid
In a gene expression pattern called ______, the heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype between the homozygotes.
incomplete dominance
The pink snapdragon flowers in the picture are an example of
incomplete dominance. (NOT: In codominance, two different alleles are fully expressed, while in incomplete dominance, the phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate between that of the two homozygotes.)
Mendel deduced the law of _________________ ____________________, which states that alleles for one gene are randomly separated into gametes in a way that is not influenced by the separation of alleles of another gene.
independent assortment
The picture of gamete production with two genes uninfluenced by each other as they are divided in meiosis I and II supports Mendel's law of
independent assortment.
A ______ organism always produces offspring that are identical to the parent when self-fertilized.
true-breeding
Stem cells are said to be ______, which means that they can give rise to specialized cell types but do not have a specialized role yet.
undifferentiated