Ch 9: Emotion and Motivation

You feel your heart pounding and experience surprise at the same time. This is an example of the ________ theory of emotion.

The Cannon-Bard theory states that we feel emotions and experience physiological reactions such as sweating, trembling, and muscle tension simultaneously.

According to the ________ theory of emotion, emotional experiences arise from physiological arousal.

The James-Lange theory states that the autonomic reaction triggers the feeling - that each physiological response is associated with each emotion.

You feel sad because you are crying. This is an example of the ________ theory of emotion.

The James-Lange theory states that the autonomic reaction triggers the feeling - that each physiological response is associated with each emotion.

Imagine you find a venomous snake crawling up your leg just after taking a drug that prevented sympathetic nervous system activation. What would the James-Lange theory predict about your experience?

The James-Lange theory would predict that I would not feel fear because I haven't had the physiological arousal necessary to induce that emotional state.

You feel your heart pounding when someone cuts you off on the freeway. You interpret the arousal as anger. This fits the ideas behind the ________ of emotion.

The Schachter-Singer two-factor theory states that emotion is based on two factors, physiological arousal and cognitive label.

How might someone espousing an arousal theory of motivation explain visiting an amusement park?

The idea of optimal levels of arousal is similar to a drive theory of motivation. Presumably, we all seek to maintain some intermediate level of arousal. If we are underaroused, we are bored. If we are overaroused, we experience stress. The rides at an amusement park would provide higher arousal (however, we would hope that these rides don't actually pose significant threats to personal safety that would lead to a state of panic) to push us toward our own optimal level of arousal. Individuals at the park would choose different rides based on their specific arousal thresholds; for example, one person might find a simple water ride optimally arousing and an extreme roller coaster overarousing, while others would find the extreme roller coaster optimally arousing.

Why can we not make causal claims regarding the relationship between the volume of the hippocampus and PTSD?

The research that exists is correlational in nature. It could be the case that reduced hippocampal volume predisposes people to develop PTSD or the decreased volume could result from PTSD. Causal claims can only be made when performing an experiment

intrinsic

motivation based on internal feelings rather than external rewards (autonomy, mastery, purpose)

extrinsic

motivation that arises from external factors or rewards (compensation, punishment, reward)

cultural display rule

one of the culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of emotions that are acceptable

Lazarus' Cognitive Mediational Theory

our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus Arousal - Appraisal - Fear/heart pounding

central nucleus

part of the brain involved in attention and has connections with the hypothalamus and various brainstem areas to regulate the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems' activity

basolateral complex

part of the brain with dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain; it is critical for classical conditioning and attaching emotional value to memory

habit

pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage

Cannon-Bard theory

physiological arousal and emotional experience occur at the same time Arousal - heart pounding & fear (emotion)

components of emotion

physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experience

security

safety, employment, assets

esteem

self-worth, accomplishment, confidence

Yerkes-Dodson law

simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, while complex tasks are best performed when arousal is lower

hierarchy of needs

spectrum of needs ranging from basic biological needs to social needs to self-actualization

amygdala

structure in the limbic system involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories

hippocampus

structure in the temporal lobe associated with learning and memory

emotion

subjective state of being often described as feelings

Motivation

the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal

polygraph

lie detector test that measures physiological arousal of individuals as they answer a series of questions

LeDoux also views some emotions as requiring no cognition: some emotions completely bypass contextual interpretation. His research into the neuroscience of emotion has demonstrated the amygdala's primary role in fear

A fear stimulus is processed by the brain through one of two paths: from the thalamus (where it is perceived) directly to the amygdala or from the thalamus through the cortex and then to the amygdala.

interdependent self

A model or view of the self as connected to others and as changing in response to different situations. The goal of the interdependent self is to suppress personal preferences and desires, and to adjust to others. This model of self is prevalent in many collectivistic, East Asian contexts (e.g., China, Japan, Korea).

independent self

A model or view of the self as distinct from others and as stable across different situations. The goal of the independent self is to express and assert the self, and to influence others. This model of self is prevalent in many individualistic, Western contexts (e.g., the United States, Australia, Western Europe).

________ proposed the hierarchy of needs.

Abraham Maslow proposed the hierarchy of needs.

Need for ________ refers to maintaining positive relationships with others.

Affiliation is based on human desires to be with other people for approval, support, friendship, and information.

Which of the following theories of emotion would suggest that polygraphs should be quite accurate at differentiating one emotion from another?

Darwinian Cannon-Bard James-Lange Schachter-Singer two-factor theory

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a set of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by repetitive behaviors and communication and social problems

Difficulties with emotional recognition and expression may contribute to the impaired social interaction and communication that characterize autism; therefore, various therapeutic approaches have been explored to address these difficulties.

You want good grades. You want a better job. You expect to earn more money. You want to please your parents. Are examples of what kind of motivation

Extrinsic motivation exists outside the person. Someone who is extrinsically motivated works because they are getting a reward such as money or praise.

Carl mows the yard of his elderly neighbor each week for $20. What type of motivation is this?

Extrinsic motivation refers to behavior that is driven by external rewards such as money, fame, grades, and praise.

Hakim will be less intrinsically motivated in his Family Law course, where students are intimidated in the classroom setting, and there is an emphasis on teacher-driven evaluations.

Hakim is likely to experience a higher level of intrinsic motivation in his Criminal Law course, where the class setting encourages inclusive collaboration and a respect for ideas, and where students have more influence over their learning activities.

Zajonc asserted that some emotions occur separately from or prior to our cognitive interpretation of them, such as feeling fear in response to an unexpected loud sound

He also believed in what we might casually refer to as a gut feeling—that we can experience an instantaneous and unexplainable like or dislike for someone or something

two-dimensional map of Affective States

High Arousal (HA): Aroused, Astonished, Surprised HAP: Enthusiastic, Elated, Excited, Euphoric Pleasant (P): happy, content, satisfied LAP: relaxed, calm, peaceful, serene Low Arousal (LA): idle, passive, inactive LAN: Dull, Sleepy, Sluggish Unpleasant (N): unhappy, sad, lonely\ HAN: fearful, hostile, nervous

homeostasis is the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system.

In a body system, a control center (which is often part of the brain) receives input from receptors (which are often complexes of neurons). The control center directs effectors (which may be other neurons) to correct any imbalance detected by the control center.

love learning, Knowledge is important to you, You want to learn as much as you can, It gives you great pleasure to learn new things. Are examples of what kind of motivation

Intrinsic motivation resides within the individual. Someone who is intrinsically motivated works because they enjoy the task, they believe the task is important and they desire to do a good job.

Which of the following is not one of the seven universal emotions described in this section?

Melancholy is NOT one of the seven universal emotions

Although she enjoys what she does in her new job, after a few months, she no longer has much desire to concoct tasty treats in her free time. Baking has become work in a way that changes her motivation to do it

Odessa has experienced is called the overjustification effect—intrinsic motivation is diminished when extrinsic motivation is given.

intrinsic motivation may not be so vulnerable to the effects of extrinsic reinforcements

Odessa's motivation to bake in her free time might remain high if, for example, customers regularly compliment her baking or cake decorating skills.

Charles Darwin's book The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals (1872). In fact, there is substantial evidence for seven universal emotions that are each associated with distinct facial expressions.

These include: happiness, surprise, sadness, fright, disgust, contempt, and anger (Figure 9) (Ekman & Keltner, 1997).

A mother's protection of her baby, the urge to lick sugar, and hunting prey were among the human behaviors proposed as true instincts during James's era.

This view—that human behavior is driven by instincts—received a fair amount of criticism because of the undeniable role of learning in shaping all sorts of human behavior

Schools often use concrete rewards to increase adaptive behaviors. How might this be a disadvantage for students intrinsically motivated to learn? What are educational implications of the potential for concrete rewards to diminish intrinsic motivation for a given task?

We would expect to see a shift from learning for the sake of learning to learning to earn some reward. This would undermine the foundation upon which traditional institutions of higher education are built. For a student motivated by extrinsic rewards, dependence on those may pose issues later in life (post-school) when there are not typically extrinsic rewards for learning.

drive theory

deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need and ultimately bring the system back to homeostasis

Body language

emotional expression through body position or movement

body language

emotional expression through body position or movement

James-Lange theory

emotions arise from physiological arousal Arousal - heart pounding, sweating - fear(emotion)

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory

emotions consist of two factors: physiological and cognitive Arousal - heart pounding & cognitive label (I'm scared) - fear (emotion)

facial feedback hypothesis

facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions

social

family, friendship, intimacy, belonging

physiological

food, water, shelter, warmth

The limbic system

includes the hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, and the hippocampus, is involved in mediating emotional response and memory.

Self-efficacy

individual's belief in his own capabilities or capacities to complete a task

self-actualization

inner fulfillment