ch. 9

The elbow performs flexion and extension, and is therefore a _________ joint.

hinge

The term arthritis does not imply a specific disease. It actually describes:

Inflammation of one or more joints

Signs and symptoms of arthritis do not include:

a joint that is cold to the touch relative to other parts of the body

From a relaxed, standing position, as you bring your arms up laterally so that they are straight out from your sides to stretch in the morning, the motion of the arms is called ____________. When you put your arms straight back down to your sides and then reach both hands up to rub your eyes, the motion that results at the elbow joint is called __________.

abduction; flexion

_____ synovial joints are diarthroses.

all

The multiaxial joint in which the spherical end of one bone fits into the cuplike socket of the other bone is called a ___________ joint.

ball-and-socket

True or false: surgical replacement of the damaged joint is the only treatment for osteoarthritis.

false

Symphyses can be found in the

intervertebral joints.

If a joint moves in all three planes of space, it is classified as

multiaxial.

If the humerus is pivoting on its own longitudinal axis, it is exhibiting

rotation.

Which is not a type of synovial joint? Pivot Ball and socket Suture Saddle

Suture

Rheumatoid arthritis is a multisystem, autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the connective tissue of the body and therefore differs from osteoarthritis. The organs other than the joints affected in rheumatoid arthritis include:

-Skin -Blood vessels -Lungs -Portions of the eye -Heart

Articular Capsule: Synovial Membrane

-composed of areolar connective tissue -lines the articular capsule

Articular Capsule: Fibrous layer

-composed of dense connective -stabilizes and strengthens the joint

Articular Cartilage

-composed of hyaline cartilage -reduces friction between bones

Causes of arthritis include:

-infectious agent -crystal formation in the joint fluid -autoimmune attack -wear and tear age related changes of the cartilage

uniaxial

-plane -pivot -hinge (joints)

Uniaxial

-plane joint -pivot joint -hinge joint -gliding joint

Joint Cavity

-separates articulating bones -contains synovial fluid

Place the synovial joint types in order from the most freely mobile to the least mobile.

most mobile: ball and socket saddle condylar pivot hinge plane least mobile

The arm can move in the coronal, transverse, and sagittal planes of space. Therefore, the shoulder joint is classified as

multiaxial

The knee joint performs primarily flexion and extension, so it is classified as a __________ joint.

hinge

Synovial joints are classified by the ____________ of their articulating surfaces and the types of ____________ they allow. Movement of a bone at a synovial joint is best described with respect to three intersecting ____________ planes or axes: • A joint is said to be ____________ if the bone moves in just one plane or axis. • A joint is ____________ if the bone moves in two planes or axes. • A joint is ____________ if the bone moves in multiple planes or axes.

Synovial joints are classified by the shapes of their articulating surfaces and the types of movement they allow. Movement of a bone at a synovial joint is best described with respect to three intersecting perpendicular planes or axes: • A joint is said to be uniaxial if the bone moves in just one plane or axis. • A joint is biaxial if the bone moves in two planes or axes. • A joint is multiaxial if the bone moves in multiple planes or axes.

Some of the age-related changes in the articular cartilage that contribute to osteoarthritis include:

-Little cracks in the cartilage that allow synovial fluid to enter and damage local bone -Reduced number of chondrocytes in the cartilage -Chondrocyte manufactured matrix becomes less resilient.

multiaxial

-ball and socket - ellipsoid -gliding

multiaxial

-ball-and-socket joint

biaxial

-saddle -condylar

biaxial

-saddle joint -condylar joint -ellipsoid joint

A symphysis has a pad of ____________ between the articulating bones. This pad resists both compression and tension stresses and acts as a resilient ____________ . All symphyses are ____________ — thus they allow ____________ . Examples of symphyses include the ____________ , which is located between the right and left pubic bones and the ____________ , where the bodies of adjacent vertebrae are both separated and united by intervertebral discs.

answer: A symphysis has a pad of fibrocartilage between the articulating bones. This pad resists both compression and tension stresses and acts as a resilient shock absorber. All symphyses are amphiarthroses— thus they allow slight mobility. Examples of symphyses include the pubic symphysis, which is located between the right and left pubic bones and the intervertebral joints, where the bodies of adjacent vertebrae are both separated and united by intervertebral discs.

Functionally, all synovial joints are classified as ____________ , since all are freely mobile. Each synovial joint is composed of a double-layered capsule called the ____________ . Its outer layer is the ____________ , and the inner layer is a synovial membrane. All articulating bone surfaces in a synovial joint are covered by a thin layer of ____________ cartilage called articular cartilage. Only synovial joints house a ____________ , a space that permits separation of the articulating bones. Lining the joint cavity is the ____________ , which secretes ____________ .

answer: Functionally, all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses, since all are freely mobile. Each synovial joint is composed of a double-layered capsule called the articular capsule. Its outer layer is the fibrous layer, and the inner layer is a synovial membrane. All articulating bone surfaces in a synovial joint are covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage. Only synovial joints house a joint cavity, a space that permits separation of the articulating bones. Lining the joint cavity is the synovial membrane, which synovial fluid.

The type of fibrous joints that are immobile and found only between certain bones of the skull are called ___________.

suture