Ch 9 Microbiology The Human Experience

why is d. false?

Random mutations that arise during DNA replication can give rise to daughter cells that differ from the parent cell.

why is d. incorrect

Restriction endonucleases cut specific DNA sequences. They do not promote DNA uptake.

276, 279 9.4 Bioinformatics Annotation of the genome of Helicobacter pylori, a causative agent of stomach ulcers, failed to uncover enzymes that could synthesize the amino acid phenylalanine. What can be concluded from this? a. Phenylalanine is prevalent in H. pylori's environment. b. Proteins within H. pylori don't use the amino acid phenylalanine c. H. pylori has a different genetic code. d. H. pylori has undergone reductive evolution

a. d. (Reductive evolution (also known as degenerative evolution) is the loss of traits because the functions are provided by the host).

What is a probabilistic indicator?

a series of biochemical tests that indicates the likelihoods of various species giving the results obtained.

Page 266 9.1 Gene Transfer, Recombination, and Mobile Genetic Elements Which of the following involves the protein RecA? a. generalized recombination b. restriction endonuclease DNA cleavage c.generalized transduction d. specialized transduction

a. (RecA finds and aligns homologous stretches of DNA).

why is b. incorrect

A probabilistic indicator is a series of biochemical tests that indicates the likelihood of various species giving the results obtained. The method is used to identify a bacterium.

What is a dichotomous key ?

A series of yes/no questions about the organism's phenotype, not a series of biochemical tests run in parallel.

What is DNA hybridization?

It's a phylogenetic means of identification. Shown is a series of biochemical tests run in parallel.

What does Ortholog nucleotide identity?

It's a phylogenetic means of identification. Shown is a series of biochemical tests run in parallel—a phenotypic method.

Page 268 9.1 Gene Transfer, Recombination, and Mobile Genetic Element Match each type of horizontal gene transfer with its description. a. transformation b. conjugation c. cell division d. transduction 1. phage-mediated uptake of DNA 2. uptake of free environmental DNA 3. DNA transfer via direct cell-cell contact

a. 2 (By way of transformation, bacteria can import plasmids and DNA fragments from nearby dead cells). b. 3 (By way of conjugation, bacteria can transfer DNA to another bacteria through a filament of protein monomers called a pilus). c. none of these d. 1 (In transduction, the host's bacterial DNA is accidentally packaged for transfer to another bacterium while a virus is attempting to use its bacterial host for its own reproduction).

Page(s) 269-270 9.2 Origins and Evolution Evolution is consistent with which of the following? a. Populations of organisms can change over time. b. Mutations are always harmful. c. All life-forms share a common ancestor. d. Offspring always have genomes identical to their parents.

a. Populations of organisms can change over time. c. All life-forms share a common ancestor.

Page 261 9.1 Gene Transfer, Recombination, and Mobile Genetic Elements Which of the following techniques is used by researchers to drive DNA into bacterial cells? a. electroporation b. probabilistic indicator c. DNA sequence alignment d. restriction endonuclease digestion

a.(This technique uses electrical pulses to make the membrane temporarily leaky, which then allows DNA uptake).

why is c. incorrect

b/c DNA sequence alignment is a method used to infer evolutionary relationships.

Page 263 9.1 Gene Transfer, Recombination, and Mobile Genetic Elements What is the name of a virus that infects bacteria?

bacteriophage

Page 261 9.1 Gene Transfer, Recombination, and Mobile Genetic Elements Which of the following techniques is used by researchers to drive DNA into bacterial cells? a. probabilistic indicator b. DNA sequence alignmen c. electroporation d. restriction endonuclease digestion

c

Chapter 9: Bacterial Genomes and Evolution Page 268 9.1 Gene Transfer, Recombination, and Mobile Genetic Elements What type of movement of genetic material does this image depict? a. transduction b. transformation c. transposition d. conjugation

c. (Transposition is the movement of mobile genetic elements).

Page 261 9.1 Gene Transfer, Recombination, and Mobile Genetic Elements Which of the following are examples of vertical gene transfer? a. conjugation b. transduction c. transformation d. cell division

d.

Page 281 9.5 Microbial Taxonomy Which is the correct designation of the bacterium that is commonly studied in the lab and is also found in the human colon? a. escherichia Coli b. Escherichia Coli c. escherichia coli d. Escherichia coli

d. (Genus name is capitalized and species name is lower case).

Page 263 9.1 Gene Transfer, Recombination, and Mobile Genetic Elements What is the difference between an F factor and an F-prime (F') factor? a. Only an F' factor can be transferred to an F-cell. b. Only an F factor consists of double stranded DNA. c. Only an F' factor can be packed into a phage coat. d. Only an F' factor contains host DNA.

d. This is also known as an F' plasmid. It is produced when plasmid excision from the host genome includes host DNA in the plasmid.

Page(s) 276-277 9.3 Natural Selection Bioinformatics most typically analyzes what cellular macromolecules? a. proteins b. lipids c. carbohydrates

d. nucleic acids

Cell division is a type of

vertical gene transmission.