Ch 9 quiz

Batson believed that people in a potential helping situation shift from a selfish to a selfless orientation if they are experiencing __________. happiness fear mild depression empathy

empathy

Which of the following statements is true? Helpfulness is a heritable trait. Prosocial action occurs infrequently in human societies. Prosocial behavior is the same as pure altruism. Prosocial behavior does not affect mood.

Helpfulness is a heritable trait.

Which of the following is a true statement about differences in the helping behavior of men and women? Women are more helpful than men in most contexts. Men are more likely to offer direct assistance to motorists with car trouble, whereas women are more likely to offer to call for assistance. Women are equally likely to help strangers, friends, and relatives, whereas men are slightly more likely to help strangers than friends. Men are more likely to offer support that is direct, heroic, or otherwise consistent with the masculine gender role.

Men are more likely to offer support that is direct, heroic, or otherwise consistent with the masculine gender role.

Which of the following statements about personal norms is correct? Personal norms are an individual's internal standards for appropriate behavior. Approval of relevant behavior comes from outside the individual. Disapproval of one's behavior comes from outside the individual. Personal norms are correlated with initial intentions to contribute, but not with actual helping behavior.

Personal norms are an individual's internal standards for appropriate behavior.

__________ means helping other people solely for the other person's good. Inclusive assistance Reciprocity Pure altruism Mood management

Pure altruism

Which of the following is true of reciprocal aid? The benefits of reciprocal helping can provide a material advantage to those who engage in it skillfully. Because people are selfish, reciprocal aid happens infrequently. Reciprocal aid only occurs between related individuals. Mutual helping is exclusive to humans.

The benefits of reciprocal helping can provide a material advantage to those who engage in it skillfully.

You give a local homeless shelter $30 to try to impress a friend. Which of the following is true? This is pure altruism. This is a prosocial behavior. This is an example of antisocial behavior. You will be viewed as more moral for performing this behavior because of the external reward you receive.

This is a prosocial behavior.

As discussed in the text, a study by Grusec found that children who were labeled as kind and helpful tended to __________. refuse to give to others show little differences in giving as compared to children who had not been labeled initially be willing to give to others but returned to more selfish ways just two weeks later be more willing to donate their prizes to other children

be more willing to donate their prizes to other children

As the number of individuals present in an emergency situation increases, each individual feels less personal responsibility to help. This describes the process known as __________. groupthink diffusion of responsibility bystander threat bystander advantage

diffusion of responsibility

A helper's sense of "we" can be expanded by __________. physical attractiveness familiarity prosocial behavior physical strength

familiarity

Which of the following is a factor that influences the likelihood that people will seek help? gender—Males are less likely than females to request assistance, in line with traditional gender role socialization. adolescence—We see a sharp decrease in teenagers' tendency to seek help because during this period teenagers are most concerned with gaining independence. low self-esteem—People with low self-esteem often avoid asking for help because they want to hold onto their remaining self-esteem. culture—People in collectivistic societies are less likely to ask for help because they want other people to feel like they can depend on them.

gender—Males are less likely than females to request assistance, in line with traditional gender role socialization.

People with which of the following traits are more likely to avoid seeking help? depression high agreeableness high self-esteem low self-esteem

high agreeableness high self-esteem

According to work by Donald Campbell (1975), when a person is perceived as helpful to others, __________. it can backfire and cause retribution it elevates his or her image in the community it is a subconscious effort to earn "credits" against future needs he or she is less likely to have existing personal needs

it elevates his or her image in the community

The notion that individuals prefer to help those to whom they are genetically related is called __________. inclusive fitness non-inclusive fitness relative fitness specialized altruism

non-inclusive fitness

Which of these represents the correct sequence of events in the empathy-altruism model? perceived similarity to other > empathic concern > perspective taking > altruistic motivation > pure altruism empathic concern > attachment to the other > perspective taking > altruistic motivation > pure altruism perspective taking > perceived similarity to other > empathic concern > primary motivation > pure altruism perceived similarity to other > perspective taking > empathic concern > altruistic motivation > pure altruism

perceived similarity to other > perspective taking > empathic concern > altruistic motivation > pure altruism

When providing assistance to elderly people, research discussed in the text suggests it is important to __________. emphasize how helpful you are being to them make them aware of their limitations so they understand how much help they need involve their adult children provide them with choice in how the situation is handled

provide them with choice in how the situation is handled

One brain-imaging experiment showed that when adults engaged in charitable giving, the __________ centers of their brains lit up. fear movement vision reward

reward

Research shows that when women, as compared with men, provide assistance in emergency situations, the women tend to __________. take all the credit for helping summon help from others provide the help themselves ignore advice from the group

summon help from others

Which of the following are actions that can improve one's own inclusive fitness? making an anonymous donation to your local food bank dog sitting for your boss while she is on vacation donating a kidney to a sick little girl you saw featured on the nightly news taking in your brother's family after your brother loses his job and can no longer pay the rent

taking in your brother's family after your brother loses his job and can no longer pay the rent -because improving one's inclusive fitness means increasing the odds that one's genes will survive, and be passed on to future generations

In a group, if several people act alarmed or concerned about a situation, compared to no one acting alarmed or concerned, __________. others will likely ignore them the likelihood of help will decrease the likelihood increases that those concerned will stop to discuss the matter but not achieve consensus due to the high pitch of emotion the likelihood increases that help will be sought or provided

the likelihood increases that help will be sought or provided

Which one of these is considered an egoistic motive for helping? to minimize the sense of self to practice being less selfish to solely improve the well-being of another to bolster self-concept

to bolster self-concept

Which of the following is one of the four major goals of prosocial action discussed in the text? to change social norms to improve one's own basic welfare to decrease material possessions to reduce class differences within society

to improve one's own basic welfare

According to anthropologists, what is the ultimate goal of potlatching? to increase the host's social standing to make up for losses suffered from devastating floods and storms to increase the host's chance of joining his ancestors in the afterlife to take care of everyone in the tribe

to increase the host's social standing

In what ways do bystanders influence the decision to help in emergencies? Bystanders act as sources of information about whether aid is required. Bystanders tend to increase an individual's sense of personal responsibility to help. Being identifiable always increases the tendency to help. Bystanders increase emergency aid by creating a shared illusion that nothing's wrong and thus allowing people to think more clearly about the situation.

Bystanders act as sources of information about whether aid is required.

Which of the following actions is closest to the definition of pure altruism? Out of a sincere desire to help less fortunate people, you anonymously donate money to the Red Cross to be used for disaster relief in the Philippines. You buy groceries for your unemployed brother and leave them on his doorstep anonymously. You surprise your best friend with an unexpected and costly gift. You drop $5 into a Salvation Army kettle outside a shopping mall because you feel guilty spending money on yourself that day.

Out of a sincere desire to help less fortunate people, you anonymously donate money to the Red Cross to be used for disaster relief in the Philippines.

When we feel empathy for another, we may be helpful because of __________ instead of pure altruism. genetic advantage a positive mood perspective taking the norm of reciprocity

genetic advantage

The inclination to favor close relatives in helping situations is more pronounced when the need is __________. life threatening, and primarily in Eastern cultures not life threatening, regardless of culture life threatening, and primarily in Western cultures life threatening, regardless of culture

life threatening, regardless of culture

Which of the following are examples of using prosocial behavior to verify one's self-definition? putting money in a Salvation Army pot because it makes you feel good to be generous around the holidays refusing a charitable request because you do not feel the need to enhance your sense of generosity working at a soup kitchen as a way to feel better about yourself sending out your monthly donation to the local children's hospital because you feel it's an important part of who you are

sending out your monthly donation to the local children's hospital because you feel it's an important part of who you are

According to the negative state relief model, __________. temporarily saddened individuals will use prosocial action to improve their mood saddened individuals prefer helping situations that yield high benefits, regardless of the costs of such help saddened individuals help less only when they think their moods are changeable temporarily happy people use helping to manage their moods in the same gourmet fashion of temporarily sad people

temporarily saddened individuals will use prosocial action to improve their mood

Which of these is a factor that increases helpfulness in emergencies? when the act of helping is a high cost-low reward activity when arousal is weak when there is no unpleasant arousal when the helper shares a sense of identity or similarity with the victim

when the helper shares a sense of identity or similarity with the victim

If a man and a woman are fighting in public, people are more likely to help if the __________. woman is wearing a wedding ring woman makes it clear that the man is a stranger woman is relatively more attractive than the man man is relatively young, compared to middle-aged or elderly men

woman makes it clear that the man is a stranger