Ch.13 ,462-468, and pgs.509 - 515

Random qoutes

"Justification undoes suppression, it provides cover, and it protects a sense of egalitarianism and a non-prejudiced self-image."

What are the six conditions that can reduce prejudice?

1. Both sides must depend on each other to accomplish their goals. 2. Both sides must pursue a common goal. 3. Both sides must have equal status. 4. Both sides must get to know each other in a friendly, informal setting 5. Both sides must be exposed to multiple members of the other group, not just one token. 6. Both sides must know that the social norms of their group, institution, and community promote and support equality.

Ways of Identifying Implicit Prejudices

1. Implicit Association Test (IAT)

Jigsaw Classroom

A classroom setting designed to reduce prejudice and raise the self-esteem of children by placing them in small, multiethnic groups and making each child dependent on the other children in the group to learn the course material

Define Prejudice

A hostile or negative attitude toward people in a distinguishable group based solely on their membership in that group; it contains cognitive, emotional, and behavioral components

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

A test thought to measure unconscious (implicit) prejudices according to the speed with which people can pair a target face (e.g., Black or White, old or young, Asian or White) with a positive or negative association (e.g., the words honest or evil)

Judgments About In-Group and Out-Group Members

After watching a target person choose between two alternatives, Rutgers students and Princeton students had to estimate what percentage of students at their school (their in-group) versus their rival school (the out-group) would make the same choice. Students thought that out-group members were more alike, whereas they noticed variation within their own group. This "homogeneity bias" was especially pronounced among Rutgers students (blue line). (Adapted from Quattrone & Jones, 1980)

The Affective Component: Emotions

It is primarily the emotional aspect of attitudes that makes a prejudiced person so hard to argue with; logical arguments are not effective in countering emotions. If you have a stereotype of a group that you know little about, and if you are not invested emotionally in that stereotype, you are likely to be open to information that disputes it:

Define: Institutional Discrimination

Practices that discriminate, legally or illegally, against a minority group by virtue of its ethnicity, gender, culture, age, sexual orientation, or other target of societal or company prejudice

What are the three components of prejudice?

Prejudice is an attitude Attitudes are made up of three components: (1) a cognitive component, involving the beliefs or thoughts (cognitions) that make up the attitude; (2)an affective or emotional component, representing both the type of emotion linked with the attitude (e.g., anger, warmth) and (3)The intensity of the emotion (e.g., mild uneasiness, outright hostility); and a behavioral component, relating to one's actions.

What are three aspects of social life that can cause prejudice?

Prejudice is created and maintained by many forces in the social world. Some operate on the level of the group or institution, which demands conformity to normative standards or rules in the society. Some operate within the individual, such as in the ways we process information and assign meaning to observed events. And some forces operate on whole groups of people, such as the effects of competition, conflict, and frustration. (Pressures to Conform: Normative Rules Social Identity Theory: Us versus Them Realistic Conflict Theory)?

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one's own ethnic group, nation, or religion is superior to all others

Realistic Conflict Theory

The idea that limited resources lead to conflict between groups and result in increased prejudice and discrimination

Social Identity

The part of a person's self concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, religious or political group, occupation, or other social affiliation

Out-Group Homogeneity

The perception that individuals in the out-group are more similar to each other (homogeneous) than they really are, as well as more similar than members of the in-group are

Interdependence

The situation that exists when two or more groups need to depend on one another to accomplish a goal that is important to each of them

Blaming the Victim

The tendency to blame individuals (make dispositional attributions) for their victimization, typically motivated by a desire to see the world as a fair place

In-Group Bias

The tendency to favor members of one's own group and give them special preference over people who belong to other groups; the group can be temporary and trivial as well as significant

Normative Conformity

The tendency to go along with the group in order to fulfill the group's expectations and gain acceptance

Story Model

The theory that jurors try to fit the evidence they hear at trial into a coherent story, and ultimately reach a verdict that best fits the story they have created

Descriptive Norms and Littering

Who littered the least—people who saw that no one else had littered, people who saw one piece of litter on the floor, or people who saw several pieces of litter? As shown in the figure, it was people who saw one piece of litter. Seeing the single piece of litter was most likely to draw people's attention to the fact that most people had not littered, making people less likely themselves to litter.

What is an implicit prejudice? a. A person holds a prejudice without being aware of it. b. A person has a tendency to become prejudiced under the right circumstances. c. A person knows he or she is prejudiced but chooses not to express it in public. d. A person reveals a prejudice subtly, by implying a bias rather than saying so outright.

a. A person holds a prejudice without being aware of it.

1. Findings from social neuroscience suggest that a. it has been evolutionarily beneficial for the brain to be able to rapidly form categories. b. the tendency to form categories and stereotypes is determined largely by experience. c. people in some cultures are more likely to form stereotypes than other people. d. experience plays almost no role in the ability to notice different categories.

a. it has beenevolutionarily beneficial for the brain to be able to rapidly form categories.

The Robber's Cave study created hostility between two groups of boys by a. putting them in competitive situations with prizes for the winners. b. allowing them to freely express their feelings of anger. c. randomly giving one group more privileges. d. letting the boys set their own rules and games.

a. putting them in competitive situations with prizes for the winners.

1. Increasing contact between groups will reduce prejudice if all of the following conditions are met except one. Which one? a. Interdependence b. Higher status of the minority group c. Opportunity for informal contacts d. Out-group consists of many individuals, not just one token e. Social norms of equality

b. Higher status of the minority group

Rebecca is covering her college's football game against its archrival for the school newspaper. At the game, she interviews six students from her college but decides she needs to interview only one student from the rival school to represent their view of the game. Rebecca is demonstrating a. in-group bias. b. out-group homogeneity. c. entitlement. d. blaming the victim.

b. out-group homogeneity.

What is a suppressed prejudice? a. A person holds a prejudice without being aware of it. b. A person has a tendency to become prejudiced under the right circumstances. c. A person knows he or she is prejudiced but chooses not to express it in public. d. A person reveals a prejudice subtly, by implying a bias rather than saying so outright.

c. A person knows he or she is prejudiced but chooses not to express it in public.

Benevolent sexism refers to people who think that women are naturally superior to men in kindness and nurturance. What does international research show is a consequence of this belief? a. Women have higher self-esteem than men. b. Men envy women for having more positive traits than they have. c. It can legitimize discrimination against women and justify relegating them to traditional roles. d. It can cause people to overlook sexism directed against men.

c. It can legitimize discrimination against women and justify relegating them to traditional roles.

4. When Gordon Allport said that "defeated intellectually, prejudice lingers emotionally," what did he mean? a. You can't argue intellectually with a prejudiced person. b. A prejudiced person cannot intellectually defend his or her attitude. c. A person's implicit prejudices may decline while explicit prejudices remain. d. A person's explicit prejudices may decline while implicit prejudices remain.

d. A person's explicit prejudices may decline while implicit prejudices remain.

Because the law has made most forms of discrimination in the United States illegal, the expression of prejudice a. has declined markedly. b. is more likely to be revealed in microaggressions. c. has not changed. d. can be activated when a person is under stress, angry, or frustrated. e. has less of an impact on minority group members. f. b and d. g. b, d, and e.

f. b and d.

Define: implicit prejudices

unconscious (implicit) prejudices

How can we measure prejudices that people don't want to reveal—or that they don't know they hold?

unconscious (implicit) prejudices Implicit Association Test (IAT),