Ch.13, Ch.4, Ch.5, & Ch.6

Activities and materials should be carefully selected only for children with disabilities or particular challenges. True false question. True False

False

An early childhood teacher's main role should be to entertain the children. True false question. True False

False

intrinsic motivation

Inner rewards that drive a child to accomplish something. Intrinsic motivation contrasts with extrinsic motivation, in which rewards are given to the child in the form of praise, tokens, stickers, stars, privileges, and so forth

guidance

Nonpunishing methods of leading children's behavior in position directions so that children learn to control themselves, develop a healthy conscience, and preserve their self-esteem

Which of the following facilitates language development in young children? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Relationships B. Interests C. Routines D. Conduct

A. Relationships B. Interests

Which of the following are guidelines that should be followed by an adult to promote the development of emergent-literacy skills in three-, four-, and five-year-olds? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. The adult should capture the children's own language in print. B. The adult should avoid teaching universal symbols to the children. C. The adult should communicate with the children using double-bind messages. D. The adult should help the children make connections between symbols and objects.

A. The adult should capture the children's own language in print. D. The adult should help the children make connections between symbols and objects.

In the context of language development, identify the true statements about typical three-, four-, and five-year-olds. (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. The verbal exchanges that grow out of them can be as interesting to the adults as to the children. B. Their projects are deeper and longer term than the projects of two-year-olds. C. They are less likely than younger children to have conversations that revolve around projects. D. Their conversations mainly include arguments, and they add written language to their oral skills.

A. The verbal exchanges that grow out of them can be as interesting to the adults as to the children. B. Their projects are deeper and longer term than the projects of two-year-olds.

Identify the true statements about violent teenagers. (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. They neglect to seek information about what is really happening in a conflict. B. They see everyone as a potential adversary during a conflict. C. They usually give everyone the benefit of the doubt during a conflict. D. They take an ask-first-act-later approach during a conflict.

A. They neglect to seek information about what is really happening in a conflict. B. They see everyone as a potential adversary during a conflict.

High-context cultures place a great emphasis on encouraging ______. Multiple choice question. A. traditional knowledge B. written language C. direct communication D. good, clear articulation

A. traditional knowledge

As a teacher, what should you do when rehearsing problem solving during group time? Multiple choice question. A. Be receptive toward even nonconstructive alternatives. B. Be open to children's creative ideas. C. Use made-up conflicts rather than real ones. D. Ensure an emotional setting in your rehearsals.

B. Be open to children's creative ideas

A teacher can move away from imposing adult judgments to using guidance tools by ______. Multiple choice question. A. rewarding past behavior B. relying on self-reflection C. including family members D. using revenge as a motivator

B. relying on self-reflection

Traditional teaching methods fail to orchestrate very young children because such children have ______. Multiple choice question. A. limited intelligence B. short attention spans C. no motivation to learn D. no ability to read

B. short attention spans

limits

Boundaries places on children's behavior. They can be physical boundaries or verbal boundaries

What is a person's level of listening when he only receives the sound waves? Multiple choice question. A. 3 B. 2 C. 1 D. 4

C. 1

What is the major benefit of play that lays a foundation for all other subsequent intellectual development? A. Learning how to obey teachers and adults B. Gaining physical skills C. Developing an ability to deal with the world on a symbolic level D. Learning when not to share one's own feelings and thoughts

C. Developing an ability to deal with the world on a symbolic level

home language

The language spoken at home. For many children that language is English, but for many others, it is a language other than English. The term can also be used for a particular way of speaking English that differs from what is called "standard English."

José, an active two-year-old, likes to pull his walk-along-puppy everywhere he goes. This is an example of _________ play.

sensorimotor

type of play that involves imagination and thought processes is considered ___________ play.

symbolic

associative play

A form of play in which children use the same materials, interact with each other, and carry on conversations. It is not as organized as cooperative play, in which children take on different roles

parallel play

A form of play in which two or several children are playing by themselves, but within close proximity of each other. Each child's play may be influenced by what another child is doing or saying, but there is no direct interaction or acknowledgment of the other child

cooperative play

A form of play that involves a significant degree of organization. Interactive role playing and creating a joint sculpture are two examples of cooperative play

Identify the kinds of symbolic play in early childhood. (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Dramatic play B. Constructive play C. Fiddling play D. Games with rules E. Practice play

A. Dramatic play B. Constructive play D. Games with rules

When do children exhibit a developmental shift that makes a big difference in how they think and act? Multiple choice question. A. Between the age seven and eleven B. Between the age of five and seven C. Between the age of one and four D. Between the age of eleven and thirteen

B. Between the age of five and seven

According to the Division for Early Childhood (DEC) of the Council for Exceptional Children, which of the following are interventions or strategies that support the development of all children? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Using discipline for guidance and spanking as punishment B. Modifying curriculum and using accommodation strategies C. Seeking external consultation and technical assistance D. Focusing on children's weaknesses and appropriate punishments

B. Modifying curriculum and using accommodation strategies C. Seeking external consultation and technical assistance

What does a child's concept development grow out of? Multiple choice question. A. Parental guidance B. Rich play C. In-depth reading D. One-on-one teacher interactions

B. Rich play

In early childhood education programs, the stars of the show are the _____. Multiple choice question. A. educators B. caregivers C. children D. parents

C. children

What characterizes parallel play? A. Concentrating on finishing the task at hand rather than winning B. Using the same materials to play while carrying on conversations C. Playing a game together with an identical level of engagement D. Coordinating or imitating each other without intruding or interacting

D. Coordinating or imitating each other without intruding or interacting

Which of the following does developmentally appropriate practice include? Multiple choice question. A. Giving children specific directions B. Teaching children out of a book C. Assuming that children do not already know how to play D. Helping children be actively engaged

D. Helping children be actively engaged

What is developmentally appropriate practice? Multiple choice question. A. It is an in-depth teaching-learning process that emphasizes product as well as process. B. It is a teaching-learning process in which the child learns from interacting with the environment, other children, and adults. C. It is a practice through which children construct knowledge by finding meaning in their experience. D. It is a set of practices that directly relates to a child's stage of development.

D. It is a set of practices that directly relates to a child's stage of development

In a family child care home, the provider spends a lot of time standing behind a podium. True false question. True False

False

To ensure that children learn through play, teachers should not talk to them while they are playing. True false question. True False

False

Arrange the stages of play in young infants and toddlers in the correct order of occurrence. (Place the stage of play that occurs first at the top.)

Play around social routines Early practice play with objects Early pretend play or symbolic play

assisted performance

A concept described by Russian researcher Lev Vygotsky that suggests that children cannot perform as well on their own in some cases as they can when they receive a bit of help from a more skilled person

solitary play

A form of play in which a child plays alone even though other children may be present

Which of the following is an example of constructive play? A. Sally, aged four, sets up her table for a tea-party for her dolls. B. Matt, a seven-month-old, fingers a string of plastic beads. C. Mel and Jose play with their paints and brushes. D.v Rudy and Latrice play a card game.

A. Sally, ages four, sets up her table for a tea-party for her dolls

Which age group of children is best at comprehending abstractions? Multiple choice question. A. School-age children B. Toddlers, 0-2 years C. Preschoolers D. Children of all ages

A. School-age children

What could be examples of sensorimotor play? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Swinging on a tire swing B. Doodling on a piece of paper C. Playing doctor and patient D. Playing checkers

A. Swinging on a tire swing B. Doodling on a piece of paper

What does constructive play involve? A. Predetermined structures B. Symbolic thinking C. Intangible limits D. Focus on the body

B. Symbolic thinking

What is the major concern among most early childhood educators with regard to competition of any sort with young children? A. That children will develop nature deficit disorder B. That learning will become obsolete C. That focusing on winning will create losers D.. That it fosters too great a sense of self-worth

C. That focusing on winning will create losers

What do games with rules require? A. Social involvement B. Meaning-making C. Focus on the body D.. Ability to use strategy

D. Ability to use strategy

What is an advantage of play that helps children apply their knowledge to gain experience? Multiple choice question. A. Descriptive feedback B. Receiving information C. Nonliteral behavior D. Meaning-making

D. Meaning-making

When a teacher sits and watches the children but is alert and ready to intervene, what roles is she emulating? Multiple choice question. A. Director B. Star C. Leader D. Responder

D. Responder

high-context culture

A culture that depends more on context than on spoken written language to get messages across

descriptive feedback

A form of nonjudgmental commentary. Adults use descriptive feedback to put children's actions and feelings to words to convey recognition, acceptance, and support. "You're putting a lot of work into that drawing" or "Looks like you don't like him to touch your painting." Descriptive feedback should be used to facilitate rather than disrupt

sensorimotor play

A form of play that involves exploring, manipulating, using movement, and experiencing the senses. It is sometimes called "practice play" or "functional play". In sensori-motor play, the child interacts with his or her environment using both objects and other people

symbolic play

A form of play that uses one thing to stand for another and shows the person's ability to create mental images. Three types of symbolic play are dramatic play, constructive play, and playing games with rules

behavior modification

A form of systematic training that attempts to change unacceptable behavior patterns. It involves reinforcing acceptable behavior rather than paying attention to and, thus, rewarding unacceptable behavior

feedforward

A guidance tool that helps children understand beforehand what consequences might result from certain behavior (often unacceptable behavior). It is only feedforward if it is presented in a neutral tone and is neither judgmental not threatening

low-context culture

A low-context culture is one that depends a great deal on words to convey messages rather than emphasizing context

running record observation

A method of documenting that gives a blow-by-blow, objective, written description of what is happening while it is happening. A running record can include adult interpretations about the meaning of the observed behaviors, but it must separate objective data from subjective comments

time-out

A nonviolent alternative to punishment that removes a child from a situation in which he or she is behaving in an unacceptable way. Time-out is an effective guidance measure when the child is truly out of control and needs to be removed to settle down. Used as a punishing device by controlling adults, however, it has side effects-as does any punishment-including undermining self-esteem

register

A particular style of language or way of speaking that varies according to the circumstances and the role a person is filling at the moment

meaning-making

A practice through which children construct knowledge by finding meaning in their experience

developmentally appropriate practice (DAP)

A set of practices that directly relates to a child's stage of development as defined by such theorists as Piaget and Erikson

modeling

A teaching device and guidance tool in which an adult's attitude or behavior becomes an example the child consciously or unconsciously imitates

child-centered (or child-directed) learning

A teaching-learning process in which the child learns from interacting with the environment, other children, and adults. This type of learning contrasts with a classroom in which the educator's main role is to teach specific subject matter or formal lessons

Teachers must adapt toys and materials for which of the following children? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. A child who requires more challenges than offered B. A child with visual impairment or another disability C. A child who has made play his or her second nature D. A child with language delays or attention deficits

A. A child who requires more challenges than offered B. A child with visual impairment or another disability D. A child with language delays or attention deficits

Select all that apply If not the teacher or provider, who might orchestrate a group in early childhood programs? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. An active child B. The group itself C. A television D. A program administrator

A. An active child B. The group itself

What are examples of questions a teacher can be asking herself in order to judge how effective play areas are for all children? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Are all the children able to access and use materials independently? B. Do all of the children use the available play materials in the same way? C. Are all children using materials appropriately and creatively? D. Do all children become involved and stay with what they are doing for a period of time?

A. Are all the children able to access and use materials independently? C. Are all children using materials appropriately and creatively? D. Do all children become involved and stay with what they are doing for a period of time?

How should teachers help children practice their newly found knowledge and understanding of the world? Multiple choice question. A. By adding complexity to the play B. By ensuring that play is simple and orderly C. By herding and entertaining at the same time D. By ranking children according to what they are learning

A. By adding complexity to the play

How should teachers help stimulate children to learn while playing? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. By encouraging individuals to add their own creative ideas B. By helping children define the purpose of the play C. By talking with the children after their play D. By imparting specific subject matter or formal lessons

A. By encouraging individuals to add their own creative ideas B. By helping children define the purpose of the play C. By talking with the children after their play

How do teachers apply reflective practice? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. By observing, stepping back, and reflecting B. By paying close attention to what children need C. By determining whether a response will help or not D. By showing children how to do things

A. By observing, stepping back, and reflecting B. By paying close attention to what children need C. By determining whether a response will help or not

How do teachers apply reflective practice? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. By paying close attention to what children need B. By showing children how to do things C. By determining whether a response will help or not D. By observing, stepping back, and reflecting

A. By paying close attention to what children need C. By determining whether a response will help or not D. By observing, stepping back, and reflecting

What happens when a teacher is the only one asking questions? Multiple choice question. A. Children will learn only one correct answer. B. Children will ask other related questions, C. Children will form their own conclusions. D. Children will start testing the limits.

A. Children will learn only one correct answer

Marco, Kevin, Susan, Reiko, and Sarah are playing circus. Reiko is the ringmaster, Marco is a lion, Sarah is a joker, and Kevin and Susan are the audience. What skills are the children developing through this play? (Select all that apply.) A. Cognitive B. Affective C. Psychomotor D. Test-taking

A. Congnitive B. Affective C. Psychomotor

Which of the following is a type of self-initiated play that is the primary form of play between four months of age and thirty-six months of age? Multiple choice question. A. Early practice play with objects B. Play around social routines C. Early symbolic play D. Simple pretend play

A. Early practice play with objects

How should educators help infants and toddlers learn through play? Multiple choice question. A. Educators should be appropriately responsive to children as necessary. B. Educators should herd and entertain children at the same time. C. Educators should stand behind a podium and impart formal lessons. D. Educators should carry or entice children to confined areas.

A. Educators should be appropriately responsive to children as necessary

How do young children succeed in concept development? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Exploring creative ideas B. Using manipulative materials C. Listening to the teacher lecture D. Talking with a parent

A. Exploring creative question B. Using manipulative materials

Identify a true statement about symbolic play in early childhood. A. In symbolic play, children use objects to pretend, or they take on roles themselves. B. Symbolic play involves children making things happen and imitating. C. Symbolic play is typically described using the term "fiddling." D. In symbolic play, infants interact with their environment using both objects and humans.

A. In symbolic play, children use objects to pretend, or they take on roles themselves

What are the characteristics of sensorimotor play? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Interacting with the environment using both objects and people B. Making things happen and imitating C. Pretending to be something or someone children like D. Playing games with formal rules

A. Interacting with the environment using both objects and people B. Making things happen and imitating

What are characteristics of play that distinguish it from work? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Intrinsic motivation B. Attention to the ends rather than the means C. Literal behavior D. Active engagement

A. Intrinsic motivation D. Active engagement

What is child-centered learning? Multiple choice question. A. It is learning from interacting with the environment, other children, and adults. B. It is giving children responsibilities and involving them in chores. C. It is making children construct knowledge by finding meaning in their experience. D. It is setting practices that are independent of a child's stage of development.

A. It is learning from interacting with the environment, other children, and adults.

When does the teaching-learning process occur in early childhood programs? Multiple choice question. A. It occurs every minute the children are present. B. It occurs after the teacher encounters inappropriate behavior. C. It occurs when there is group rhythm in the class. D. It occurs only during a select few "teachable moments."

A. It occurs every minute the children are present

What is the problem with the models whereby teachers emulate their own earlier teachers or act like orchestra leaders? Multiple choice question. A. It puts the spotlight on the teacher instead of the children. B. It assumes that children actually like teachers or orchestra leaders. C. It puts the spotlight on the children instead of the teacher. D. It makes the children the stars of the show.

A. It puts the spotlight on the teacher instead of the children

Which of the following illustrates non literal play behavior? (Select all that apply.) A. Phil races his toy fire truck toward a stack of blocks. B. Amy reads a picture book. C. Adam instructs Mike on how to climb the slide. D. Mary stacks stones as high as she can.

A. Phil races his toy fire truck toward a stack of blocks D. Mary stacks stones as high as she can

Which of the following are appropriate steps in handling children with special needs? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Practice careful observation. B. Focus on one behavior at a time. C. Build a warm relationship. D. Relax physical and adult limits.

A. Practice careful observation. B. Focus on one behavior at a time. C. Build a warm relationship.

When appropriate, adults spend a good deal of time really tuning in to what's going on and even wondering about it. What is this activity called? Multiple choice question. A. Reflective practice B. Meaning-making C. Project approach D. Running record observation

A. Reflective practice

One aspect of play that is a problem today is that children now spend too much time ______. Multiple choice question. A. indoors B. outdoors C. in nature D. with other children

A. indoors

When teachers are not instructing, giving lessons, or teaching in the traditional sense, they spend some time to observe what is happening when the children are _____. Multiple choice question. A. playing B. fighting C. drawing D. reading

A. playing

When teachers are not instructing, giving lessons, or teaching in the traditional sense, they spend some time to observe what is happening when the children are _____. Multiple choice question. A. playing B. reading C. drawing D. fighting

A. playing

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

According to Lev Vygotsky, the gap between a child's current performance and his or her potential performance if helped by a more competent person-child or adult

antibias focus

An activist approach to valuing diversity and promoting equity by teaching children to accept,respect, and celebrate diversity as it relates to gender, race, culture, language, ability, and so on

project-based approach

An in-depth teaching-learning process that emerges from an idea-thought up by either a child or an adult-and is carried out over days or weeks. Unlike free play, project work emphasizes product as well as process. Documentation of the process (during and upon completion) is an important element of the project approach.

How can educators encourage learning through play? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. By teaching specific subject matter B. By working on relationships with children C. By setting up an environment D. By observing children at play

B. By working on relationships with children C. By setting up an environment D. By observing children at play

In the context of young children's play, which of the following are true according to Betty Jones and Renatta Cooper, professors at Pacific Oaks College? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Children at play typically learn to ignore new things. B. Children think, create, and negotiate the whole time they play. C. "Smart" is not about memorizing facts or learning the skills needed to pass a one-size-fits-all test. D. Play does not have any role in giving children practice in choosing, doing, and problem solving.

B. Children think, create, and negotiate the whole time they play C. "Smart" is not about memorizing facts or learning the skills needed to pass a one-size-fits-all test

Which of the following gives the child satisfaction from the effort, even if they are showing signs of stress? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Doodling on a piece of paper B. Digging a hole in the school's play yard C. Balancing on the edge of a sandbox D. Sweating on the jungle gym

B. Digging a hole in the school's play yard C. Balancing on the edge of a sandbox D. Sweating on the jungle gym

What are Barabara Kaier and Judy Sklar Rasminsky's suggestions for handling children with behavior problems? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Isolate the children from their peers. B. Focus on children's strengths. C. Recognize appropriate behavior. D. Use discipline to guide behavior.

B. Focus on the children's strengths C. Recognize appropriate behavior

Identify the true statements about the position statement on Interventions for Challenging Behavior published by the Division for Early Childhood (DEC) of the Council for Exceptional Children in 2017. (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. It acknowledges that preventing a child's challenging behavior through designing the environment is ineffective. B. It acknowledges that children who lack such skills can develop challenging behaviors to communicate their needs. C. It acknowledges that corporal punishment increases a child's ability to learn important social and communicative behaviors. D. It acknowledges that challenging behaviors can interfere with the development of social-emotional competencies.

B. It acknowledges that children who lack such skills can develop challenging behaviors to communicate their needs. D. It acknowledges that challenging behaviors can interfere with the development of social-emotional competencies.

Which is a more suitable way of teaching a child how to play? Multiple choice question. A. Giving specific instructions to the child B. Observing and commenting on what the child is doing C. Encouraging the child to speculate on what the teacher might do next D. First showing the child the correct way to do it

B. Observing and commenting on what the child is doing

Which of the following illustrates nonliteral play behavior? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Adam instructs Mike on how to climb the slide. B. Phil races his toy fire truck toward a stack of blocks. C. Mary stacks stones as high as she can. D. Amy reads a picture book.

B. Phil races his toy fire truck toward a stack of blocks C. Mary stacks stones as high as she can

When appropriate, adults spend a good deal of time really tuning in to what's going on and even wondering about it. What is this activity called? Multiple choice question. A. Meaning-making B. Reflective practice C. Project approach D. Running record observation

B. Reflective practice

When a teacher sits and watches the children but is alert and ready to intervene, what roles is she emulating? Multiple choice question. A. Star B. Responder C. Leader D. Director

B. Responder

What should teachers be paying close attention to if they want to determine whether children are playing successfully? Multiple choice question. A. Only children's facial expressions B. The individual ways children show their feelings C. Feedback from the children's parents D. The degree of muscle control children show while playing

B. The individual ways children show their feelings

When should teachers encourage children to explore different ways to experience their knowledge? Multiple choice question. A. When children use manipulative materials to increase their knowledge B. When children find it difficult to tackle the challenges on their own C. When the teacher has the child in his/her most "teachable moment" D. When the teacher starts looking at the child with a slightly different perspective

B. When children find it difficult to tackle the challenges on their own

Infants and toddlers learn best through _____. Multiple choice question. A. tough competition among themselves B. free-choice, play-based experiences in the context of close relationships C. the method of negative reinforcement D. games that inculcate various ways to physically intimidate each other

B. free-choice, play-based experiences in the context of close relationships

What is child-centered learning? Multiple choice question. A. It is setting practices that are independent of a child's stage of development. B. It is giving children responsibilities and involving them in chores. C. It is learning from interacting with the environment, other children, and adults. D. It is making children construct knowledge by finding meaning in their experience.

C. It is learning from interacting with the environment, other children, and adults.

Mia cannot sit on the ground because she has to use a wheelchair. However, she wants to play with Cindy and her doll house. What can Mitch, her teacher, do to help Mia? Multiple choice question. A. Mitch can help Mia find something more suitable to do, like painting on an easel. B. Mitch can find another child on a wheelchair who is willing to play with Mia. C. Mitch can move Mia onto a bean bag and raise Cindy's doll house slightly, so both can play. D. Mitch can let Mia know that she is not capable of playing on the ground with Cindy.What is the major concern among most early childhood educators with regard to competition of any sort with young children? Multiple choice question. That children will develop nature deficit disorder That learning will become obsolete That focusing on winning will create losers That it fosters too great a sense of self-worth

C. Mitch can move Mia onto a bean bag and raise Cindy's dollhouse slightly, so both can play

Max is stressed as he glues together a scrap-wood sculpture that just won't remain upright. Still, he continues with this activity, because he seems to derive pleasure in doing so. What does his behavior demonstrate? Multiple choice question. A. Playing provides freedom from external rules. B. Playing differs from work. C. Playing is not always fun. D. Play is always stress free.

C. Playing is not always fun

Which of the following activities among children involves interaction with their environment and with each other? Multiple choice question. A. A toddler pages through a picture book. B. School-age children doodle on pieces of paper. C. Preschoolers pretend to make lunch and eat it together. D. Toddlers sit separately, each building their own stack of blocks.

C. Preschoolers pretend to make lunch and eat it together

To interpret a child's behavior, an early childhood educator needs to find out if the child's behavior is a cry for attention. Identify the guidelines that should be followed by the educator to address this behavior of the child. (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. The educator should lavish attention on the child if he or she needs it when the child is misbehaving. B. The educator should not respond to the child's need for attention. C. The educator should not discount the child's need for attention. D. The educator should be aware of how children use misbehavior to get adults to respond.

C. The educator should not discount the child's need for attention. D. The educator should be aware of how children use misbehavior to get adults to respond.

In the context of young children's play, Betty Jones and Renatta Cooper, professors at Pacific Oaks College, point out that _____. Multiple choice question. A. children are in a trancelike state the whole time they play B. children use only their physical capabilities when they play make-believe C. being smart is about memorizing facts needed to pass a one-size-fits-all test D. play gives children practice in choosing, doing, and problem solving

D. play gives children practice in choosing, doing, and problem solving

Traditional teaching methods fail to orchestrate very young children because such children have ______. Multiple choice question. A. no ability to read B. limited intelligence C. no motivation to learn D. short attention spans

D. short attention spans

emergent literacy

The ongoing, holistic process of becoming literate-that is, learning to read and write. Emergent literacy contrasts with a reading-readiness approach, which emphasizes teaching isolated skills rather than allowing literacy to naturally unfold in a print-rich environment

language-immersion programs

The purpose of these programs in learning a language that is not the child's home language. When children who are at risk for losing their home language are put into English language immersion programs, the result is often the replacement of their home language with English. An approach that has had more positive results in the United States is called two-way language immersion programs or dual language immersion programs. In this approach, half the children have English as their home language and the other half come from a different language group-such as Spanish. In this situation, each group learns the language of the other as instruction occurs in both. Children are more likely to end up bilingual in two-way language immersion programs.

aggressiveness

The quality of dominating power that results in pushing forward (sometimes in hostile, harmful, attacks) without regard to the welfare of the other person or persons

assertiveness

The quality of standing up for one's own needs and wants in ways that recognize and respect what other people need and want

invented spelling

The way children spell when they first begin to write, going by the sounds of the language more than by conventional spelling rules. In other words, they invent their own spelling

Richard Louv's name for the growing lack of outdoor play in today's educational programs is "_________ deficit disorder."

nature

What do children lose when they switch from home language to English with no provisions for valuing or preserving the home language? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Cognitive skills B. Emotional development C. Tactile symbols D. Physical milestones

A. Cognitive skills B. Emotional development

What are potential drawbacks when a teacher tries to be a perfectionist? Multiple select question. A. It can cause high levels of stress. B. It can fail to entertain the children. C. It can lead to cursory analysis. D. It can cloud decision making.

A. It can cause high levels of stress D. It can cloud decision making

Which of the following is true of language? A. It involves emotional skills. B. It excludes receptive talents. C. It curtails symbolic thinking. D. It restricts physical abilities.

A. It involves emotional skills

Which of the following are aspects of significance? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. It is tied to personal power. B. It gives control over others. C. It relates to the feeling of being loved. D. It is a factor of how skilled or talented a person is.

A. It is tied to personal power. C. It relates to the feeling of being loved.

Which of the following are beneficial results of a teacher paying close attention to children? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. New vistas are opened for the children. B. The children's attachment is reduced. C. The children's respect is increased. D. Dominating power of the teacher is increased.

A. New vistas are opened for the children C. The children's respect is increased

What should adults do to facilitate emergent literacy for infants and toddlers? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Make reading a one-on-one rather than a group experience. B. Encourage children to be actively involved. C. Allow children to read books on their own. D. Focus on reading from front to back.

B. Encourage children to be actively involved C. Allow children to read books on their own

Identify the features of a program that adopts an emergent-literacy approach to language development. (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Focus on target language. B. Experiment with reading. C. Build on what children know. D. Encourage isolated skills.

B. Experiment with reading C. Build on what children know

Which of the following could be reasons behind increased violence and aggression during outside play? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Fresh air and the much needed exercise B. Fewer resources to play with or share C. Supervision by trained staff members D. Unmanageable number of children

B. Fewer resources to play with or share D. Unmanageable number of children

Which of the following are acceptable approaches to considering consequences? Multiple select question. A. Provide frequent lectures on consequences. B. Let children experience the consequences firsthand. C. Talk about the consequences beforehand. D. Ignore consequences as long as children hide them from adults.

B. Let the children experience the consequences firsthand C. Talk about the consequences beforehand

What should a teacher do with an act-first-ask-later preschooler? Multiple choice question. A. Use frequent time-outs. B. Model information seeking. C. Lecture him about changing his behavior. D. Become a potential adversary.

B. Model information seeking

Which of the following can be used as alternatives to punishment? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Respond to aggression with aggression. B. Model prosocial behaviors as a teaching technique. C. Redirect inappropriate behavior of the child. D. Set adult and physical limits and enforce them.

B. Model prosocial behaviors as a teaching technique. C. Redirect inappropriate behavior of the child. D. Set adult and physical limits and enforce them.

Which of the following defines the zone of proximal development? Multiple choice question. A. Children neglect to seek out information as they have a narrow vision of how to respond. B. Older children help younger ones perform in ways they wouldn't be able to on their own. C. Younger children need time to explore their current activities before moving on to others. D. Children understand beforehand what consequences might result from certain behavior.

B. Older children help younger ones perform in ways they wouldn't be able to on their own

Identify the literacy practices in preschool and kindergarten as recommended by the International Reading Association in 1985. (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Facilitate children's attempts at writing by pressuring them for the proper formation of letters. B. Read regularly to children. C. Encourage risk taking and experimentation with talking, listening, writing, and reading. D. Focus on isolated skill building.

B. Read regularly to children C. Encourage risk taking and experimentation with talking, listening, writing, and reading

Which of the following skills is most likely to help teachers develop keen observation skills? A. Assisted performance B. Reflective practice C. Antibias focus D. Impression management

B. Reflective practice

Which of the following defines a level 3 listening? Multiple choice question. A. Receiving more than the actual words B. Screening irrelevant information C. Waiting for the other person to stop D. Rehearsing a message in one's mind

B. Screening irrelevant information

What happens when teachers bring their own individuality to child care? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. The children develop an emergent curriculum focused on different interests. B. They encourage children to bring their own passions to the program. C. They find ways to help the children further their interests. D. They encourage children to learn through reading books.

B. They encourage children to bring their own passions to the program C. They find ways to help the children further their interests

In the context of language development, identify the true statements about typical two-year-olds. (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. They are more likely than three-, four-, and five-year-olds to have conversations that revolve around projects. B. They use words that have to do with daily experiences and that name things and actions in their conversations. C. They are able to put into words what they are doing. D. They are unable to use their language in pretend play.

B. They use words that have to do with daily experiences and that name things and actions in their conversations. C. They are able to put into words what they are doing.

What emergent-literacy skills do children learn to develop after the age of five? Multiple choice question. A. Distinguishing drawing from writing B. Writing stories that have literary meaning C. Pointing at pictures and naming them D. Shifting between realistic and pretend modes

B. Writing stories that have literary meaning

Perhaps the most noticeable difference in language development between six-, seven-, and eight-year-olds and younger children is that six-, seven-, and eight-year-olds _____. Multiple choice question. A. can put into words what they are doing B. add written language to their oral skills C. have conversations that contain words that name things D. have conversations that revolve around projects

B. add written language to their oral skills

Which of the following are mentioned in the National Association for the Education of Young Children's position statement on responding to Linguistic and Cultural Diversity for the optimal development and learning of all children? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Educators must encourage children to lose their home language by teaching them another language. B. Educators must communicate with children using double-bind messages. C. Educators must respect and value children's native culture. D. Educators must accept the legitimacy of children's home language.

C. Educators must respect and value children's native culture D. Educators must accept the legitimacy of children's home language

Which of the following are patterns of thought that have been linked to violent responses to conflict? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Considering too many options B. "Analysis paralysis" C. Having a narrow vision of how to respond D. Not seeking out information

C. Having a narrow vision of how to respond D. Not seeking out information

Which of the following examples send a strong message about gender roles to children? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Radley teaches the children Spanish. B. Gracie goes on a vacation with her husband. C. Joseph sings a lullaby to a crying infant. D. Anita fixes a broken swing in the playground.

C. Joseph sings a lullaby to a crying infant D. Anita fixes a broken swing in the playground

Which of the following are guidelines that should be followed by an adult to facilitate language development in three-, four-, and five-year-olds? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. The adult should use double-bind language with the children. B. The adult should interrupt conversations among the children to provide inputs. C. The adult should provide the children with language models. D. The adult should allow and encourage conversations of all sorts among the children.

C. The adult should provide the children with language models D. The adult should allow and encourage conversations of all sorts among the children

How do children learn to recognize alternatives? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. They avoid each other and the problem. B. They discount each other's feelings. C. They begin to work on a solution. D. They redefine their current problem.

C. They begin to work on a solution D. They redefine their current problem

Adults should model the extent to which people feel loved or cared for by others for children. This aspect of self-esteem is known as _____. Multiple choice question. A. virtue B. power C. significance D. competence

C. significance

A notable difference in language development between six-, seven-, and eight-year-olds and preschoolers is that six-, seven-, and eight-year-olds _____. Multiple choice question. A. have conversations that contain words that name things and actions B. can put into words what they are doing C. tell jokes that are funny D. are capable of using their imagination and language in pretend play

C. tell jokes that are funny

Self-esteem depends to some extent on seeing yourself as _____. Multiple choice question. A. always right B. talented C. virtuous D. others see you

C. virtuous

Which of the following is a myth associated with learning more than one language during early childhood? Multiple choice question. A. It is unimportant for an English-speaking child. B. Families are key participants in learning. C. Children develop individual approaches to learning. D. Children experience language delays.

D. Children experience language delays

Why should teachers make small suggestions only after periods of silence? Multiple choice question. A. Teachers must use modeling as a guidance tool. B. Children must find solutions that the teacher expects. C. Teachers need time to find related activities to redirect. D. Children need to come up with their own alternatives.

D. Children need to come up with their own alternatives

Why is it important for children to have male models in their lives? Multiple choice question. A. They can accept media-generated models. B. They can learn to be tough and aggressive. C. They can recognize harmful female models. D. They can relate to men being nurturing and caring.

D. They can relate to men being nurturing and caring

Why is it important for a teacher to separate the child from the behavior? Multiple choice question. A. To avoid a lawsuit B. To establish power C. To use redirection D. To stay objective

D. To stay objective

Identify a characteristic of low-context cultures. Multiple choice question. A. Attention to pauses B. Body language C. Shared traditions D. Verbal communication

D. Verbal communication

True or false: Language-immersion programs that expose children only to the target language boost the children's bilingual potential. True false question. True False

False