Ch17 Microbio
Successful vaccination requires the generation of an antibody response and long-term memory. Mounting this response requires a coordinated series of events.
1st step in generating antibodies - Dendritic cells process antigens - Dendritic cells present antigens on their surface - T helper cells recognize MHCII/antigen complexes on dendritic cells - Stimulated by IL-4, T helper cells differentiate into Th2 cells - B cells (presenting MHCII/antigens) are activated after interacting with Th2 cells - B cells differentiate into memory cells and plasma cells
Which of the following is NOT a step that ultimately leads to antibody production? Activation of helper T cells by dendritic cells Differentiation of plasma cells Immature B cells conducting surveillance for foreign epitopes Activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells
Activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells
TH2 cells produce cytokines that activate macrophages. cytotoxic T-cells. natural killer cells. B cells.
B cells.
What is the function of the CD8 receptor? Activate cytokines Produce gamma interferon Bind to MHC molecules Produce IL-2
Bind to MHC molecules
Which cells directly attack abnormal cells in the body? Cytotoxic T cells B cells Helper T cells Phagocytes
Cytotoxic T cells
Which type of cell directly attacks infected cells? Helper T-cells Cytotoxic T-cells Bacterial cells Cancerous cells
Cytotoxic T-cells
According to the animation, on what day does IgM first appear? Day fifteen Day ten Day five Day one
Day five
What makes agglutination by antibodies possible? Antibodies are produced by plasma cells. Each antibody has at least two antigen-binding sites. Antibodies can recognize bacteria as well as viruses. Antibodies can inactivate toxins.
Each antibody has at least two antigen-binding sites.
Memory cells do not require B cell receptors. T/F
False
Plasma cells will eventually differentiate into memory cells. T/F
False
When happens attach to carrier molecules, an epitope forms on hapten which then can be bound to antibody. T/F
False
Which molecule triggers apoptosis? Gamma-interferon MHC Perforin Granzyme IL-2
Granzyme
T cells recognized the antigen displayed by what protein of the B cell? MHC TCR CD4 Antigen BCR
MHC
Which of the following defense systems would be involved in eliminating virally-infected cells? Complement system Phagocytosis Humoral immunity T lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Cytokine storms negatively impact human health. T/F
True
Match the key terms and the concepts of the immune system with their descriptions: a. Includes cilia, mucous membranes, dendritic cells b. Immunological response brought about by antibody production c. Immunological response that kills infected host cells d. Use(s) BCRs to recognize epitope. First step in clonal selection e. Phagocytes that engulf anything foreign. Eventually display epitope to helper T cells using MHC I or II f. Lymphocytes that activate B cells and CTLs g. Differentiated B cells that are stored in lymph nodes to provide protection against future infections by the same pathogen h. Produce and secrete antibodies i. Kills infected host cells Cytotoxic T cells, Plasma cells, Memory cells, Th cells, Dendritic cells, Immature B cells, Cellular immunity, Humoral immunity, Innate immunity
a. Innate Immunity b. Humoral Immunity c. Cellular Immunity d. Immature B cells e. Dendritic cells f. Th cells g. Memory cells h. Plasma cells i. Cytotoxic T cells
Which type of adaptive immunity does the following statement describe? This type of immunity is acquired when a person is vaccinated for a specific type of infection via the introduction of antigens. These antigens normally have undergone some type of modification and may not confer the same type of long-lasting memory that would occur with unmodified antigens.
artificially acquired active immunity
Which type of adaptive immunity does the following statement describe? This type of immunity is acquired via injection of antibodies from an individual or host that has immunological memory to the specific pathogen or antigen.
artificially acquired passive immunity
Which type of adaptive immunity does the following statement describe? This type of immunity is acquired when antigens enter the body and an infection occurs. The immune system works to fight the infection via the innate and adaptive immune responses and creates an immunological memory of that particular antigen.
naturally acquired active immunity
Which type of adaptive immunity does the following statement describe? This type of immunity is acquired via the passing of antibodies from a mother to a child to give immunity during the development of the child's immune system.
naturally acquired passive immunity
The most abundant class of antibodies in serum is IgE. IgM. IgA. IgD. IgG.
IgG
According to the animation, B cells interact directly with helper T cells. phagocytes. the complement system. inflammation.
helper T cells
Which of the following destroys virus-infected cells? Treg TH B cells CTL dendritic cells
CTL
Which of the following statements concerning cellular immunity is FALSE? The thymus is necessary for development of cells involved in cellular immunity. T cells respond to antigens when the antigens bind to receptors on their surface. The lymphocytes involved with cellular immunity are found primarily in lymphoid organs and blood. Cellular immunity involves cells that recognize antigens and make specific antibodies against them.
Cellular immunity involves cells that recognize antigens and make specific antibodies against them.
Tom has a genetic disorder in which he does not synthesize class I MHC proteins or functional NK cells. Which of the following statements would be true for Tom? Tom would not be able to destroy virally-infected cells. Tom would be less susceptible to helminth infections. Tom would be more susceptible to bacterial infections. Tom would not be able to produce antibodies against viruses.
Tom would not be able to destroy virally-infected cells.
Place the following steps of phagocytosis in the order that they occur: Endosome fuses with lysozome Dendritic cell engulfs Rhinovirus Epitopes are attached to MHC-II Digestion of the Rhinovirus MHC-II plus the attached epitope move to the outside of the dendritic cell 1,2,4,3,5 2,1,4,3,5 2,4,1,3,5 2,1,3,4,5
2,4,1,3,5
According to the animation, on which day does the production of IgG occur in the secondary response? Day two Day ten Day five Day fifteen
Day five
ADCC is a process that is most effective in destroying eukaryotic pathogens. bacterial toxins. extracellular viruses. prions. bacterial pathogens.
eukaryotic pathogens
During the adaptive response, the MHC molecules are responsible for presenting an antigen to T cells. The two types of MHC (MHCI and MHCII) have specific roles during the response. Which of the following most accurately describes the characteristics of MHCII molecules in mounting the antibody response? -found on APC, present endogenous antigens, activate T helper cells -found on APC, present exogenous antigens, activate cytotoxic T cells -found on all nucleated cells, present endogenous antigens, activate cytotoxic T cells -found on APC, present exogenous antigens, activate T helper cells
found on APC, present exogenous antigens, activate T helper cells
Which of the following most accurately describes how a pathogenic bacterium might be affected by antibodies? -The antibodies may coat the surface of the bacteria (opsonization), allowing for it to be tagged for phagocytosis. -The antibodies may block proteins necessary for binding the pathogen to the host, may opsonize the bacterium, or may agglutinate bacteria. -The antibodies may block proteins necessary for binding the pathogen to the host. -The antibodies may stick to multiple bacteria, causing agglutination.
-The antibodies may block proteins necessary for binding the pathogen to the host, may opsonize the bacterium, or may agglutinate bacteria.
At a minimum, the human immune system is capable of recognizing approximately how many different antigens? 10^10 10^25 10^20 10^5 10^15
10^15
The primary immune response involves -A slow rise in the concentration of antibodies, followed by a rapid decline. -A slow rise in the concentration of antibodies, followed by a gradual decline. -An immediate increase in the concentration of antibodies, followed by an immediate and sharp decline. -An immediate increase in the concentration of antibodies, followed by a slow decline.
A slow rise in the concentration of antibodies, followed by a gradual decline.
Which of the following statements is true? Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity. Adaptive defenses include humoral immunity only. Innate defenses are enough to keep a person healthly. Memory B cells are typically established when the B cell binds to an antigen.
Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity.
What is meant by the clonal expansion of a B cell? An activated B cell will engulf and digest anything foreign. An activated B cell will immediately begin to produce antibodies. An activated B cell will kill infected host cells. An activated B cell divides into cells that give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells.
An activated B cell divides into cells that give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cellular immunity? T cells react with antigens. It can inhibit the immune response. Cells are processed in the thymus gland. The cells originate in bone marrow. B cells make antibodies.
B cells make antibodies.
Which pair of molecules do NOT directly interact with one another? CD8 and MHC-I BCR and epitope CD4 and MHC-II BCR and TCR
BCR and TCR
HIV directly infects T-cells. Why is this problematic for cell-mediated immunity? HIV causes cytokines to be produced at much higher levels, altering the normal function of the immune system. Cytotoxic T-cells begin to attack the virally infected T-cells, reducing the number of T-cells in the body. HIV reprograms these cells to attack the body cells. HIV transforms the T-cells into cancer cells.
Cytotoxic T-cells begin to attack the virally infected T-cells, reducing the number of T-cells in the body.
Which of the following are likely to be found on an MHC-I protein? Damaged mitochondrial fragment Bacterial DNA Membranes from a neighboring dead host cell Bacterial flagella Bacterial cell wall fragment
Damaged mitochondrial fragment
What type of immunity results from recovery from mumps? innate immunity naturally acquired active immunity naturally acquired passive immunity artificially acquired active immunity artificially acquired passive immunity
Naturally acquired active immunity
Antibodies directly interact with which innate defenses? Phagocytosis and the complement system Inflammation First-line defenses Phagocytosis Phagocytosis, inflammation, and the complement system The complement system
Phagocytosis and the complement system
Which structure do antigen presenting cells utilize to directly help them present bacterial antigens? Nucleus Phagolysosome Golgi apparatus Mitochondria
Phagolysosome
What is produced by the process of clonal expansion? Plasma cells, T cells, and memory B cells Memory B cells Plasma cells and memory B cells Plasma cell
Plasma cells and memory B cells
What is the role of plasma cells in humoral immunity? Plasma cells produce antibodies. Plasma cells engulf viruses. Plasma cells activate the complement system. Plasma cells are phagocytes. Plasma cells neutralize toxins.
Plasma cells produce antibodies.
Which of the following is NOT a step used by cytotoxic T cells to kill infected host cells? Recognition of infected host cell using its CD4 glycoprotein Secretion of perforin Recognition of infected host cell using its TCR Secretion of granzyme
Recognition of infected host cell using its CD4 glycoprotein
An antigen that is potent enough to activate a B cell on its own is known as BCR. T-independent antigens. T-dependent antigens. antibodies.
T-independent antigens
Which receptor on the helper T-cell recognizes the specific antigen from an antigen-presenting cell? CD4 IL-1 Receptors IL-2 Receptors TCR
TCR
Which of the following recognizes antigens displayed on host cells with MHC II? basophil natural killer cell B cell TH cell TC cell
TH cell
Which of the following best characterizes clonal selection? The production of identical T cells producing the same antibody The production of identical B cells producing the same antibody The production of different antigens by the same B cell The production of identical B cells producing different antibodies
The production of identical B cells producing the same antibody
One of the foundations of vaccination is generating an antibody response against your virus. The antibody response is one part of the adaptive immune response. Which of the following are characteristics of an adaptive immune response? Select all that apply The response has memory. The response is clonal. fast-acting The response is specific. The response is inducible.
The response is clonal. The response has memory. The response is inducible. The response is specific.
Which of the following statements about natural killer cells is FALSE? They destroy cells lacking MHC I. They destroy tumor cells. They destroy virus-infected cells. They are stimulated by an antigen. None of the answers are correct; all of these statements are true.
They are stimulated by an antigen.
How do phagocytes communicate to other cells what they have captured? They spread viruses to other cells. They present antigens from engulfed foreign cells. They engulf virally infected cells.
They present antigens from engulfed foreign cells.
Cytokines are protein-based chemical messengers that allow for communication between cells of the immune system. T/F
True
Which of the following is the best definition of antigen? something foreign in the body a protein that combines with antibodies a chemical that elicits an antibody response and can combine with these antibodies a chemical that combines with antibodies a pathogen
a chemical that elicits an antibody response and can combine with these antibodies
An anamnestic response is the appearance of antibodies in serum. the term used to describe the production of antibodies from a plasma cell. another name for secondary response. another name for primary response.
another name for secondary response.
What type of immunity results from vaccination? innate immunity naturally acquired active immunity naturally acquired passive immunity artificially acquired active immunity artificially acquired passive immunity
artificially acquired active immunity
What type of immunity results from transfer of antibodies from one individual to a susceptible individual by means of injection? innate immunity naturally acquired active immunity naturally acquired passive immunity artificially acquired active immunity artificially acquired passive immunity
artificially acquired passive immunity
An individual may be exposed to a pathogen and become infected without actually getting sick. This is known as a subclinical infection. Even in subclinical infections, the individual's adaptive immune system can generate memory for the pathogen. What type of adaptive immunity is this? artificially acquired passive immunity naturally acquired active immunity naturally acquired passive immunity artificially acquired active immunity
naturally acquired active immunity
Newborns' immunity due to the transfer of antibodies across the placenta is an example of naturally acquired active immunity. naturally acquired passive immunity. artificially acquired active immunity. innate immunity. artificially acquired passive immunity.
naturally acquired passive immunity.
When an antibody binds to a toxin, the resulting action is referred to as agglutination. opsonization. apoptosis. neutralization. ADCC.
neutralization.
Which of the following is the best definition of epitope? specific regions on antigens that interact with MHC class molecules specific regions on antigens that interact with perforins specific regions on antigens that interact with haptens specific regions on antigens that interact with antibodies specific regions on antigens that interact with T-cell receptors
specific regions on antigens that interact with antibodies
The specificity of an antibody is due to the H chains. the L chains. the constant portions of the H and L chains. the variable portions of the H and L chains. its valence.
the variable portions of the H and L chains.
There are a variety of lymphocytes involved in the adaptive response, each with a specific function. One of the subsets of cells essential in the adaptive response is T helper cells. Choose the answer that most accurately describes the role of T helper cells in mounting the antibody response. -T helper cells aid in the response by killing infected cells while the antibody response mounts. -T helper cells secrete IL-2, which is required for clonal expansion of B cells. -T helper cells present antigens to B cells, which is required for their activation. -T helper cells aid the antibody response by binding to the B cell MHCII/protein complex and secreting cytokines like IL-4.
T helper cells aid the antibody response by binding to the B cell MHCII/protein complex and secreting cytokines like IL-4.
Natural killer cells are activated by bacterial cells. antigen-presenting cells. TH1 cells. TH2 cells.
TH1 cells.
According to the animation, for approximately how many days is IgG present in the serum? Twenty days Fifteen days Five days Ten days
Ten days
Mucous membranes are a part of humoral immunity. the complement system. innate defense. cell-mediated immunity. adaptive defense
innate defense
CD4+ T cells are activated by interaction between TCRs and MHC II. cytokines released by B cells. complement. cytokines released by dendritic cells. interaction between CD4+ and MHC II.
interaction between CD4+ and MHC II.
Antigen processing and presentation is a way for a cell to give information about its activities. is a way for viruses to infect cells. is the way foreign cells engulf macrophages. is only accomplished by bacterial cells.
is a way for a cell to give information about its activities.
An antibody's Fc region can be bound by T helper cells. antibodies. macrophages. B cells. CTLs.
macrophages
When do helper T-cells develop into TH1 or TH2 cells? Immediately after the binding of the CD4 receptor After proliferation into a clonal population Before autostimulation After B cell activation
After proliferation into a clonal population
Which event happens first during cytotoxic T-cell activation? Secretion of granzymes and perforin Clonal proliferation CD8 binds to MHC molecules of infected cells Production of IL-2 and gamma-interferon receptors
CD8 binds to MHC molecules of infected cells
Which of the following would you likely see on the surface of a human dendritic cell following phagocytosis of a bacterium? Class I MHC with dendritic cell antigens and Class II MHC with engulfed bacteria Class II MHC with engulfed bacterial antigens Class I MHC with dendritic cell antigens Class II MHC with dendritic cell antigens
Class I MHC with dendritic cell antigens and Class II MHC with engulfed bacteria
What would a virally infected skin epithelial cell have on its cell surface? Class II MHC with liver cell antigens Class II MHC with macrophage antigens Class II MHC with viral antigens Class I MHC with skin cell antigens
Class I MHC with skin cell antigens
A person who has AIDS contracts rare and often life-threatening infections because their helper T cell count is so low. Which of the following components of the immune response still respond to antigen despite the low helper T cell count? Activation of cytotoxic T cells Apoptosis of infected host cells Clonal selection of B cells Clonal expansion and antibody production
Clonal selection of B cells
When does MHC-II loading occur? During viral infection During phagocytosis of an invading pathogen During the fusion of vesicles containing MHC-II proteins with vesicles containing digested pathogens After passing through the endoplasmic reticulum
During the fusion of vesicles containing MHC-II proteins with vesicles containing digested pathogens
How can a sufficient humoral immune response occur if a plasma cell only lives for a few days? T cells can also produce antibodies. Each plasma cell can proliferate into more plasma cells. Each plasma cell can produce up to 2000 antibodies every second. Memory B cells can also produce antibodies.
Each plasma cell can produce up to 2000 antibodies every second.
In designing your vaccine, you will need to choose an antigen or antigens to stimulate the adaptive response. All antigens are not created equal--there are certain characteristics that make more effective antigens. Which of the following best describes why molecules such as glycoproteins are more effective antigens compared to molecules such as starch? -Glycoproteins have greater molecular mass compared to starch; therefore, they will elicit a stronger immune response. -In general, proteins stimulate stronger immune responses than carbohydrates such as starch. -Glycoproteins contain a variety of shapes and subunits that contribute to the overall complexity of the molecule. -Since starch is a polymer of glucose (which is used by eukaryotic cells for energy), it is not recognized as foreign.
Glycoproteins contain a variety of shapes and subunits that contribute to the overall complexity of the molecule.
What is the role of helper T cells in the adaptive immune response? Helper T cells produce and secrete antibodies. Helper T cells directly kill infected host cells. Helper T cells phagocytize bacteria and viruses. Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells.
Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells.
How do helper T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells work together? Helper T-cells produce cytotoxic T-cells. Helper T-cells produce cytokines to activate other cells of the immune system. Cytotoxic T-cells attack abnormal body cells, while helper T-cells attack virally infected cells. Cytotoxic T-cells produce cytokines to activate helper T-cells.
Helper T-cells produce cytokines to activate other cells of the immune system.
Antibodies are a part of which type of immunity? Neither humoral nor cell-mediated Both humoral and cell-mediated Cell-mediated Humoral
Humoral
Which part of the adaptive immune response involves B cells? Humoral Neither humoral nor cell-mediated Cell-mediated Both humoral and cell-mediated
Humoral
The antibodies found in mucus, saliva, and tears are IgG. IgM. IgA. IgD. IgE.
IgA.
The antibodies found almost entirely and only on the surface of B cells (not secreted from them), and which always exist as monomers, are IgG. IgM. IgA. IgD. IgE.
IgD
The antibodies that can bind to large parasites are IgG. IgM. IgA. IgD. IgE.
IgE
Why would a body cell that is not a phagocyte need to present antigens? Antigens are required for cell-to-cell attachment. All cells of the body can engulf invading cells. Antigens are infectious and can spread to normal cells. Non-phagocytic body cells can become infected with a virus.
Non-phagocytic body cells can become infected with a virus.
Where are MHC molecules located on a cell? On the surface of the cell They are not associated with any one location on the cell In the nucleus Inside the cell cytoplasm
On the surface of the cell
Which organelle assists directly with the presentation of MHC-I antigens? The nucleus The endoplasmic reticulum The phagosome The Golgi apparatus The mitochondria
The endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following statements concerning immunological memory is true? The memory response involves only B cells. Antibodies produced in response to a secondary infection are mostly IgM. The memory response is due to production of long-lived cells that can respond very rapidly upon second exposure. The memory response is usually faster but not as strong.
The memory response is due to production of long-lived cells that can respond very rapidly upon second exposure.
What is apoptosis? The receptor on a cytotoxic T-cell that recognizes MHC molecules. The process of programmed cell death. A protein molecule that forms a pore in the membranes of infected cells. The proliferation of cytotoxic T-cells.
The process of programmed cell death.
Immune cells that secrete cytokines and activate other immune cells are: Cytotoxic T-cells Virally infected cells Abnormal body cells Helper T-cells Invading pathogenic bacteria
Helper T-cells
Which immunoglobulin class, found in blood, lymph, and the intestine, can cross the placenta and help to protect a fetus? IgM IgG IgE IgA
IgG
If a patient has been exposed to an antigen for the first time, which class of immunoglobulin appears first? IgE IgD IgG IgM
IgM
Large antibodies that agglutinate antigens are IgM. IgA. IgG. IgD. IgE.
IgM
The presence of which of the following indicates a current infection rather than a previous infection or vaccination? IgD IgA IgG IgM IgE
IgM
In addition to IgG, the antibodies that can fix complement are IgD. IgA. IgM. IgE. None of the answers is correct.
IgM.
Which proteins on the antigen-presenting cell are recognized by the helper T-cell? CD8 receptors MHC proteins IL-1 receptors IL-2 receptors
MHC proteins
Which of the cells listed below can present antigens on Class II MHC proteins? Virus infected epithelial cells Healthy epithelial cells Tumor cells Macrophages
Macrophages
The student who caught the cold caused by this specific Rhinovirus was exposed to the exact same Rhinovirus 18 months later. What component of the immune system will protect her from getting the same cold again? Plasma cells Memory B cells Dendritic cells Antibodies that are "left over" from the last infection
Memory B cells
Which cells are involved in a secondary response? Memory B cells and plasma cells Memory B cells Plasma cells T cells
Memory B cells and plasma cells
Correctly order the steps involved cellular immunity: 1. The Tc recognizes the infected host cell 2. The Tc interacts with epitope presented by MHC-I on the dendritic cell 3. The Tc secretes perforin and granzyme, causing apoptosis 4. The helper T cell activates the Tc cell
The Tc interacts with epitope presented by MHC-I on the dendritic cell The helper T cell activates the Tc cell The Tc recognizes the infected host cell The Tc secretes perforin and granzyme, causing apoptosis
Which of the following statements is FALSE? The Fc region attaches to a host cell. The variable region of a heavy chain is partially responsible for binding with antigen. The variable region of a light chain is partially responsible for binding with antigen. The constant region of a heavy chain is the same for all antibodies. All of the answers are correct.
The constant region of a heavy chain is the same for all antibodies.
How is the secondary response different from the primary response in terms of antibody concentration in the blood? There is no difference with regard to antibody concentration in the blood. The secondary response is slower, but produces more antibodies than the primary response. The secondary response is faster, but does not produce more antibodies than the primary response. The secondary response is faster and produces more antibodies than the primary response.
The secondary response is faster and produces more antibodies than the primary response.
Consider a helminthic infection in which an individual is colonized by a parasitic worm. The worm is too big to be engulfed by a phagocytic cell. How does the immune system respond? Numerous phagocytes work cooperatively to ingest the worm. The worm gets coated with antibodies, which activate other cells in the immune system to secrete chemicals that kill it. Antibodies bind to the worm and disrupt its plasma membrane. Blood flow is reduced to the area, which starves the worm of nutrients.
The worm gets coated with antibodies, which activate other cells in the immune system to secrete chemicals that kill it.
Which of the following statements concerning antigen-presenting cells is true? They are a type of T cell. They are involved in activating T cells. They are found only in lymphoid tissues. They transport antigens to the liver, where they can be degraded.
They are involved in activating T cells.
What is a feature of the small fragments presented by MHC-I proteins? They are derived from bacteria. They are small fragments of nucleic acids, 8-10 nucleotides in length. They are small peptides, roughly 8-10 amino acids long. They are large proteins from the host.
They are small peptides, roughly 8-10 amino acids long.
What is the fate of activated cytotoxic T-cells? -They can mature and attack infected cells. -They proliferate into a clone of cells specific to the same antigen; some of these cells then differentiate into long-lived memory T-cells, while others mature to attack infected cells. -They can differentiate into long-lived memory T-cells. -They are destroyed via apoptosis. -They are infected by viruses. -Each activated cytotoxic T-cell proliferates, forming a clone of cells specific to the same antigen.
They proliferate into a clone of cells specific to the same antigen; some of these cells then differentiate into long-lived memory T-cells, while others mature to attack infected cells.
Which of the following statements is NOT a possible outcome of antigen-antibody reaction? clonal deletion agglutination opsonization ADCC activation of complement
clonal deletion
