CH.2 (ONLINE)

Approximately what percent of all low birth weight children are enrolled in special education programs?

50 percent

True or false: Children's development is solely the outcome of their heredity and environment.

False

Which of the following is NOT true of an embryo?

It is 10 weeks old.

Males who have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY, have

Klinefelter syndrome.

True or false: Drinking one or two servings of beer or wine a few days a week during pregnancy can cause negative effects on the fetus.

True

Buss has argued that the environment shaped both physical and ________ development.

psychological

Which of the following statements are true of a doula?

A doula is a caregiver. A doula provides continuous support for a the mother before, during, and after childbirth.

During _______the cell's nucleus duplicates itself and the cell divides. During _______a specialized form of cell division occurs to form egg and sperm cells.

Blank 1: mitosis Blank 2: meiosis

Which of the following is a chromosomally transmitted form of intellectual disability caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21?

Down syndrome

Which of the following is true regarding maternal exposure to environmental smoke?

It is associated with numerous negative outcomes for offspring.

Which of the following is a childbirth strategy similar to natural childbirth that includes a special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor?

Lamaze

Regarding the periods of prenatal development, which of the following statements is true?

The germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods all begin during the first trimester.

Of the following countries, which has the highest incidence of low birth weight babies?

United States 31%

According to Buss, ________ is a necessity to avoid extinction.

adaptation

In the third stage of birth, the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are expelled from the uterus. This stage of birth is called the

afterbirth

All of the following are characteristic of Klinefelter syndrome EXCEPT

an extra Y chromosome.

Barbiturates, tranquilizers, and narcotics are examples of ______ used to relieve pain during labor.

analgesics

Which of the following prescription drugs can function as teratogens?

antibiotics some antidepressants synthetic estrogen acne medications

Which field seeks to discover the influence of environment and heredity on individual differences in human development?

behavior genetics

Which of the following are benefits of massage for infants who are preterm?

better weight gain shorter hospital stays

According to Gilbert Gottlieb's epigenetic view, which of the following characterizes the relationship between heredity and environment in development?

bidirectional

Approximately one week after conception, when differentiation of the cells begins, the zygote is now a group of cells that is more specifically called the

blastocyst.

Which of the following is NOT a dominant characteristic?

blond hair

period shortly after birth, a connection between the parent and the infant forms. This attachment is known as

bonding.

According to Buss, human development is shaped by

both nature and nurture

In ______, doctors remove the baby surgically from the mother's uterus.

cesarean delivery

The threadlike structures found in the nucleus of each human cell and made up of deoxyribonucleic acid are called

chromosomes.

Interpreting the effect of maternal cocaine use on infants is

complicated because there are often other factors in the mothers' lives that can contribute to the problems found in their children.

When a single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum (egg) in the female's fallopian tube, what occurs?

conception

As compared to other developed countries, the low birth weight rate in the United States is

considerably higher.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends that pregnant women _____.

consume caffeine only sparingly not consume caffeine

A recent study concluded that marijuana use during pregnancy

contributes to childhood chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

The article reports that there have been three studies (Johns Hopkins University, Harvard, and a large Norwegian study) that have heightened concerns about long-term developmental effects. Which research type are these studies considered?

correlational research

A caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth is known as a

doula

FASD may occur in offspring whose mothers ______ during pregnancy.

drank alcohol

According to the epigenetic view, development ______.

due to heredity and environment each affecting the other.

When couples experience infertility, the problem may lie with

either the woman or the man

Adaptation, or the physical and psychological changes that human beings go through in order to survive, is the foundation of ________ theory.

evolutionary

David Buss is most closely associated with which of the following theories?

evolutionary

Fertilization typically takes place in the

fallopian tubes

Genes are passed from generation to generation through three processes, called mitosis, meiosis, and

fertilization

Prenatal development begins with ______ and ends with ______. Multiple choice question.

fertilization; birth

A zygote is

fertilized egg

Which prenatal period lasts about seven months?

fetal

Mary is pregnant, and her baby is about 7 pounds and 20 inches long. Mary can give birth now without danger of being preterm. In which stage of pregnancy is Mary?

fetal (38 weeks)

A cluster of abnormalities that may appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy is referred to as

fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

The prenatal period that lasts about seven months in typical pregnancies, beginning two months after conception, is the

fetal period

The period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception is known as the ______ period.

germinal

______ period includes the creation of the fertilized egg or zygote, cell division, and attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall.

germinal

Which of the following is NOT one of the three related conditions that pose threats to many newborns?

having a high Apgar score

Interpreting the results of adoption and twin studies is difficult because of the complexities of

heredity-environment correlations.

Which of the following substances was most likely used by a mother whose newborn exhibits withdrawal symptoms like tremors, irritability, abnormal crying, disturbed sleep, and impaired motor control?

heroin

Which of the following are possible consequences of maternal cigarette smoking on a developing fetus?

increased irritability respiratory problems sudden infant death syndrome low birth weight

By the end of the embryonic period, an embryo

is eight weeks old.

In general, exposure to teratogens has a more serious impact when ______.

it occurs earlier in the pregnancy

care involves skin-to-skin contact in which the baby, wearing only a diaper, is held upright against the parent's bare chest.

kangaroo

Children who are born preterm have higher rates of which of the following?

language disorder ADHD intellectual disability

Recent studies found that prenatal marijuana exposure was related to lower birth weight and ______ in children.

lower intelligence

Which of the following genes is still under patent?

none of answer choices are correct

Nurse midwives feel that birth is best described as a(n)

normal aspect of the life span.

The use of opiate-related pain relievers or synthetic opioids during pregnancy is

not recommended

Prenatal care often includes which of the following components?

nutritional services social services comprehensive educational services

Studies have linked prenatal exposure to SSRIs with all of the following EXCEPT

pediatric depression.

The ______ period lasts from the end of delivery until the mother's body has returned to a nearly prepregnant state (in about six weeks). Multiple choice question.

postpartum

Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development is associated with

reduced birth weight, length, and head circumference.

Analgesia is used to ______ labor.

relieve pain during

In general, prenatal care involves which of the following?

screening for manageable conditions a defined schedule of visits for medial care testing for treatable diseases

The Apgar Scale evaluates all of the following, EXCEPT

size and weight

Sudden infant death syndrome, preterm births and low birth weights, respiratory problems, and cardiovascular problems are more common among the offspring of mothers who ______ during pregnancy.

smoked

Research indicates that prescription drugs can act as a(n) _____ to the unborn fetus.

teratogen

Prenatal diagnostic tests include all of the following EXCEPT Multiple choice question.

the Apgar Scale.

Which of the following are potential causes of infertility?

the woman does not ovulate blocked fallopian tubes low sperm production

The placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled during the ____ stage of birth. Multiple choice question.

third

A midwife is with the mother

throughout her pregnancy, labor, & birth.

The severity and type of damage to an embryo is influenced by the dose, genetic susceptibility and _____ of exposure to a teratogen.

time

Prenatal development is sometimes described in terms of equal three-month periods called

trimesters

Which of the following would be most commonly used by a behavior geneticist?

twin or adoption studies

Nutrition and oxygen flow from the placenta to the fetus through the ______ cord.

umbilical

______ are threadlike structures made up of strands of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Multiple choice question.

Chromosomes

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Down syndrome?

An extra Y chromosome

Which of the following is widely used to evaluate infants' heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability immediately after birth?

Apgar Scale

The embryo's outermost layer, which will become the nervous system and brain, sensory receptors, and skin parts, is known as the

ectoderm.

The inner mass of cells of the blastocyst will eventually develop into the

embryo

The period that occurs from two to eight weeks after conception is known as the ______ period.

embryonic

The ______ is the inner layer of cells, which will develop into the digestive and respiratory systems.

endoderm

In the trimester view of prenatal development, both the germinal and embryonic periods of development occur during the

first trimester.

Prenatal development is divided into what three periods?

germinal fetal embryonic

According to Christopher Hansen, the lawyer for the ACLU, Myriad

had invented "nothing."

What is it called when individuals' genes may influence the types of environments to which they are exposed?

heredity-environment correlations

Which of the following are recessive characteristics?

nearsightedness freckles blond hair

Which of the following occurs during the embryonic period?

organs begin to appear support systems for cells begin to form

Which of the following is NOT one of behavior geneticist Sandra Scarr's hereditary-environment correlations?

phenotypic

The umbilical cord connects the baby to the _____ a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join.

placenta

the Lamaze method, a method similar to natural childbirth, is also known as

prepared childbirth.

According to the Supreme Court decision, Myriad Genetics will be allowed to patent

synthesized DNA.

According to the U.S. surgeon general:

No alcohol should be consumed during pregnancy.

True or false: Infants born to women using synthetic opioids or opiate-related pain relievers are at risk for experiencing opioid withdrawal.

True

A breech birth occurs when

a baby's buttocks are the first part to emerge from the vagina.

Historically, the prevailing attitude among doctors has been that

depression during pregnancy is more dangerous to mother and child than any drug could be.

True or false: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends that pregnant women consume caffeine on a regular basis.

False

Which statement is best supported by the results of current research?

Genes shape predispositions for behaviors or traits, but we need to also take context into account.

The prenatal testing that should be performed depends on which of the following?

Genetic risk factors Mother's age Medical history