(CH2: Organelles)
The Prokaryotic Ribosomal Subunits are __ _ and __ _, and combine to form a complete __ _ Ribosome.
30S; 50S; 70S
Prokaryotic Ribosomes also have two subunits: a __ _ and a __ _ subunit, and come together in the cytosol to form a complete __ _ Prokaryotic Ribosome. Prokaryotes don't have membrane-bound nuclei, so their Ribosomal Subunits are produced in their ______ region.
50S; 30S; 70S; Nucleoid
Eukaryotic Ribosomes have two subunits: __ _ and __ _. These subunits come together to form a complete __ _ Eukaryotic Ribosome.
60S; 40S; 80S
An Oxidating Agent is an electron (acceptor/donor?), while a Reducing Agent is an electron (acceptor/donor?).
Acceptor; Donor
Secretion products need to ______ within the Golgi before secretion because they don't undergo ______ _______. Therefore, it's more efficient to send many of the products at one time whenever another cell needs them.
Accumulate; regular production
Contractile Vacuoles utilize _____ _____ in single-celled organisms that live in freshwater environments to pump excess water out of the cell.
Active Transport
In a process called ______, lysosomes can breakdown a cell's debris.
Autophagy
Lysosomes can breakdown cellular debris via ______ and can also contribute to _____ when they release their digestive enzymes into the cell.
Autophagy; Apoptosis
The enzyme produced by peroxisomes _____ is crucial to prevent toxification of a cell by Hydrogen Peroxide, the dangerous bi-product Peroxisomes.
Catalase
_______ is an enzyme contained within Peroxisomes that converts hydrogen peroxide radicals into _____
Catalase; Water
Proteins that enter the lumen of the Rough ER have 1 of 2 fates: they will either become a part of the ____ ______ as an integral or peripheral membrane protein, or they will leave the cell altogether via _______.
Cell membrane; Exocytosis
After protein products exit the Golgi Apparatus via the Trans Face cisternae, they tend to travel to the Cytosol, ____ ______, ______ _______ (via exocytosis), into a lysosome, or into a vacuole.
Cell membrane; Extracellular environment
_____ Vacuoles are very large organelles, and they tend to occupy the majority of a plant cell interior.
Central
_______ ______ have a specialized membrane called the Tonoplast that exerts turgor when filled to help maintain cell rigidity.
Central Vacuoles
A centrosome contains a pair of ______, which work together to serve as Microtubule Organizing Centers (MTOCs) during cell division in animal cells.
Centrioles
The _____ is an organelle found near the nucleus of animal cells
Centrosome
_______ exist in select Eukaryotic Cells, such as plant cells and some Protists like algae. ______, _____, and _____ cells don't contain this.
Chloroplasts; Animal; Fungal; Prokaryotic
The Golgi Apparatus consists of flattened sacs called _______.
Cisternae
Specific, single-celled organisms have ______ vacuoles, which collect and pump excess water out of the cell via Active Transport to prevent the cell from ______.
Contractile; lysing
The _____ is the aqueous intracellular fluid. The _______ is everything within the cell.
Cytosol; Cytoplasm
After protein products exit the Golgi Apparatus via the Trans Face cisternae, they tend to travel to the _______, Cell membrane, extracellular environment (via _______), into a lysosome, or into a vacuole.
Cytosol; exocytosis
______ _____ is the instruction manual that cellular factories rely upon to make products (proteins).
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Peroxisomes (do/don't?) receive vesicles from the Golgi Apparatus.
Don't
Prokaryotic cells (do/don't?) contain membrane-bound nuclei.
Don't
A lysosome can hydrolyze substances (such as nutrients, bacteria, cellular debris) taken-up by the cell via ______.
Endocytosis
An _______ _____ is a group of organelles and membranes that work together to modify, package, and transport proteins and lipids that are entering or exiting a cell.
Endomembrane System
The _______ ______ includes the nucleus/nuclear envelope, Rough/Smooth ERs, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacuoles, and Cell Membrane.
Endomembrane System
The lipids and steroids produced by a smooth ER are essential molecules for _____ ______, membrane structure (cholesterol), and hormone communication.
Energy Storage
Trans Face vesicles that travel to the lysosome tend to contain _____ proteins that the lysosome uses to carry out specific functions.
Enzyme
_______ Cells contain membrane-bound organelles; ______ Cells do not.
Eukaryotic; Prokaryotic
(T/F?) Peroxisomes are part of the Endomembrane System
False
______ Vacuoles are temporary food holders. These form when cells take-up nutrients via endocytosis mechanisms, and all the nutrient vesicles fuse together.
Food
Reactive Oxygen Species is dangerous for a cell because it can create ____ _____, which can damage the nuclear DNA or phospholipid bilayers.
Free Radicals
Damage to Nuclear DNA via ____ _____ produced by Reactive Oxygen Species can cause ______, or conditions of uncontrollable cell divisions.
Free Radicals; Cancer
_______ are specialized variations of peroxisomes that exist in the germinating seeds of some plants
Glyoxysomes
After a protein undergoes glycosylation in the rough ER lumen, it will move toward the _____ _____.
Golgi Apparatus
The _____ ______ consists of flattened sacs called Cisternae.
Golgi Apparatus
The lipids and steroids produced by a smooth ER are essential molecules for Energy storage, membrane structure (cholesterol), and ______ ________.
Hormone communication
Peroxisomes generate _____ _____, which is used as an oxidizing agent.
Hydrogen Peroxide
Catalase within peroxisomes converts ____ ____ into _____.
Hydrogen Peroxide; Water
Peroxisomes can be used in _______ of lipids, or in ________.
Hydrolysis; detoxification
The Nuclear Lamina is a dense and fibrous network of proteins associated with the (outer/inner?) membrane of the nuclear envelope.
Inner
Proteins that enter the lumen of the Rough ER have 1 of 2 fates: they will either become a part of the cell membrane as an _____ or ______ membrane protein, or they will leave the cell altogether via exocytosis.
Integral; Peripheral
The Rough ER allows for increased Eukaryotic Complexity because it helps distinguish between proteins that should ______ or ______.
Leave cell; Remain Inside cell
The ER _____ is the space inside of an ER.
Lumen
The ribosomes of the Rough ER are attached to the cytoplasmic side of the ER and translate proteins into the ______. Once in the _____, the protein will be manipulated to prepare it to be delivered to other organelles. A typical manipulation attaches a carbohydrate to the protein, a process called ________.
Lumen; Lumen; Glycosylation
A ______ is a membrane-bound organelle that hydrolyzes substances via Acidic hydrolytic/digestive enzymes that are designed to function at a (high/low?) pH
Lysosome; Low
Trans Face vesicles that travel to the ______ tend to contain Enzyme proteins that the ______ uses to carry out specific functions.
Lysosome; Lysosome
Some plant cells have vacuoles instead of ______.
Lysosomes
Which is more likely to break down proteins, Lysosomes or Peroxisomes?
Lysosomes
______ can breakdown cellular debris via Autophagy and can also contribute to Apoptosis when they release their digestive enzymes into the cell.
Lysosomes
Food Vacuoles will eventually merge with ______ such that the acidic ______ enzymes can digest the nutrients within the food vacuole.
Lysosomes; lysosomal
Vacuoles form as the result of many _____ _____ fusing together.
Membrane Vesicles
The lipids and steroids produced by a smooth ER are essential molecules for Energy storage, ______ _______ (cholesterol), and hormone communication.
Membrane structure
Reactive Oxygen Species is dangerous for a cell because it can create Free Radicals, which can damage the _____ ___ or _______ _______.
Nuclear DNA; Phospholipid Bilayers
The ______ ______ is a dense and fibrous network of proteins associated with the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope.
Nuclear Lamina
The primary role of the ______ _____ is to provide structural support to the nucleus. It also regulates DNA organization & replication, and cell division.
Nuclear Lamina
______ _____ are holes in the nuclear envelope allowing for molecules to travel in and out. mRNA, the product of transcription, exits the nucleus through these holes.
Nuclear pores
Prokaryotes keep their DNA in a dense and irregularly shaped region known as the _______.
Nucleoid
Prokaryotic Ribosomal Subunits are produced in the ________
Nucleoid
Once the proteins and rRNA are both floating around in the ______, they assemble into ribosomal subunits.
Nucleolus
The ______ is a dense region within the nucleus where Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is produced, and is the site of ribosomal subunits production.
Nucleolus
Each of the Eukaryotic Ribosomal Subunits as well as rRNA are produced in the ________. After the Subunits are made from interactions between the rRNA and the ribosomal proteins (made in & from the cytosol) in the nucleolus, the subunits exit the nucleus via nuclear pores into the _____, and assemble to become the complete 80S ribosome.
Nucleolus; Cytosol
DNA replication and transcription occurs inside the _______.
Nucleus
DNA within Eukaryotic cells is located in the ______.
Nucleus
The ______ has various molecules that aid in DNA replication and transcription.
Nucleus
The primary function of the _______ is to house and protect the DNA.
Nucleus
One difference between the Smooth ER and the Rough ER is that the Smooth ER lacks ribosomes. Therefore, it's not involved in _____ ______. Another difference is that the Smooth ER is not continuous with the ____ _____ of the ______ ______.
Protein Synthesis; outer membrane; nuclear envelope
Excess hydrogen peroxide is dangerous for a cell because it can produce _____ _____ _____.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
________ ___ _______ occurs via transcription within the Nucleolus
Ribosomal RNA synthesis
The Nucleolus is a dense region within the nucleus where ______ ___ and _____ ______ are produced.
Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid and Ribosomal Subunits
______ ________ contain Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid (rRNA) and proteins.
Ribosomal Subunits
The rough ER membrane appears to be "rough" because it's surface contains _____.
Ribosomes
_______ are responsible for protein synthesis, but don't function in the subsequent packing or modification of those proteins.
Ribosomes
________ are macromolecules that don't contain a membrane
Ribosomes
Ribosomes either bind to the ______ __ or freely float in the cytosol.
Rough ER
The _____ ER is continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. This means that it's continuous with the _____ _____
Rough; Perinuclear Space
Products that are destined for _______ travel in vesicles that empty into the extracellular environment (via exocytosis). ______ products need to accumulate within the Golgi before secretion. Secretion products don't undergo regular production, so it's more ef
Secretion
The central role of the _______ ___ is to synthesize lipids, steroid hormones, detoxify cells, and store ions.
Smooth ER
______ vacuoles store starches, pigments, and toxic substances.
Storage Vacuoles
The primary role of the Nuclear Lamina is to provide _____ ______ to the nucleus. It also regulates ______, ______, and _______.
Structural Support; DNA organization; DNA replication; cell division
After undergoing modifications, the ER protein Products will exit the Golgi Apparatus at the _____ ____.
Trans face
DNA is "read" through the processes of ______ and _____.
Transcription; Translation
_____ function in protein ________
Translation
______ Vacuoles move materials from one organelle to another; or, from organelles to the plasma membrane. In this way, they are mainly just large transport vesicles
Transport
2 examples of Secretion products include ____ ____ and _____.
Transport Proteins; Hormones
The 3 types of Vacuoles include:
Transport, Food, Central
(T/F?) Eukaryotic Cells and Prokaryotes both have Ribosomes
True
Some plant cells have _____ instead of lysosomes.
Vacuoles
The nuclear envelope is made up of what?
a set of two phospholipid bilayers (1 inner and 1 outer)
The _______ of smooth ER in a cell depends on the functions of that cell. For example, a human liver is heavily involved with detoxification, so its cells tend to contain many smooth ER.
abundance
The Centrosome is an organelle found near the nucleus of ______ cells
animal
A centrosome contains a pair of Centrioles, which work together to serve as Microtubule Organizing Centers (MTOCs) during ___ ______ in animal cells.
cell division
Incoming vesicles from the ER enter the lumen of the Golgi Apparatus at the ____ _____.
cis face
The ____ _____ is the cisternae that's found closest to the rough and smooth ER
cis face
The nuclear envelope separates the ______ from the _______.
cytosol; nucleoplasm
Ribosomes either bind to the Rough ER or _____.
freely float in the cytosol
A Lysosome is a membrane-bound organelle that ______ substances via acidic _____/digestive enzymes that are designed to function at a low pH.
hydrolyzes; hydrolytic
Protein products destined for the cell membrane utilize Transport vesicles that fuse with the cell membrane. These products will often include ______ ______, phospholipids, and cholesterol.
integral/peripheral membrane proteins
The difference between the Smooth ER and the Rough ER is that the Smooth ER ____ _______. Therefore, it's not involved in protein synthesis.
lacks ribosomes
The central role of the Smooth ER is to synthesize _____, steroid hormones, ______ _____, and store ions.
lipids; detoxify cells
The ______ and ______ produced by a smooth ER are essential molecules for Energy storage, membrane structure (cholesterol), and hormone communication.
lipids; steroids
Central Vacuoles within a plant often carry out the same functions as an animal cell ________. They can also act as a _____ Vacuole.
lysosome; Storage
After protein products exit the Golgi Apparatus via the Trans Face cisternae, they tend to travel to the Cytosol, cell membrane; extracellular environment (via exocytosis) into a ______, or into a ________
lysosome; vacuole
Ribosomes are macromolecules that don't contain a ______; thus, they are also not considered ______ because...?
membrane; organelles because organelles are by definition membrane-bound
The nucleus contains an aqueous medium called the _________. It is in this medium where DNA floats around.
nucleoplasm
The Centrosome is an organelle found near the _____ of animal cells
nucleus
Peroxisomes generate Hydrogen Peroxide, which is used as an ______ ______.
oxidizing agent
Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, but don't function in the subsequent ______ or _______ of those proteins.
packing or modification
Proteins destined for the cell membrane utilize transport vesicles that fuse with the cell membrane. These proteins will often include integral/peripheral membrane proteins, ______, and _______.
phospholipids; cholesterol
The central role of the Smooth ER is to synthesize lipids, _____ ______, detoxify cells, and store ____.
steroid hormones; ions
The Rough ER is continuous with _____. This means that it's continuous with the Perinuclear Space.
the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope
The _____ ____ is the cisternae that lies farthest away from the rough and smooth ER and therefore is closer to the ____ _____.
trans face; cell membrane
Incoming ______ from the ER enter the lumen of the _______ ______ at the Cis face.
vesicles; Golgi Apparatus
The Eukaryotic Ribosomal Subunits are __ _ and __ _, and combine to form a complete __ _ Ribosome.
40S; 60S; 80S
A centrosome contains a pair of Centrioles, which work together to serve as _____ _____ _____ _____ during cell division in animal cells.
Microtubule Organizing Centers (MTOCs)
Assembled Ribosomal Subunits exit the nucleus and enter the cytosol via a _____ ______; once in the cytosol, the subunits assemble into a complete ______.
Nuclear Pore; Ribosome
The Ribosomal Subunit Proteins enter the Nucleolus after entering the nucleus via _____ _____.
Nuclear Pores
_______ are organelles that share a similar function to ________ because they're responsible for breaking things apart (hydrolysis).
Peroxisomes; Lysosomes
Once protein product (contained within Vesicles) from the ER enter the Golgi Lumen at the Cis Face, they travel from one cisternae to the next (there are multiple cisternae lined up) to undergo further modifications. One such modification is ________, which functions as a "tag" to help the Golgi apparatus direct the protein to the correct location.
Phosphorylation
_______ of ER protein products within the Golgi Apparatus helps direct these proteins to the correct location.
Phosphorylation
The central role of a chloroplast is to carry out _______
Photosynthesis
Vacuoles are another organelle found within all _____ and _____ cells, but only some ____ and ____ cells, and rarely _____ cells.
Plant; Fungi; Animal; Protist; Bacterial
What types of cells contain chloroplasts?
Plants and some Protists (algae)
Central vacuoles have a specialized membrane called the _______ that exerts turgor when filled to help maintain cell rigidity.
Tonoplast
Ribosomal RNA synthesis occurs via _______ within the Nucleolus
Transcription
The area between the outer and inner membranes is called the _______ ______.
perinuclear space
The 3 types of endocytosis are:
phagocytosis; pinocytosis; receptor-mediated endocytosis
What is an important characteristic of Organelles?
phospholipid bilayer membrane-bound
Proteins destined for the cell membrane utilize _____ _____ that fuse with the cell membrane. These proteins will often include integral/peripheral membrane proteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol.
transport vesicles
Central Vacuoles have a specialized membrane called the Tonoplast that exerts ______ when filled to help maintain ____ ______
turgor; cell rigidity
