ch3

________ is the most common primary language in the world. A) Chinese B) Arabic C) Spanish D) English

A) Chinese

________ refers to a distinctive tradition or institution strongly associated with a particular society. A) Cultural metaphor B) Totem C) Moiety D) Cultural pluralism

A) Cultural metaphor

In which of the following countries would alcoholic drinks be prohibited? A) Saudi Arabia B) Mexico C) Spain D) Italy

A) Saudi Arabia

Which of the following is true with regard to culture? A) It captures how the members of the society live. B) It is absolute. C) It does not define the collective behavior of each society. D) It is inherited.

A) It captures how the members of the society live.

Which of the following countries exhibit a high-context culture? A) Japan B) Germany C) The United States of America D) Switzerland

A) Japan

________ are ways of behaving and conducting oneself in public and business situations A) Manners and customs B) Creative expressions C) Values and attitudes D) Symbolic productions

A) Manners and customs

Business jargon unique to a culture can impede communication. A) True B) False

A) True

Company logos, trademarks, national flags, and historical monuments are considered symbolic productions. A) True B) False

A) True

Cross-cultural proficiency is characterized by four key personality traits: tolerance for ambiguity, perceptiveness, valuing personal relationships, and flexibility and adaptability. A) True B) False

A) True

Cultural differences necessitate adapting marketing activities to suit the specific needs of target markets. A) True B) False

A) True

Cultural intelligence focuses on specific capabilities important for high-quality personal relationships and effectiveness in culturally diverse settings and work groups. A) True B) False

A) True

Cultural values and attitudes can be transmitted through a variety of sources including parents, teachers, friends, government leaders, movies, television, and the Internet. A) True B) False

A) True

Differences in language and national character have similar effects as trade barriers. A) True B) False

A) True

Ethnocentric assumptions lead to poor business strategies in both planning and execution. A) True B) False

A) True

In China and Japan, a person's age is the most important determinant of employee promotion. A) True B) False

A) True

Polycentric orientation refers to ________. A) a host-country mind-set in which the manager develops a strong affinity with the country in which she or he conducts business B) the use of one's own culture as the standard for judging other cultures C) a collectivist mind-set, which emphasizes conformity, duty, prescribed roles, and sacrifice for the greater good D) the tendency to rely on elaborate verbal explanations, putting much emphasis on spoken words

A) a host-country mind-set in which the manager develops a strong affinity with the country in which she or he conducts business

Cultural intelligence is defined as ________. A) a person's ability to function effectively in situations characterized by cultural diversity B) the method of analyzing awkward situations in cross-cultural encounters by developing objectivity and empathy for other points of view C) the measurement of the inequalities in power that exist among people D) the information gathered by local firms about those entering foreign markets

A) a person's ability to function effectively in situations characterized by cultural diversity

Managers with a geocentric view of the world ________. A) are generally better at understanding and accommodating similarities and differences among cultures B) ritually avoid analyzing awkward situations in cross-cultural encounters C) have a strong preference for ambiguity D) tend to view other cultures through the lens of his/her own culture

A) are generally better at understanding and accommodating similarities and differences among cultures

Firms with high power distance are most likely to be characterized by ________. A) concentrated power among executives and little autonomy for subordinates B) an equal distribution of power among executives, managers, and lower-level employees C) a minimal gap between the powerful and the weak D) a highly flexible work environment

A) concentrated power among executives and little autonomy for subordinates

With regard to the iceberg concept of culture, ________ is the most deeply embedded. A) conversational patterns B) cooking C) courtship practices D) literature

A) conversational patterns

The purpose of material productions in a society is to ________. A) enable people to cope with their environments B) help unite people C) distinguish the dominant culture from minority cultures D) segregate people based on race and ethnicity

A) enable people to cope with their environments

As part of opening manufacturing units abroad, a U.S. apparel firm decided to send its apparel production coordinator Chris to Bangladesh. Chris is distressed that people don't come to meetings on time and finds it disrespectful when his team members stand too close to him. Chris may trigger a cross-cultural risk by a(n) ________. A) ethnocentric orientation B) anthropocentric orientation C) polycentric orientation D) geocentric orientation

A) ethnocentric orientation

In a deal-oriented culture, managers ________. A) focus on the task at hand and prefer getting down to business B) hold rigid attitudes, usually unfavorable and usually aimed at particular groups of people C) emphasize affiliations with people D) seek to build trust and rapport and get to know the other party in business interactions

A) focus on the task at hand and prefer getting down to business

Feminine cultures tend to emphasize ________. A) interdependence among people B) accumulation of wealth C) ambition D) competitiveness

A) interdependence among people

Which of the following religions has the largest number of adherents? A) Islam B) Christianity C) Hinduism D) Judaism

B) Christianity

A cultural metaphor is a generalization about a group of people that may or may not be factual. A) True B) False

B) False

An ethnocentric orientation positively impacts the ability of managers to manage business projects and new business practices abroad. A) True B) False

B) False

Businesses based in societies characterized by high uncertainty avoidance encourage managers to take risks and make quick decisions. A) True B) False

B) False

Communications, information, and transportation technologies have decreased people's ability to learn about and connect with unfamiliar cultures. A) True B) False

B) False

Cross-cultural risk is often intensified by managers with geocentric tendencies. A) True B) False

B) False

Culture refers to the inherited attitudinal traits of an individual A) True B) False

B) False

English is the most common primary language in the world. A) True B) False

B) False

Ethnocentric orientation refers to a host-country mind-set in which the manager develops a strong affinity with the country in which she or he conducts business. A) True B) False

B) False

In collectivist societies, competition for resources is the norm, and those who compete best are rewarded financially. A) True B) False

B) False

In companies with decentralized organizational structure, power is concentrated at the regional or corporate headquarters. A) True B) False

B) False

In societies with low uncertainty-avoidance, companies emphasize stable careers and produce many rules to regulate worker actions and minimize ambiguity. A) True B) False

B) False

________ are letters, figures, colors, or other characters that communicate a meaning. A) Rituals B) Symbols C) Norms D) Customs

B) Symbols

Acculturation is defined as the process of ________. A) segregating ethnic minorities by distinct groups B) adjusting and adapting to a culture other than one's own C) learning the behavioral patterns and rules of one's own society D) forcing minority cultures to adopt the values of the dominant culture

B) adjusting and adapting to a culture other than one's own

Advertising themes often convey unfavorable and embarrassing interpretations. This is most likely because ________. A) popular slogans used in international advertising do not use idiomatic expressions B) advertising themes often lose their original meaning in translation or give the wrong impression C) language is rarely subtle D) colloquial expressions are more likely than not to puzzle native speakers

B) advertising themes often lose their original meaning in translation or give the wrong impression

In cross-border business, successful managers ________. A) adhere to a self-reference criterion B) are empathetic to cultural differences C) overly emphasize the importance of business jargons in facilitating effective cross-cultural communication D) ritually avoid analyzing awkward situations in cross-cultural encounters

B) are empathetic to cultural differences

Prejudices in a culture ________. A) represent the symbolic, material, and creative productions unique to a society B) are rigidly held attitudes, usually unfavorable, and usually aimed at particular groups of people C) guide the development of our attitudes and preferences D) represent a person's judgment about what is important and what is not

B) are rigidly held attitudes, usually unfavorable, and usually aimed at particular groups of people

Low-context cultures tend to ________. A) emphasize nonverbal messages B) conduct negotiations as efficiently as possible C) view communication as a means to promote smooth, harmonious relationships D) prefer an indirect and polite face-saving style of communication

B) conduct negotiations as efficiently as possible

Which of the following types of assumptions is the cause of most problems between business managers and foreign employees? A) geocentric assumptions B) ethnocentric assumptions C) polycentric assumptions D) religious assumptions

B) ethnocentric assumptions

Using one's own culture as a standard for judging other cultures is known as ________. A) anthropocentric orientation B) ethnocentric orientation C) geocentric orientation D) polycentric orientation

B) ethnocentric orientation

Values in a culture ________. A) represent the symbolic, material, and creative productions unique to a society B) are rigidly held attitudes, usually unfavorable and usually aimed at particular groups of people C) represent a person's judgments about what is good or bad, acceptable or unacceptable, important or unimportant, and normal or abnormal D) are similar to opinions but are often unconsciously held and may not have a rational basis

C) represent a person's judgments about what is good or bad, acceptable or unacceptable, important or unimportant, and normal or abnormal

________ is the most populous Muslim country in the world. A) Saudi Arabia B) Iran C) Egypt D) Indonesia

D) Indonesia

In cultures with a monochronic view of time, people view time as linear, managers make commitments, set deadlines, and adhere to a strict schedule of meetings and activities. A) True B) False

A) True

In deal-oriented cultures, managers focus on the task at hand and prefer getting down to business. A) True B) False

A) True

Language has both verbal and nonverbal characteristics. A) True B) False

A) True

Most companies have a distinctive set of norms, values, and modes of behavior that distinguish them from other organizations. A) True B) False

A) True

Nonverbal communication belongs to the deep cultural makeup that we are unaware of. A) True B) False

A) True

Religion belongs to the folk cultural makeup that we are aware of. A) True B) False

A) True

The Internet and other communications technologies imply greater likelihood of cross-cultural miscommunications and blunder. A) True B) False

A) True

In polychronic cultures, ________. A) members are easily distracted and are inclined to do many tasks at once B) people view time as linear and punctuality as a virtue C) managers make commitments, set deadlines, and adhere to a strict schedule of meetings and activities D) managers and investors are impatient and want quick returns

A) members are easily distracted and are inclined to do many tasks at once

Which of the following refers to the extent to which people can tolerate risk in their lives? A) uncertainty avoidance B) long-term versus short-term orientation C) power distance D) individualism

A) uncertainty avoidance

In the advanced economies, firms that engage in services such as lodging and retailing account for a much lesser share of FDI than firms that manufacture products. A) True B) False

B) False

Japan and China are examples of low-context cultures. A) True B) False

B) False

Managers with an ethnocentric view of the world are generally better at understanding and dealing with similarities and differences among cultures. A) True B) False

B) False

Which of the following is characteristic of collectivist societies? A) In collectivist societies, each person tends to focus on his or her own self-interest. B) In collectivist societies, compromise and conformity help maintain group harmony. C) In collectivist societies, ties among people are relatively loose. D) In collectivist societies, those who compete best are rewarded financially.

B) In collectivist societies, compromise and conformity help maintain group harmony.

Managers can achieve effective cross-cultural interaction by ________. A) resisting cultural homogeneity B) keeping an open mind and being inquisitive C) rushing into conclusions about other's behaviors D) using business jargons to facilitate communication

B) keeping an open mind and being inquisitive

Which of the following is a cultural barrier inherent to service firms that internationalize via FDI? A) Service firms are unable to infiltrate international markets due to language issues. B) The source of a firm's funding determines the location of its international subsidiaries. C) A firm's corporate culture is overly influenced by its national culture. D) Firms that internationalize via FDI usually make large spending cuts on advertising campaigns.

C) A firm's corporate culture is overly influenced by its national culture.

The culture of which of the following countries has a close conversational distance? A) Russia B) Sweden C) Brazil D) United States

C) Brazil

________ refers to the values, beliefs, customs, arts, and other products of human thought and work that characterize the people of a given society. A) Ethnicity B) Heritage C) Culture D) Race

C) Culture

Which of the following situations is an example of geocentric orientation? A) Marsha, CEO of QST Solutions, believes that top level executives at her company should be Americans to avoid any communication gaps. B) The Gram Group of retail stores decided to open branches in China and focus on changing their policies to suit the Chinese population to maximize profits. C) Derek, the VP of Banner Technologies, wants managers from the firm's India office to visit the U.S. branch to provide training to American officials visiting India. D) Chill & Break Inc., an American global coffee company, is used to judging other cultures by the standards of its own culture.

C) Derek, the VP of Banner Technologies, wants managers from the firm's India office to visit the U.S. branch to provide training to American officials visiting India.

Which of the following managers portrays high uncertainty avoidance? A) Greg manages the market development fund team for a leading computer manufacturing firm. He is entrepreneurial and makes decisions quickly under tough situations. B) James is the business head of marketing in a leading automobile manufacturing company. He coaches his team members to become accustomed to risk and organizational change. C) Henry is the managing editor at Paes publications. He emphasizes careful evaluation of all options and ensuring they are consistent with company policies, which often slows down the progress. D) David manages the technical team at TR Solutions. He is open to different opinions from team members and is not threatened by differing opinions.

C) Henry is the managing editor at Paes publications. He emphasizes careful evaluation of all options and ensuring they are consistent with company policies, which often slows down the progress.

Which of the following is NOT true about Islam? A) Islam prohibits gambling. B) Islam condemns charging interest for money loaned. C) Islam discourages free trade. D) Islam prohibits drinking alcoholic drinks .

C) Islam discourages free trade.

Which of the following is true about language? A) Language does not entail facial expressions and gestures. B) National languages, dialects, and translation facilitate straightforward communication. C) Language has both verbal and nonverbal characteristics. D) Business jargons are common across cultures.

C) Language has both verbal and nonverbal characteristics.

Which of the following situations illustrate a polychronic perspective? A) When a North American talks to a Latin American, he or she may unconsciously back up to maintain personal space. B) In Islamic countries close interaction between men and women is not encouraged in public places. C) Latin Americans have a flexible perception of time and may not arrive exactly at the pre-determined time for appointments. D) People in young countries like Australia, Canada, and the United States are relatively focused on schedules, punctuality, and time as a resource.

C) Latin Americans have a flexible perception of time and may not arrive exactly at the pre-determined time for appointments.

Which of the following is true about low-context cultures? A) People belonging to low-context cultures do not prefer explicit communications. B) Low-context cultures emphasize an indirect and polite face-saving style of communication. C) Low-context cultures rely on elaborate verbal explanations, putting much emphasis on spoken words. D) People belonging to low-context cultures view communication as a means to promote smooth, harmonious relationships.

C) Low-context cultures rely on elaborate verbal explanations, putting much emphasis on spoken words.

High power-distance countries are characterized by ________. A) organizations that grant a high degree of autonomy to lower-level employees B) a strong desire to minimize gaps between the powerful and the weak C) a relative indifference toward social inequalities D) a relative equality in terms of income and power

C) a relative indifference toward social inequalities

Jordan is employed in an American investment firm and is currently working with some Japanese clients on a new project. He uses a lot of hand gestures during meetings which his clients find very distracting and rude. This has also led to many misunderstandings between Jordan and his Japanese clients in the recent past. Which of the following best describes such a situation? A) risk aversion B) organizational anarchy C) cross-cultural risk D) acculturation

C) cross-cultural risk

Business dealings in low-context cultures are characterized by ________. A) a high degree of sensitivity to the context B) a high degree of mutual respect C) efficient negotiations D) complex rituals

C) efficient negotiations

Socialization is defined as ________. A) the process of segregating people into different racial groups in a society B) the process of adjusting and adapting to a culture other than one's own C) the process of learning the rules and behavioral patterns appropriate to one's given society D) a situation or event in which a cultural misunderstanding puts some human value at stake

C) the process of learning the rules and behavioral patterns appropriate to one's given society

Self-reference criterion is ________. A) the tendency to assume that all people from one culture are the same B) the tendency to understand a culture without regard to country boundaries C) the propensity to view other cultures through the lens of one's own culture D) the propensity to understand culture as an inherited trait

C) the propensity to view other cultures through the lens of one's own culture

Which of the following countries is an example of a strongly collectivist society? A) Ireland B) Canada C) Australia D) China

D) China

________ belongs to the folk cultural makeup that we are aware of. A) Fine arts B) Methods of problem solving C) Nonverbal communications D) Diet

D) Diet

Culture is not ________. A) about beliefs and values of society B) relative C) a collective phenomenon D) inherited

D) inherited

An idiom ________. A) refers to the objective analysis of a situation B) refers to the perception about someone or something that may or may not be true C) is a highly ambiguous rhetoric device used in high-context cultures D) is an expression whose symbolic meaning is different from its literal meaning

D) is an expression whose symbolic meaning is different from its literal meaning

Titania is a country characterized by a high-context culture. This implies that ________. A) the people of Titania tend to conduct negotiations as efficiently as possible B) the people of Titania tend to use legalistic contracts to conclude agreements C) business is primarily deal-oriented in Titania D) personal relations and goodwill are valued in Titania

D) personal relations and goodwill are valued in Titania

Cross-cultural proficiency is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) perceptiveness B) flexibility and adaptability C) valuing personal relationships D) tolerance for ambiguity

D) tolerance for ambiguity