Ch.3 Leadership and Motivation: What Works

Herzberg's motivation-hygiene theory

(1) items that influence the degree of job dissatisfaction, called maintenance or hygiene factors, which relate mostly to the work environment, and (2) factors that influence the degree of job satisfaction, called motivators, which relate to the work itself.

Leadership

- "Leadership is the process of directing the behavior of others toward the accomplishment of some objective." - "The process of influencing the activities of an individual or a group in efforts toward goal achievement in a given situation." - "The process of directing and influencing the task-related activities of group members."

Leadership styles

- Authority-compliance management (9,1) - Country club management (1,9) - Middle-of-the-road management (5,5) - Impoverished management (1,1) - Team management (9,9)

Ohio State University studies

1945 identified leadership behavior in two dimensions: initiating structure and consideration.

Argyris's maturity-immaturity theory

According to Argyris, people naturally progress from immaturity to maturity

Which concept involves a problem that cannot be solved with one's existing knowledge and skills and requires people to make a shift in their expectations, attitudes, or habits of behavior?

Adaptive Change

Middle of the Road Management (5,5)

Adequate organization performance is possible through balancing the necessity to get out work with maintaining moral of people at a satisfactory level.

Which theories focus on the individuals' needs, wants, and desires and attempt to explain internal needs that motivate people's behavior?

Content Theories

Which of the following involves participative management or dispersed leadership?

Empowerment

Equity theory

Essentially, employees examine the rewards they receive in relation to the rewards and efforts of others in the organization.

Katz identified three essential skills that leaders should possess: technical skills, human skills, and conceptual skills. Which leadership skill involves working with people and include being thoroughly familiar with what motivates employees and how to utilize group processes?

Human Skills

Situational leadership

In its most basic framework, the model details a continuum of leader and follower actions that progresses through four cycles, -participating - selling - delegating - telling

Likert's leadership styles

Likert identified four distinct leadership types: exploitive-authoritarian, benevolent-authoritarian, consultative, and participative.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Maslow's work focused on human needs and wants. He viewed people as perpetually wanting in nature and described their needs as insatiable. According to Maslow, people's needs are not random but progress in a "hierarchy of needs" from survival to security, social, ego-esteem, and self-actualization needs,

Which theories attempt to explain how people are motivated and focus on the interplay of the individual with forces in the workplace?

Process Theories

A leader operates on the ________ of the organization.

Spiritual Resources

Groundbreaking strategies emerging from strategic thinking still have to be operationalized through ________.

Strategic Management

Which of the following involves a leader or manager who attempts to maximize unit-effectiveness through continued oversight and motivation?

Sustainable leadership

Based on the study by Swanson and Territo, which leadership style is most popular among police department?

Team Management

Innovative sergeants

They focus on community policing and community building. They want to have an impact on the community and the conditions that cause crime and disorder.

Expectancy theory

This theory holds that people are motivated primarily by a felt need that affects behavior; however, Vroom's theory adds the issue of motivation strength—an individual's degree of desire to perform a behavior. - According to this model, motivation strength is determined by the perceived value of performing a task or job and the perceived probability that the work performed will result in an appropriate reward.

Technical skills

are those a manager needs to ensure that specific tasks are performed correctly. They are based on proven knowledge, procedures, or techniques. A supervisor's technical skills may involve knowledge in areas such as high-risk tactics, law, and criminal procedures.

Trait theory

assumed that some people were born leaders, and that good leaders could be studied to determine the special traits that leaders possess. From an organizational standpoint, this trait theory had great appeal. For example, in the police field it was assumed that all that was needed was for leaders with these special traits to be identified and promoted to managerial positions within the department.

Process theories

attempt to explain how people are motivated and focus on the interplay of the individual with forces in the workplace

McClelland's achievement, power and affiliation theory

believed that individual needs were acquired over time and as a result of experience.

Traditional sergeants

believed their officers should make large numbers of arrests and issue large numbers of citations. They essentially are bean counters.

Legitimate power

comes from an individual's authority or position in the organization. For example, a police captain as a consequence of his or her position is vested with a level of power

Expertise power

comes with someone's familiarity and ability to perform some task or function. For example, evidence technicians are lower-level employees, but they derive power at crime scenes as a result of their knowledge of evidence.

University of Michigan studies

conducted a series of studies of leadership behavior in relation to job satisfaction and productivity in business and industrial work groups. - The researchers determined that leaders must have a sense of the task to be accomplished as well as the environment in which the followers worked.

Consideration

consist of a manager's concern for subordinates.

Strategic management

current and future perspectives and potential changes must be considered

Strategic planning

current and future perspectives and potential changes must be considered.

Authority Compliance management (9,1)

efficiency in operations results from arranging conditions of work in such a way that human elements interfere to a minimum degree.

Impoverished management (1,1)

exertion of minimum effort to get required work done is appropriate to sustain organization membership

Content theories

focus on the individuals' needs, wants, and desires and attempt to explain internal needs that motivate people's behavior.

Contingency theory

focuses on the capabilities of subordinates, job responsibilities, and the work environment.

Motivation

generally refers to "the set of processes that arouse, direct, and maintain human behavior toward attaining some goal

Managerial grid

has two dimensions: concern for production or productivity and concern for people. Each axis or dimension is numbered from 1, meaning low concern, to 9, indicating a high concern. The horizontal axis represents the concern for production and performance goals, and the vertical axis represents the concern for human relations or empathy.

Supportive sergeants

have a need to be liked and tend to provide their subordinates with little direction. They see one of their roles as protecting their subordinates from management. They are largely ineffective

Zone of indifference

in which subordinates do not respect their leader or they question his or her directives.

Interpersonal role

includes leadership and liaison or human relations duties. - the manager to motivate and coordinate workers while attaining different goals and needs within the department and the community.

Conceptual skills

involve "coordinating and integrating all the activities and interests of the organization toward a common objective.

Human skills

involve working with people and include being thoroughly familiar with what motivates employees and how to utilize group processes.

Informational role

involves the monitoring/inspecting and disseminating information and acting as spokesperson.

Authority

is a grant made by the formal organization to a position, which the person occupying that position wields in carrying out his or her duties.

Force field analysis

is a process where the leader or manager who is attempting to implement change specifies the change (organizational arrangements and behavior), and then identifies the forces that support or facilitate the change as well as the forces that impede the change as depicted

Reward power

is the ability to provide subordinates something of value for their exemplary services, for example, salary increase, high performance appraisals, new equipment, desired days off, compliments, and so on.

Power

is the foundation of leadership, and it consists primarily of the ability to sanction others for inadequate performance

Transformational leadership

is where the leader or manager attempts to change direction to broaden the interests and horizons of subordinates and move to a new direction.

Sustainable leadership

is where the leader or manager attempts to maximize unit effectiveness through continued oversight and motivation.

Engel's supervisory styles

lieutenants and sergeants' styles of supervision

Decision-making role

occurs at all levels in the police organization. Chiefs and sheriffs make decisions about policies, priorities, and budgets.

Which phase of the situational leadership model involves officers becoming more confident and sharing ideas?

participating

Initiating structure

referred to supervisory behavior that focused on the achievement of organizational goals and included characteristics such as assigning subordinates to particular tasks, holding subordinates accountable for following rules and procedures, and informing subordinates of what is expected of them

Planning cycle

s used for strategic planning—the initial steps to be taken in the process—with appropriate involvement by all stakeholders.

Active sergeants

tend to write large numbers of citations and make large numbers of arrests. They are glorified police officers, not supervisors

Coercion power

the ability to punish someone for inadequate service. - generally entails using a department's disciplinary system.

Country Club Management (1,9)

thoughtful attention to the needs of people for satisfying relationships leads to a comfortable, friendly organization atmosphere and work tempo

Empowerment

which is also known as participative management or dispersed leadership.

Team Management (9,9)

work accomplishment is from committed people; interdependence through a "common stake" in organization purposes leads to relationships of trust and respect