Ch3 Socialization

30. The "dramaturgical approach" to understanding socialization and the development of the self utilizes the view of life as a stage on which people interact; where all people are both actors and audience, and the parts are the roles people play in their daily lives.

Ans: T Page: 85-86

34. Socialization is as important during old age as it is during other stages of adult development.

Ans: T Page: 92-93

35. In recent years, the importance of retirement has been challenged.

Ans: T Page: 93-94

9. Social learning theory, a microlevel theory, suggests we are socialized through positive and negative reinforcements by the significant people in our lives.

Ans: T Pages: 72-73

25. The "looking-glass self" is Charles Cooley's concept that suggests we tend to see ourselves as we imagine others see us.

Ans: T Pages: 82-83

26. Self-esteem is governed by three principles: reflected appraisals, social comparisons, and self-attribution.

Ans: T Pages: 83-84

29. Erving Goffman's concept, "impression management," refers to our practice of presenting ourselves to others in ways that might cause them to view us favorably.

Ans: T Pages: 85-86

96. In much of the world, adolescence A. occurs before puberty. B. does not occur until the late twenties. C. is more pronounced and pervasive than in the United States. D. is not a socially distinct period in the human life course.

Ans: D Page: 88

103. The developmental tasks confronting young adults typically center on two core tasks: A. sex and marriage. B. college and housing. C. job hunting and staying healthy. D. love and work.

Ans: D Page: 89

98. In the United States, most people make the transition to adulthood by about the age of A. 16. B. 19. C. 23. D. 26.

Ans: D Page: 90-91

108. ________ percent of the elderly function without any limitation. A. Twenty B. Twenty-five C. Thirty-three D. Fifty to sixty

Ans: D Page: 92

117. In 2001, __________ percent of survey respondents said that they thought doctors should be allowed to "comply with the wishes of a dying patient in severe distress who asks to have his or her life ended." A. 35 B. 45 C. 55 D. 65

Ans: D Page: 93

19. According to the text, neither genetic factors nor learning processes alone can produce a language-using human being.

Ans: T Page: 77-78

21. Cultural diversity in the workplace helped to create the need for greater sensitivity regarding people's use of such nonverbal communication as eye contact.

Ans: T Page: 79

22. The idea that people vary in their perceptions of and reactions to different situations was an observation of W. I. Thomas in his concept of "definition of the situation."

Ans: T Page: 81

63. Communication A. is a nonessential feature of the socialization process. B. allows us to establish a "commonness" with one another that makes socialization possible. C. allows us to develop our innate uniqueness that makes socialization possible. D. includes only those verbal processes that allow us to talk to one another.

Ans: B Page: 77

80. Personal efficacy is A. one of the few social processes that is unaffected by the socialization process. B. the belief that we cannot overcome environmental obstacles and achieve our goals. C. the belief that we can overcome obstacles and achieve our goals. D. a belief that does not require that we achieve things.

Ans: C Page: 84

81. According to George H. Mead, the key to children's development of the self resides in the children's A. ability to separate themselves from their parents. B. reliance on the outside world for survival. C. acquisition of language. D. physical maturity.

Ans: C Page: 84-85

93. The concept of childhood A. is a cultural universal. B. expresses kinship ties. C. is of relatively recent origin. D. has always existed.

Ans: C Page: 87

101. "Generation gap" studies show that adolescents are A. influenced by peers rather than parents. B. influenced by parents rather than peers. C. influenced by peers on some issues and parents on others. D. rebellious and rely solely on their own opinions at this age.

Ans: C Page: 89

39. The sociological view of human beings is that A. we are born with a large set of behavioral instincts. B. we are not born as social beings, but become social only through the process of socialization. C. our culture is programmed through the genetic makeup of society. D. our humanness is no different from the abilities that characterize other living creatures.

Ans: B Page: 70-73

42. Human socialization presupposes that A. the socialization process can overcome inadequate genetic capacity. B. adequate genetic endowment and environment are available. C. Neither of the above is correct. D. A and B are correct.

Ans: B Page: 70-73

85. The primary role model for children in George H. Mead's "play" stage is a A. diffused other, such as a distant cousin. B. generalized other, such as a sense of community. C. unilinear other. D. significant other, such as a parent.

Ans: D Page: 84-85

52. In Piaget's theory, the preoperational stage A. involves children's gradual realization that they exist independently of the people and things around them. B. includes the learning of symbols and language. C. involves the child's development of abstract thought. D. includes the development of logic.

Ans: B Page: 73

94. Most American children have mastered the complicated and abstract structure of the English language by their __________ birthday. A. first B. second C. third D. fourth

Ans: D Page: 87

95. Children display "people-oriented responses" A. only when they have nearly reached adolescence. B. immediately at birth. C. usually around ten years of age. D. quite early - even before their first birthday.

Ans: D Page: 88

55. A major component of Piaget's preoperational stage is A. children's awareness and understanding that they are "children" in the full meaning of the word. B. the children's identification of themselves as boys or girls. C. learning the meaning of religion. D. understanding the role of family.

Ans: B Page: 73

56. Reflexive behavior is A. rooted in conflict theory. B. a component of symbolic interactionism in which people observe, interpret, evaluate, communicate with, and attempt to control themselves. C. a major feature of parapsychology. D. behavior that is totally dominated by one's genetic heritage.

Ans: B Page: 73-74

60. The _________ is NOT one of the Breakfast Club characters that Bonnie Barber and her colleagues used in their research. A. Brain B. Dork C. Basket Case D. Princess

Ans: B Page: 76

62. All social interaction involves A. verbalization. B. communication. C. vision. D. hearing.

Ans: B Page: 77

40. Cases of children raised in conditions of extreme social isolation show the A. inadequacy of our biological equipment to produce a normal human personality in the absence of social interaction. B. inadequacy of social interaction in overcoming biological limitations. C. ability of rehabilitation to correct the effects of childhood deprivation after puberty. D. tendency of parents to isolate illegitimate children.

Ans: A Page: 70-73

48. Social learning theory includes the importance of ____________ in the socialization process. A. conditioning B. sensorimotor development C. meaning conceptualization D. schools

Ans: A Page: 72-73

51. In Piaget's theory, the sensorimotor stage of development A. involves children's gradual realization that they exist independently of the people and things around them. B. usually lasts about 5 years. C. involves the child's development of language. D. involves the child's development of abstract thought.

Ans: A Page: 73

71. The self is formed A. through interaction with others. B. before birth. C. from hereditary influences. D. before communication is possible.

Ans: A Page: 81

88. When ________, it illustrates Goffman's idea of "frontstage" behavior? A. waiters serve guests in a restaurant B. waiters interact with each other in a kitchen C. friends talk with each other D. parents converse with each other about their children

Ans: A Page: 85-86

90. Goffman's dramaturgical approach to human interaction emphasizes that A. we may radically alter our self-expression as we move from situation to situation. B. the self is a fixed, rigid entity defined by a social script. C. the frontstage and backstage selves are signs of a disturbed psyche. D. the self is not influenced appreciably by setting or context.

Ans: A Page: 85-86

100. Apprenticeships, internships, or children playing house are examples of A. the process of anticipatory socialization. B. impression management. C. status seeking. D. egoistic bias.

Ans: A Page: 87

102. Recent developments in the Western world A. lengthened the transition to adulthood. B. forced children to grow up faster. C. decreased life expectancy. D. decreased the need for adolescence.

Ans: A Page: 88

104. Developmental social psychologists, like Erik Erikson and Daniel Levinson, emphasize the A. passage through stages that must each be resolved before successful advancement to the next stage. B. ability of adulthood stages to compensate for early childhood crises. C. reliance of psychological development on biological precipitators. D. reliance of psychological development on economic conditions.

Ans: A Page: 89-91

97. In 2002, the National Opinion Research Center asked U.S. adult survey respondents to rate the importance of various life transitions and events as indicators or adulthood. _________ was NOT mentioned. A. Reaching sexual maturity B. Being finished with school C. Being employed full-time D. Being financially independent

Ans: A Page: 90-91

110. The older people get, the more likely they are to be A. stereotyped negatively. B. stereotyped positively. C. not stereotyped at all. D. accorded high status due to their age.

Ans: A Page: 93

37. The process of social interaction through which people acquire the knowledge, attitudes, values, and behaviors essential for effective participation in society is called A. acculturation. B. socialization. C. socialism. D. symbolic interactionism.

Ans: B Page: 70-73

66. Critics of Chomsky's language acquisition device argue that A. human interaction is not necessary for children to learn a language adequately. B. human interaction is necessary for children to learn a language adequately. C. simple exposure to language is sufficient to set the processes of learning language into motion. D. language is genetically programmed in all of us.

Ans: B Page: 78

70. The Thomas Theorem states that A. if something can go wrong, it will. B. if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences. C. work expands to fill the time available to complete it. D. people rise to their level of incompetence.

Ans: B Page: 78

72. Cooley's looking-glass self refers to A. our fetish with examining ourselves in a mirror. B. a process by which we view ourselves as we believe others see us. C. a process by which we mirror our views of others to them. D. the process in which we "ape" the behavior of others around us.

Ans: B Page: 82-84

83. According to George H. Mead, when we respond to how we think others perceive us as a subject, the __________ component of the self is being illustrated. A. me B. I C. you D. significant other

Ans: B Page: 84-85

84. When George H. Mead explained the process of role taking, he asserted that A. we consciously steal others' roles through imitation. B. we are, at the same time, the subject doing the viewing and the object being viewed. C. most people are neurotic. D. most people have multiple personalities.

Ans: B Page: 84-85

86. The stage at which a child begins to learn how to assume and play many different, but complementary, roles in George H. Mead's theory is the A. play stage. B. game stage. C. generalized-other stage. D. psychosexual stage.

Ans: B Page: 84-85

113. The text refers to the painless putting to death of an individual who suffers from an incurable and painful disease as A. mercy killing. B. euthanasia. C. death with dignity. D. Dr. Kevorkianism.

Ans: B Page: 94

49. Conditioning, social reinforcement, and observational learning are components of A. symbolic interactionism. B. social learning theory. C. cognitive development theory. D. conflict theory.

Ans: B Pages: 72-73

75. The looking-glass self involves A. an objective definition of reality. B. a subjective definition of reality. C. a universal definition of reality. D. no definition of reality.

Ans: B Pages: 82-84

105. Daniel J. Levinson's view of adulthood included the idea that A. adulthood was the least complicated of life's stages. B. the overriding task confronting adults is the creation of a structure for life. C. adults were essentially children in larger bodies. D. once a life structure is established, there is little need for modification throughout the rest of the life course.

Ans: B Pages: 89-901

112. According to the text, A. most Americans have an uninterrupted work life. B. when women retire, they withdraw only from paid labor. C. race does not affect the retirement picture. D. None of the above is correct.

Ans: B Pages: 93-94

38. Socialization A. benefits individuals, but not necessarily the society at large. B. benefits the society, but seldom works to the advantage of the individual. C. ideally blends the ideas of culture to the capacities and needs of the individual for the mutual benefit of the individual and society. D. benefits neither the individual nor society.

Ans: C Page: 70-73

45. Human beings are A. locked into an unchangeable body that interacts with a changeable social system. B. locked into a rigidly structured society that interacts with a changeable body. C. not locked into an unchangeable body or an unchangeable society; both can change and each influences the other. D. passive agents, shaping neither themselves nor their environments.

Ans: C Page: 72

53. In Piaget's theory, the concrete operational stage A. involves children's gradual realization that they exist independently of the people and things around them. B. includes the development of language. C. is where children begin to think more abstractly by being able to separate symbols from the things they represent. D. focuses on the development of logic.

Ans: C Page: 73

64. Noam Chomsky's observations of language suggest that A. language will develop regardless of the society in which one lives. B. language does not involve any predisposition; it is totally a learned capacity. C. human beings possess an inborn language-generating mechanism that only requires that the child learn the specific peculiarities of his or her society's language. D. genetic factors play no role in language development.

Ans: C Page: 78

65. The case of the boy with normal hearing but with deaf parents highlights the idea that A. learning gestures is a sufficient method of communication. B. even though isolated, he was able to form a sufficient pattern of communication for adequate socialization to occur. C. to learn a language, children must be able to interact with people in that language. D. the importance of maturational factors in the development of language.

Ans: C Page: 78

68. Nonverbal communication gestures A. have universally accepted meanings. B. ease cross-cultural communication problems. C. are especially susceptible to cultural interpretations. D. are impractical considerations in people's daily lives.

Ans: C Page: 78-79

77. The Thomas Theorem states that A. phenomena have inherent, intrinsic meaning. B. the meaning of things is essentially unimportant. C. we respond not only to objective features of a situation, but also to its meaning, a process that has an effect on both our behavior and its results. D. A and B are correct.

Ans: C Page: 81

61. According to symbolic interactionists, the most important agents of socialization are A. the schools. B. the peers of the child. C. dependent on how they are defined and interpreted by people before they actually influence behavior. D. members of the mass media.

Ans: C Page: 82

73. The looking-glass self is an ongoing mental process involving three phases with the last phase involving A. imagining how we appear to others. B. imagining how others judge our appearance. C. a sense of self-evaluation. D. imagining how we view others.

Ans: C Page: 82-84

76. A self-concept differs from a self-image in that the self-concept is more A. accurate. B. subjective. C. long-term. D. temporary.

Ans: C Page: 82-84

106. Evidence suggests that A. women progress through a different set of stages than men. B. the stages women pass through take longer than those passed through by men. C. women progress through the same developmental periods as do men, but there are important differences. D. men take longer to pass through their stages than do women.

Ans: C Page: 91

114. In doing cost-benefit analysis of pollution regulations, the Environmental Protection Agency used a figure for the value of a senior citizen's life that was about __________ than the value for younger people's lives. A. 11 percent less B. 19 percent less C. 38 percent less D. 25 percent more

Ans: C Page: 94

43. Recent interest in the roles of nature and nurture in the development of human personality centers on the issue(s) of A. which factor is more important. B. to what degree the differences between people can be attributed to each factor. C. how specific hereditary and environmental factors interact. D. which factor ultimately determines personality traits.

Ans: C Pages: 70-73

58. Agents of socialization A. are primarily those significant people found in the formal school setting. B. have been replaced in recent times by the peer group. C. include the school, the family, the peer group, and the mass media. D. Have minor impact on the personality development of the child.

Ans: C Pages: 74-75

87. Erving Goffman calls our presentation of self in ways that will lead others to view us in a favorable light A. self-actualization. B. the looking-glass self. C. impression management. D. the self-concept.

Ans: C Pages: 85-86

89. If we take special steps to influence how another person views us, Goffman would say we probably are engaging in A. vulgar deceit. B. superficiality. C. impression management. D. self-esteem development.

Ans: C Pages: 85-86

91. According to Goffman's dramaturgical view of human interaction, when we dress up for a special event such as a job interview, we are engaging in A. egoistic bias. B. calculated deception. C. impression management. D. ego enhancement.

Ans: C Pages: 85-86

99. Erik Erikson believed that the main task of adolescence is to A. conquer and moderate sexual impulses and hormonal changes. B. graduate from high school. C. build and confirm a reasonably stable identity. D. separate from parents.

Ans: C Pages: 88-89

107. Psychologist Carol Gilligan found that A. men view human interaction as central to their life development. B. the development of women involves a steady progression of stages. C. the development of women involves the recovery in adulthood of confidence, assertiveness, and a positive sense of self that are lost during adolescence. D. there is no difference in the progression of stages for men and women.

Ans: C Pages: 92

41. The problems experienced by Genie, the social isolate, are believed to demonstrate A. that childhood is the critical period in the development of language ability. B. that once a child enters puberty, such problems cannot be overcome. C. nothing that is sociologically based. D. A and B are correct.

Ans: D Page: 70

46. The two primary macrolevel theories of socialization A. are symbolic interactionism and social learning theory. B. take the position that social values, norms, and beliefs play a limited role in the development of society. C. reject the notion of social determinism. D. are functionalism and conflict theory; both view socialization as having important consequences for society as a whole.

Ans: D Page: 72

47. Three microlevel theories of socialization A. focus on how socialization occurs. B. are functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic socialism. C. include social learning theory, cognitive developmental theory, and symbolic interactionism. D. A and C are correct.

Ans: D Page: 72-73

50. Piaget's cognitive development theory included the importance of A. four stages of development from birth to adulthood. B. the power of parents in dictating the development of the child. C. a person's ability to understand and interpret the world. D. A and C are correct.

Ans: D Page: 73

54. In Piaget's theory, the formal operations stage A. includes children's sudden realization that they exist independently of the people and things around them. B. is where children learn language. C. is where children learn abstract thought. D. is marked by a deeper, more complex way of viewing the world, including the ability to critically evaluate others' points of view.

Ans: D Page: 73

57. Today, _____ percent of mothers with children under school age are in the workforce. A. 30 B. 40 C. 50 D. more than 60

Ans: D Page: 74

59. The average American child spends between __________ hours with a television every day. A. one and two B. two and three C. three and four D. three and six

Ans: D Page: 75

67. Cultural diversity in the workplace created a need for A. understanding genetic differences in the development of language. B. desensitizing workers regarding the nuances of language. C. learning more effective verbal skills. D. greater sensitivity among workers regarding people's use of nonverbal communication.

Ans: D Page: 78-79

69. Nonverbal communication A. includes body language. B. includes paralanguage. C. is considered to make up the bulk of all our communication experience. D. All the above are correct.

Ans: D Page: 78-79

78. Martha believes that if she doesn't wear her lucky hat, she'll flunk her algebra test. She forgets her hat, and becomes so anxious about forgetting it that she flunks the exam. This is an example of A. the power of positive thinking. B. the Thomas Theorem. C. a definition of the situation. D. B and C are correct.

Ans: D Page: 81

79. Self-esteem includes our A. perception of how others appraise us. B. comparison of our performance, ability, or other characteristics to those of others. C. belief that we are responsible for a characteristic that results in credit or blame. D. All the above are correct.

Ans: D Page: 82-83

82. According to George H. Mead, the "generalized other" is the attitude of A. a significant role model. B. a caregiver. C. one's family. D. the larger community in which one is socialized.

Ans: D Page: 84-85

111. According to the text, A. 75 percent of American men 65 and over are married and living with their wives. B. 44 percent of American women 65 and over are married and living with their husbands. C. the higher a woman's education and socioeconomic class, the more disorganized her self-identity and life become after her husband's death. D. All the above are correct.

Ans: D Page: 94

115. Today, __________ percent of U.S. citizens die of long-term illnesses including heart disease, Alzheimer's, and cancer. A. 40 B. 50 C. 60 D. 70

Ans: D Page: 94

116. __________ is a program or mode of care that attempts to make the dying experience less painful and emotionally traumatic for patients and their families. A. Euthanasia B. Mercy killing C. Managed care D. A hospice

Ans: D Page: 95

44. The study of the enzyme disorder among the inhabitants of island of Sardinia showed that A. beans activated the disease. B. the disorder was genetically based. C. the beans and genetics caused the disease. D. it is an oversimplification to think of organisms as passive objects that are programmed by either genetics or environment.

Ans: D Pages: 71-72

74. The only area where nonverbal communication possibly may be universal in meaning is A. hand gesturing. B. proxemics. C. touch. D. facial expression.

Ans: D Pages: 77; 79

92. The concept of "life course" refers to A. a process that begins with conception and continues throughout life until one's death. B. a network of age-graded stages in life. C. a subject that has produced increased interest as a sociological issue in recent years. D. All the above are correct.

Ans: D Pages: 86-87

109. Recent research indicates that A. many skills improve with age, including verbal abilities and social skills. B. adult brains grow new neurons. C. the elderly have better mental health than younger people. D. All the above are correct.

Ans: D Pages: 93

3. The studies of Anna, Isabelle, and Genie all testify to the importance of biological equipment in the production of a normal human personality.

Ans: F Page: 69-70

2. Human socialization presupposes that as long as a child has an adequate genetic makeup, environmental conditions have little impact on human development.

Ans: F Page: 70

5. Organisms are basically passive objects programmed by internal genetic forces or shaped by the external environment.

Ans: F Page: 70-72

10. Cognitive developmental theory, a macrolevel theory, proposes that what and how we learn depends on the objective social "facts" that we encounter in the world.

Ans: F Page: 73

15. In their investigation of high school students, Bonnie Barber and her colleagues discovered that the crowd identities and activities of tenth graders fail to predict adult outcomes.

Ans: F Page: 76

16. The diversity and uniqueness of human beings make socialization possible.

Ans: F Page: 77

23. The "Thomas Theorem" suggests that people respond only to the objective features of situations they encounter.

Ans: F Page: 81

24. The "egocentric bias" claims that we tend to be quite egotistical in situations where an action is directed at us.

Ans: F Page: 82

27. According to George H. Mead, the key to children's development of the self is found in their acquisition of a conscience.

Ans: F Page: 84-85

28. The "generalized other" is an attitude children acquire that is essentially the attitude of their parents.

Ans: F Page: 84-85

32. The socialization process ends at the conclusion of adolescence.

Ans: F Page: 90

33. Middle adulthood contains more concrete boundaries than infancy, childhood, and adolescence.

Ans: F Page: 91-92

36. Today, over 75 percent of Americans die at home.

Ans: F Page: 95

13. According to the text, we cannot overestimate the direct impact of the mass media on the socialization process.

Ans: F Pages: 75; 77

20. Verbal symbols provide the essence and primary impact of any communication experience.

Ans: F Pages: 78-79

31. In the United States, most people make the transition to adulthood by about the age of 16.

Ans: F Pages: 88-89

1. Socialization allows the renewal of culture from one generation to the next.

Ans: T Page: 70

4. As genetic research continues, evidence is emerging that anorexia, alcoholism, and antisocial behavior have genetic components.

Ans: T Page: 70-72

6. Biological influences on behavior may themselves be influenced by the environment.

Ans: T Page: 70-72

7. While learning, the human being modifies itself by responding; human organisms literally change themselves by their own actions.

Ans: T Page: 72-73

8. Both functionalism and conflict theory view the socialization process as important to society as a whole and to the individual.

Ans: T Page: 72-73

11. According to symbolic interactionism theory, the individual takes an important and active role in the learning process.

Ans: T Page: 73-74

12. The family, peer group, schools, and the mass media are examples of agents of socialization.

Ans: T Page: 74-75

14. Half of all school-aged children from kindergarten through 8th grade are in nonparental care programs after school.

Ans: T Page: 75

18. Media-related aggression can be reduced by changing children's attitudes toward the violence they see on television and in video games.

Ans: T Page: 77

17. Noam Chomsky, a linguist, proposed that human beings possess a language-generating characteristic that is biologically channeled.

Ans: T Page: 77-78