CH3: Socialization

Which theory, developed by the psychologist John B. Watson, claims that human behavior is not instinctive but learned within a social environment?

Behaviorism

What is the term sociologists give to a category of people with a common characteristic, usually their age?

Cohort

What effect did industrialization have on life expectancy in the United States and Western Europe?

Life expectancy went up.

Which of the following concepts refers to a person's fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling?

Personality

According to Piaget, in which stage of human development do individuals experience the world only through sensory contact?

Sensorimotor stage

Communities differ in terms of the racial composition of the population. In which of the following regions of the United States is there a relatively high number of people who claim to be multiracial?

The Southwest, including Arizona and southern California

In the period of life called "middle adulthood," people typically experience ________

circumstances becoming more or less set.

In a total institution, staff members ________

closely supervise all the daily life of inmates.

A majority of people over the age of sixty-five in the United States ________

consider their health "good" or "excellent."

Carol Gilligan extended Kohlberg's research, showing that ________

girls and boys typically assess situations as right and wrong using different standards.

Applying Freud's thinking to a sociological analysis of personality development, you would conclude that ________

humans have basic, self-centered drives that must be controlled by learning the ways of society.

Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in Freud's concept of the ________

id.

Assume you have a business that provides products to older people. Looking ahead, you have reason to expect ________

increasing sales, because your target population is increasing in size.

An inmate who loses the capacity for independent living is described as ________

institutionalized

In her research, Elisabeth Kübler-Ross found that death ________

is an orderly transition involving specific stages.

The focus of Lawrence Kohlberg's research was ________

moral reasoning.

Erik H. Erikson's view of socialization states

personality develops over the entire life course in patterned stages.

George Herbert Mead considered the self to be ________

the part of an individual's personality that is composed of self-awareness and self-image.

A setting where a staff tries to radically change someone's personality through carefully controlling the environment is called a(n) ________

total institution.

Based on the text's survey of the life course, you might conclude that ________

while we link life-course stages to biology, they are largely a social construction.