CH6: Bone Tissue & The Skeletal System
fracture hematoma
blood clot that forms at the site of a broken bone
hematopoiesis
production of blood cells, which occurs in the red marrow of the bones
open reduction
surgical exposure of a bone to reset a fracture
nervous system
the system that is the most impacted by having too high or too low calcium levels in the blood
diaphysis
tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of a long bone
epiphyseal line
completely ossified remnant of the epiphyseal plate
long bone
cylinder-shaped bone that is longer than it is wide; functions as a lever
endosteum
delicate membranous lining of a bone's medullary cavity
compact bone
dense osseous tissue that can withstand compressive forces
fracture
broken bone
osteoclast
cell responsible for resorbing bone; breaks down bone with acid
ossification center
center of osteoblasts found in the early stages of intramembranous ossification
canaliculi
channels within the bone matrix that house one of an osteocyte's many cytoplasmic extensions that it uses to communicate and receive nutrients
osteoid
uncalcified bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts
osteon
Haversion system; basic structural unit of compact bone; made of concentric layers of calcified matrix
perforating canal
Volkmann's canal; channel that branches off from the central canal and houses vessels and nerves that extend to the periosteum and endosteum
paget's disease
a disease where the osteoclasts are overactive, the osteoblasts try to keep up but end up laying down brittle and weak bone; can lead to pain, bone fractures, and bone deformities.
hypocalcemia
abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood
sinus
air-filled space in bone
spongy bone
also called cancellous bone; trabeculated osseous tissue that supports shifts in weight distribution
cancellous bone
another name for spongy bone
Haversion canal
another word for central canal
Haversion system
another word for osteon
Volkmann's canal
another word for perforating canal
meatus
bone feature that is an opening into canal
facet
bone marking that is a flat surface; vertebrae
head
bone marking that is a prominent rounded surface
condyle
bone marking that is a rounded surface; on ends of ulna and radius
protuberance
bone marking that is protruding; chin
projection
bone markings where part of the surface sticks out above the rest of the surface, where tendons and ligaments attach
irregular bone
bone of complex shape; protects internal organs from compressive forces
osseous tissue
bone tissue; hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton
pneumatized bones
bones that have an air cavity; example would be the sinuses
hydroxyapatite crystals
calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide form to make
osteoblast
cell responsible for forming new bone
external callus
collar of hyaline cartilage and bone that forms around the outside of a fracture
hypocalcemia
condition characterized by abnormally LOW levels of calcium
hypercalcemia
condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium
yellow marrow
connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where fat is stored
red marrow
connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where hematopoiesis takes place
short bone
cube-shaped bone that is approximately equal in length, width, and thickness; provides limited motion
osteoporosis
disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass; occurs when the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation, a common occurrence as the body ages
osteogenesis imperfecta
disease where bones do not form properly, they are fragile and break easy, this is a result of a mutation that affects the body's collagen; commonly associated with bowed legs or spinal curvature
orthopedist
doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal disorders and injuries
fossa
elongated basin on bone
calcium ions
essential for muscle contractions and controlling the flow of other ions involved in the transmission of nerve impulses
internal callus
fibrocartilaginous matrix, in the endosteal region, between the two ends of a broken bone
perichondrium
fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone and continuous with ligaments
sulcus
groove in bone
interstitial growth
growth in length
appositional growth
growth in width
epiphyseal plate
growth plate; sheet of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of an immature bone; replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length
bone
hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton
ligaments
holds bones together to add strength, can stretch to some extent, bone to bone
foramen
hole through bone
medullary cavity
hollow region of the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow
growth hormone
hormone that increases length of long bones, enhances mineralization, and improves bone density
Calcitonin
hormone that inhibits osteoclast activity and stimulates calcium uptake by bones
calcitrol
hormone that stimulates absorption of calcium and phosphate from digestive tract; active form of vit. d
thyroxine
hormone that stimulates bone growth and promotes synthesis of the bone matrix
parathyroid hormone
hormone that stimulates osteoclast proliferation and resorption of bone by osteoclasts; promotes reabsorption of calcium by kidney tubules; indirectly increases calcium absorption by small intestine
sex hormones
hormones that promote osteoblastic activity and production of bone matrix; responsible for adolescent growth spurt; promote conversion of epiphyseal plate to epiphyseal line
sutural bones
irregular bones that show up inside sutures
diploë
layer of spongy bone, that is sandwiched between two layers of compact bone found in flat bones
central canal
longitudinal channel in the center of each osteon; contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels; also known as the Haversian canal
closed reduction
manual manipulation of a broken bone to set it into its natural position without surgery
lamellar bone
mature bone in sheets called lamellae
vitamin K
may work with vitamin D to help absorb calcium and supports bone mineralization
calcium
mineral needed to make crystals with phosphate that give bones their hardness, most abundant mineral in body and in bones
vitamin D
needed to help the small intestine absorb calcium
hole
opening or depression in a bone
skeletal system
organ system composed of bones and cartilage that provides for movement, support, and protection
plantigrade
organism that walks on all bones of the feet
unguligrade
organism that walks on it's nails or hooves
digitigrade
organism that walks only on the digits and toes
ossification
osteogenesis; bone formation
canal
passage in bone
intramembranous ossification
process by which bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue
remodeling
process by which osteoclasts resorb old or damaged bone at the same time as and on the same surface where osteoblasts form new bone to replace that which is resorbed
endochondral ossification
process in which bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
modeling
process, during bone growth, by which bone is resorbed on one surface of a bone and deposited on another
process
prominence feature of bone; transverse process of vertebrae
projections
raised markings on a bone; spinous process of the vertebrae
omega-3 fatty acids
reduces inflammation that may interfere with osteoblast function
zone of calcified matrix
region of the epiphyseal plate closest to the diaphyseal end; functions to connect the epiphyseal plate to the diaphysis
reserve zone
region of the epiphyseal plate that anchors the plate to the osseous tissue of the epiphysis
zone of maturation and hypertrophy
region of the epiphyseal plate where chondrocytes from the proliferative zone grow and mature and contribute to the longitudinal growth of the epiphyseal plate
proliferative zone
region of the epiphysial plate that makes new chondrocytes to replace those that die at the disaphysial end of the plate and contributes to longitudinal growth of the epiphyseal plate
primary ossification center
region, deep in the periosteal collar, where bone development starts during endochondral ossification
crest
ridge on bone
tuberosity
rough surface on bone
cartilage
semi-rigid connective tissue found on the skeleton in areas where flexibility and smooth surfaces support movement
spine
sharp process of bone
line
slight, elongated ridge on bone
fissure
slit through bone
nutrient foramen
small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis, through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment
fovea
small pit on bone
sesamoid bone
small, round bone embedded in a tendon; protects the tendon from compressive forces
tubercle
small, rounded process on bone; think "hip"
lacuna
space in a bone that houses an osteocyte
trabeculae
spikes or sections of the lattice-like matrix in spongy bone
tendons
stretchy, springy, and connect muscle to bone
magnesium
structural component of bone (not fluoride)
fluoride
structural component of bone (not magnesium)
flat bone
thin and curved bone; serves as a point of attachment for muscles and protects internal organs
articular cartilage
thin layer of cartilage covering an epiphysis; reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber
oblique
type of fracture that occurs at an angle that is not 90 degrees
transverse
type of fracture that occurs straight across long axis of the bone
spiral
type of fracture that occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone
greenstick
type of fracture where a bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a twig breaks
impacted
type of fracture where broken bone ends are forced into each other
compound
type of fracture where the bone breaks through the skin; open fracture
simple
type of fracture where the bone does not penetrate the skin; closed fracture
comminuted
type of fracture where the bone is broken into many fragments
osteogenic cell
undifferentiated cell with high mitotic activity; the only bone cells that divide; they differentiate and develop into osteoblasts
mesenchymal cells
undifferentiated stem cells (not osteogenic cells)
articulation
where two bone surfaces meet (a joint)
articulations
where two bones meet; joints
epiphysis
wide section at each end of a long bone; filled with spongy bone and red marrow