Ch.6 SMARTBOOK
Play allows children to work off frustrations and analyze their conflicts and coping mechanisms in a nonthreatening environment. This idea most closely aligns with ______ views of play.
Freud and Erikson's
______ refers to the characteristics related to femininity and masculinity based on social and cultural norms.
Gender
______ play involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports.
Practice
With few exceptions, ______ parenting has been associated with child competence in research across a wide range of ethnic groups, social strata, cultures, and family structures.
authoritative
What parenting style encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions?
authoritative parenting
Children raised by _______ parents generally feel that other aspects of their parents' lives are more important than they are and tend to have poor self-control, low self-esteem, and have trouble with peer relationships and immaturity.
neglectful
In all types of child maltreatment, which of the following is almost always present?
emotional abuse
Sensorimotor ______ is defined as behavior engaged in by infants to derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemas.
play
Which of the following theories states that children appraise marital conflict in terms of their sense of security and safety in the family?
emotional security theory
child neglect emotional abuse physical abuse sexual abuse
failure to provide for a child's basic needs psychological, verbal, or mental acts or omissions that could cause serious behavioral, cognitive, or emotional problems infliction of physical injury incest, rape, or fondling genitals
Children who repeatedly throw a ball against a wall to work on their aim are engaging in what type of play?
practice
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of children raised by indulgent parents?
fear and low self-esteem
Children raised by gay or lesbian parents are ______ popular and well-adjusted compared to children raised by heterosexual parents. Multiple choice question.
just as likely to be
After a divorce, each of the following is more likely to be experienced by mothers than fathers EXCEPT
loss of child custody.
Which of the following are characteristic of children whose parents are neglectful?
low self-esteem social incompetence immaturity inability to handle independence
Which of the following constitute direct emotional abuse?
mental injury psychological abuse verbal abuse
What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people?
moral
Children who exhibit the poorest adjustment to parental divorce are those that have been involved in how many parental divorces?
multiple
Recent research indicates that the ______ of parents' work has more influence on the children's development rather than the fact that one parent works outside the home.
nature
Child _______ is characterized by failure to provide for a child's basic needs.
neglect
The four main types of child maltreatment include physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and child
neglect
According to Baumrind, the _______ style of parenting is characterized by a lack of involvement in the child's life.
neglectful
According to social role theory, which of the following are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing?
social hierarchy division of labor
What are the three proposed social theories of gender?
social role theory social cognitive theory psychoanalytic theory
Ruth Chao suggests that the control Asian American parents exert over their children is best conceptualized as a type of____
training.
With the rate of employment for mothers on the rise in the United States, statistics show that one of every ______ mothers with children under the age of 5 is in the labor force.
two
neglectful parenting authoritative parenting authoritarian parenting indulgent parenting
uninvolved encourages independence, verbal give-and-take, nurturing restrictive, punitive, firm limits and controls highly involved, but few demands or controls
Which of the following most characterizes authoritative parenting?
verbal give-and-take
A pleasurable activity that is engaged in for its own sake is referred to as
play
The highest incidence of game-playing occurs between what ages?
10 and 12
On average, siblings between the ages of 2 and 4 have a conflict once every
10 minutes.
By what age do most children know their sex (that is, the labeling of their biological or genetic makeup as female or male based on hormones, chromosomes, and internal and external genitalia)? Multiple choice question.
2
Custodial mothers experience the loss of about ______ of their predivorce income.
25 to 50 percent
Between what ages do sibling conflicts tend to decrease in frequency?
5 to 7 years of age
_____ play combines sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation.
Constructive
______ play occurs when children engage in the self-regulated creation of a product or a solution.
Constructive
s defined as the support that parents provide one another in jointly raising a child.
Coparenting
Authoritarian parenting lacks which of the following?
Dialogue between parent and child
Children of working mothers engage in more gender stereotyping and hold less egalitarian views than children of mothers who stay at home.
False
Which of the following statements about gender is true?
Gender refers to the characteristics related to femininity and masculinity based on social and cultural norms.
_____ development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do when interacting with others.
Moral
Which of the following is true about the problems seen in children from divorced homes?
Their problems may be the result of the marital conflict that led to the divorce.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of games?
They are most popular in the preschool years.
What are the common parental reactions to siblings having a verbal or physical confrontation?
admonishing or threatening intervening and helping resolve doing nothing
According to Freud and Erikson, play helps the child master
anxieties and conflicts.
Which of the following are likely characteristics for children of authoritarian parents?
anxiety about comparing themselves with others failure to initiate activity weak communication skills unhappiness and fear
According to Baumrind, which type of parents place firm limits and controls on their child, allows little verbal exchange, and might show rage toward their child?
authoritarian
Baumrind describes children raised by ______ parents as often unhappy, fearful, and anxious about comparing themselves to others.
authoritarian
Baumrind describes children raised by ______ parents as often unhappy, fearful, and anxious about comparing themselves to others. Multiple choice question.
authoritarian
Counter to Baumrind's theories, the ______ parenting approach has shown positive outcomes for some ethnic groups. Multiple choice question.
authoritarian
In the rural areas of many countries, ______ parenting is widespread.
authoritarian
What is by far the most common form of child maltreatment?
child neglect
Which of the following factors influence the risk of and vulnerability to negative consequences of divorce for a child?
child's predivorce adjustment custody situation child's personality and temperament
Negative consequences of divorce are more likely to occur in which of the following?
children who are not socially mature children who do not have an easy temperament children who are not responsible
According to social role theory, gender differences result from the ______ roles of women and men. Multiple choice question.
contrasting
Baumrind's four styles of parenting balance which of the following dimensions?
demand control acceptance responsiveness
Research has shown some children from divorced families are more likely to have which of the following?
drug issues depression anxiety academic problems
Which of the following provides a framework for how people should think, act, and feel based on social and cultural norms about gender?
gender roles
Which of the following cultural trends are affecting families?
greater family mobility migration to urban areas fewer extended-family households
children of indulgent parents often Multiple choice question.
have difficulty controlling their own behavior.
Gender _______ is a person's inner sense of being a girl/woman, boy/man, another gender, or no gender.
identity
According to research by Hetherington and Stanley-Hagen (2002), which of the following are possible reasons that parents should stay in unhappy, conflicted marriages?
if conflict among family members would increase after the divorce if conflict between the couple would increase after the divorce if parenting would become more inept after the divorce
Sensorimotor play is best defined as behavior engaged in by
infants to derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemas.
Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages is most associated with early childhood?
initiative versus guilt
Yvonne and Gregory spend most of their leisure time with one another, leaving their child at home. They are more concerned with their own needs than those of their child. According to Baumrind, what parenting style do Yvonne and Gregory utilize?
neglectful
Children raised by gay or lesbian parents or couples are ______ than children of heterosexual parents to be lesbian, gay, or bisexual when they grow up.
no more likely
children of about the same age or maturity level are described as
peers
Many experts on play consider the ______ years the "golden age" of symbolic/pretense play.
preschool
A child who uses a hairbrush as a microphone while singing is engaging in what type of play?
pretense/symbolic
Which of the following are self-conscious emotions?
pride guilt shame embarrassment
If the stresses and disruptions in the family are ______ by the move to a divorced, single-parent family, divorce can be advantageous. Multiple choice question.
reduced
Gender ______ refers to the characteristics related to femininity and masculinity based on social and cultural norms.
role
The amount of time individuals spend with television, DVDs, computers, video games, and hand-held electronic devices such as smartphones is referred to as ______ time.
screen
After developing self-awareness, children around the age of 18 months begin experiencing what type of emotions?
self-conscious
According to Erikson, as a young child's conscience governs initiative, feelings of guilt negatively impact
self-esteem.
What type of impact does television have on children's development?
significant impact
_____ play involves interactions with peers.
social
