ch9 #1 reading assignment

Match the latent heat of water to the amount of energy stored in calories per gram (cal/g). 1. 80 cal/g 2. 600 cal/g 3. 680 cal/g Latent heat of fusion Latent heat of vaporization Latent heat of sublimation

1 2 3

Which of these gases directly contribute to the greenhouse effect? Methane Nitrogen Oxygen Water vapor Carbon dioxide

Methane Water vapor Carbon dioxide

_____ is formed as air masses move horizontally in response to differences in air pressure. Energy Precipitation Wind Climate

Wind

Sublimation is the process of a ____ turning into a ____ .

solid, gas

When ice turns into water vapor, the process is known as ______. fusion vaporization gasification sublimation

sublimation

Changes that decrease Earth's overall albedo, such as melting of sea ice, can lead to a(n) ____ in global average temperature.

increase

How does the storage of heat by water and water vapor help limit the range of climate extremes on Earth? The latent heat moved to high latitudes magnifies the greenhouse effect there, which keeps the polar regions warmer than they otherwise would be. The solar energy absorbed and stored as latent heat is transported to higher latitudes, where it is released as water cools and changes phase. The energy stored as latent heat is removed from the climate system and stored in hydrous minerals, preventing the atmosphere from overheating.

The solar energy absorbed and stored as latent heat is transported to higher latitudes, where it is released as water cools and changes phase.

Visible light, ultraviolet radiation, and infrared radiation are part of the ____ spectrum.

electromagnetic

The Sun transmits its energy to Earth in the form of ______. solar winds magnetic field lines heat rays electromagnetic radiation

electromagnetic radiation

True or false? A particularly cold winter in a region represents a change in climate.

False

What causes large-scale motions in the atmosphere and oceans? Water and water vapor's response to Earth's magnetic field Gravitation forces working on unequal masses in the atmosphere and ocean The unequal distribution of heat The rotation (spin) of Earth The revolution of the Solar System around the center of the Milky Way

Gravitation forces working on unequal masses in the atmosphere and ocean The unequal distribution of heat The rotation (spin) of Earth

What is latent heat? Energy radiated by water in the nonvisible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum Heat that is stored or released as water changes phase The form of heat most readily absorbed by water molecules Heat that is lost to entropy as water changes phase

Heat that is stored or released as water changes phase

______ energy drives the hydrologic cycle by providing the energy input that drives evaporation from the ocean. The water vapor rises due to its low density and then cools. The cooling causes condensation to occur, which forms precipitation. The water falling to Earth's surface is then pulled back into the ocean by ______. Geothermal; hydrostatic attraction Potential; osmosis Solar; gravity Tidal; centripetal force

Solar; gravity

What is the balance between the amount of solar radiation received by Earth and the amount of radiation Earth returns to space? The amount of energy Earth receives and gives off are effectively equal. Earth receives much less energy than it returns to space. Earth receives much more energy than it returns to space.

The amount of energy Earth receives and gives off are effectively equal.

Temperature is an important factor in determining how much water vapor is present in the atmosphere. ____ air can hold more water vapor than ____ air.

warm, cold

Which of the following is an important mechanism by which heat is transferred in the oceans and atmosphere? Condensation Combustion Adiabatic heating Convection

Convection

Which substance listed below has the highest heat capacity? Granite Quartz sand Water Air

Water

The dry adiabatic lapse rate is ______°C per km of rise. 10 1 23 3

10

Match the latitudinal zone with the description of energy balance that best applies. 1. Areas of energy transfer 2. Areas of net cooling 3. Areas of net warming Polar latitudes low latitudes midlatitudes

2 3 1

Which of the following statements are true with regard to the latent heat absorbed or released during phase changes of water? The amount of energy input needed to turn ice directly into vapor is equal to the combined amount needed to melt water first and then evaporate it. The energy stored as the latent heat of fusion is greater than the energy released as the latent heat of condensation. The energy stored as the latent heat of vaporization equals the energy stored as latent heat of condensation. The amount of energy released when water freezes is the same amount released when water vapor condenses.

The amount of energy input needed to turn ice directly into vapor is equal to the combined amount needed to melt water first and then evaporate it. The energy stored as the latent heat of vaporization equals the energy stored as latent heat of condensation.

The dry adiabatic lapse rate is the rate at which ______. an air mass will slow its rise as it cools adiabatically in dry air. latent heat is released in an unsaturated air mass as it cools adiabatically a rising and expanding air mass will cool if it is unsaturated with water the relative humidity of an air mass drops as it cools adiabatically

a rising and expanding air mass will cool if it is unsaturated with water

A summer monsoon forms when hot, ___ air rises over land and cool, ____ air from the ocean moves in, itself warming and rising to condense and form precipitation.

dry, moist

The energy that water absorbs, stores, and releases as it circulates in Earth's atmosphere is called ____ ____.

latent heat

Which of the following statements accurately explain a part of the hydrologic cycle? Evaporated water rises due to its lower density. Gravity pulls water on the ground back into the ocean. Air warms as it rises, allowing rains to form. The Sun's energy drives the condensation of water vapor in the atmosphere.

Evaporated water rises due to its lower density. Gravity pulls water on the ground back into the ocean.

What is the difference between humidity and relative humidity? Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air at a specific location, and relative humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air worldwide. Humidity is a measure of spacing of water vapor molecules in the air, and relative humidity is the degree to which they are absorbing solar energy. Humidity is the absolute of amount of water vapor in the air, and the relative humidity is the ratio of the absolute humidity to saturation humidity.

Humidity is the absolute of amount of water vapor in the air, and the relative humidity is the ratio of the absolute humidity to saturation humidity.

Why can water absorb a lot of heat relative to other substances? Water can convert absorbed heat into new water molecules and store the heat in their nucleolus. It has a high heat capacity and a high specific heat. It converts heat to electrical energy, which is dissipated among the other molecules in the water. Electromagnetic waves pass though it without being absorbed.

It has a high heat capacity and a high specific heat.

What does the greenhouse effect do to the average surface temperature of Earth? It keeps it warmer than it would be otherwise. It has no long-term effect. It keeps Earth's surface cooler than it would be otherwise.

It keeps it warmer than it would be otherwise.

Why is the surface of Earth as warm as it is? Earth gains an substantial amount of energy from stars in the Milky Way. It receives energy from the Sun. Some energy is trapped in the lower atmosphere by the greenhouse effect. Earth's rotational velocity provides friction that warms the lower atmosphere.

It receives energy from the Sun. Some energy is trapped in the lower atmosphere by the greenhouse effect.

What two factors are used to calculate the heat index, or the perceived temperature? Relative humidity Dew point Wind speed Temperature

Relative humidity Temperature

Only about 50% of the Sun's radiation that reaches Earth is absorbed by Earth's surface. What happens to the other 50%? Some is lost in space before reaching Earth. Some is reflected back into space. Some is absorbed by the oceans. Some is absorbed by the atmosphere.

Some is reflected back into space. Some is absorbed by the atmosphere.

Earth receives energy from the Sun and radiates back to space an equal amount. What statement below accurately describes how this occurs? The energy that is not reflected directly back to space is radiated back at longer wavelengths in the infrared portion of electromagnetic spectrum. The energy from the Sun is absorbed by Earth, but Earth's interior radiates an equal amount of heat to space. The energy is returned to space in the wavelengths at which it is received.

The energy that is not reflected directly back to space is radiated back at longer wavelengths in the infrared portion of electromagnetic spectrum.

Which of the following statements accurately compares the amounts of energy the surface of Earth receives from the Sun and Earth's interior? The energy that reaches the surface of Earth from Earth's interior is about 500 times the amount the surface receives from the Sun. The energy that reaches the surface of Earth from the Sun is about 4,000 times the heat that flows from Earth's interior. Although there are regional differences, planetwide Earth receives an equal amount of energy from the Sun and Earth's interior.

The energy that reaches the surface of Earth from the Sun is about 4,000 times the heat that flows from Earth's interior.

Greenhouse gases work to warm Earth's surface by ______. reflecting terrestrial radiation back to the surface absorbing terrestrial radiation and warming the atmosphere reducing Earth's albedo

absorbing terrestrial radiation and warming the atmosphere

The percentage of solar radiation absorbed versus the relative amount reflected by a surface is known as the surface's ______. spectrum wave index radiance albedo

albedo

The lifting condensation level is the ______. amount of latent heat that must be released to lift an air mass over a mountain blocking its horizontal motion amount of energy that needs to be obtained from the Sun before condensation can occur altitude where the moist adiabatic lapse rate equals the dry adiabatic lapse rate altitude where 100% humidity is reached and water vapor condenses to form clouds

altitude where 100% humidity is reached and water vapor condenses to form clouds

The ____ index combines relative humidity and air temperature to more accurately reflect how humans perceive temperature. It shows that high humidity makes it feel hotter than it really is.

heat

Since water has a higher heat capacity than land, the oceans ______ than the land. heat and cool more slowly cool more quickly but warm more slowly heat and cool more quickly heat more quickly but cool more slowly

heat and cool more slowly

The amount of water vapor in the atmosphere is measured as ______, whereas ______ is the ratio of the amount of water vapor to the maximum amount of water vapor that can be held by an air mass. saturation potential; actual humidity humidity; relative humidity wet bulb amount; dry bulb the dew concentration; fog

humidity; relative humidity

Because its surface is much cooler than the Sun, most of the radiation emitted from Earth is in the ____ region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

infrared

Water allows the temperature range on Earth to be ______ by absorbing, transporting, and releasing heat as it circulates through convection. extreme limited

limited

Earth's ______ sets air and water at the surface in motion. The unequal distribution of heat causes density variations as masses of water and air warm and cool at different rates. ______ then acts on these density differences, keeping the atmosphere and oceans in motion. mass; The Coriolis effect radiation; Latent heat rotation; Gravity greenhouse effect; Heat

rotation; Gravity

Because the Sun is so much hotter than Earth, the energy emitted by it has a ______ wavelength than terrestrial radiation (radiation from Earth). longer slower hotter shorter colder faster

shorter

The primary source of energy for Earth's surface is _________. from impacts its internal heat the magnetic field gravity the Sun

the Sun

The dew point temperature is the temperature at which ______. no further input of heat is needed to maintain the evaporation of liquid water the air is 100% saturated with water vapor and condensation will occur with further cooling evaporation exceeds condensation on aerosols in the atmosphere the relative humidity is exactly 50% of the humidity need to form precipitation

the air is 100% saturated with water vapor and condensation will occur with further cooling

Variability in atmospheric conditions such as temperature, humidity, wind, and precipitation over short timescales is referred to as ____, but the average conditions over long timescales are referred to as ____.

weather, climate

What is the general direction of energy flow at Earth's surface for fluids (air and water) in motion? Warmer fluids flow toward the equator, while colder fluids flow to the east or west. Warmer fluids flow toward high latitudes, while colder fluids flow toward the equator. Colder fluids generally flow to the right and warmer fluids flow to the left. Colder fluids flow toward the poles, while warmer fluids flow to lower latitudes.

Warmer fluids flow toward high latitudes, while colder fluids flow toward the equator.

Heat energy radiated from Earth back into space does not interact with the atmosphere in the same way that incoming solar radiation does. Why? The heat energy from Earth has a different wavelength. The amount of heat energy from Earth is tiny compared to the incoming solar radiation. The heat energy from Earth is traveling at a slower speed. Clouds in the troposphere reflect all of the heat energy back to the surface.

The heat energy from Earth has a different wavelength.

What causes wind? The vertical movement of air caused by temperature differences in air masses The horizontal movement of air flowing from high pressure to low pressure The horizontal movement of air caused by the Coriolis effect The vertical movement of air caused by density differences

The horizontal movement of air flowing from high pressure to low pressure

Why is the moist adiabatic lapse rate lower than the dry adiabatic lapse rate? Both lapse rates are universal constants, and the moist adiabatic rate just happens to be lower. The latent heat released during condensation in a saturated air mass slows the rate of adiabatic cooling. The latent heat is stored as air descends and warms, increasing the wet adiabatic lapse rate to the dry adiabatic lapse rate. Moisture-laden air is heavier than dry air, and so it rises more slowly, allowing more time for energy exchange.

The latent heat released during condensation in a saturated air mass slows the rate of adiabatic cooling.

What is saturation humidity? The total volume of water vapor and liquid water in air at a given temperature. The temperature at which the rate of evaporation is greater than the rate of condensation. The amount of energy required to convert all of the water vapor in an air mass into water droplets. The maximum amount of water vapor that can exist in an air mass at a given temperature.

The maximum amount of water vapor that can exist in an air mass at a given temperature.

Why do summer monsoons form? Warm oceans cause the formation of low-pressure systems above them, and those systems get moved over land and then deliver their rains. Warmed and moist air rises and cools, which causes it to reach the saturation point, and rain is formed. Rapid heating of the land in summer and the resulting heating of the lower atmosphere Cold, dry air blows toward land from the ocean.

Warmed and moist air rises and cools, which causes it to reach the saturation point, and rain is formed. Rapid heating of the land in summer and the resulting heating of the lower atmosphere

Snow reflects more solar radiation than seawater does, so it has a higher ____.

albedo

Why are high-pressure systems common over land in winter, while low-pressure systems are common over neighboring oceans? Winter upwelling of water forces the air above the oceans to rise, and that pulls in the air off the land to replace the uplifted air. Snow and ice cover on land lowers the albedo far enough to cause cooling and then sinking of air masses above the land which then blow to the ocean. The relatively warmer ocean causes the air above it to rise, while the cooler land has air sinking above it. The relatively warmer land causes expansion in the air above it, causing winds to blow onto the land from the ocean. The low angle of the sunlight is easily reflected by the water, causing the air above to rise, while poor reflection on land causes the air to sink.

The relatively warmer ocean causes the air above it to rise, while the cooler land has air sinking above it.

Changes that increase Earth's overall albedo can lead to ______ energy reaching the surface and a(n) _______ in average global temperature. more; decrease more; increase less; decrease less; increase

less; decrease

Which of these statements accurately describes how solar energy varies on Earth? The amount of solar energy received at different locations is dependent upon variations in the energy output of the Sun at equivalent locations. Lower latitude regions receive more solar energy over the course of a year than do higher latitude regions. The amount of energy received by Earth varies by longitude over the course of a year with low longitude locations getting the greatest amounts. Although there is day-to-day variation, all latitudes receive roughly the same amount of solar energy over the course of a year.

Lower latitude regions receive more solar energy over the course of a year than do higher latitude regions.

What is the characteristic of the atmospheric gases that allows them to contribute to the greenhouse effect? They are able to absorb energy from gravitation forces and convert it to infrared radiation. They allow shorter wavelengths to pass downward toward Earth but absorb the longer wavelengths that come back up. They are able to absorb ultraviolet radiation, which protects us from DNA damage. They are able to reflect or scatter incoming visible light.

They allow shorter wavelengths to pass downward toward Earth but absorb the longer wavelengths that come back up.

If a mass undergoes a temperature change without the input or removal of heat from the surrounding environment, the process is known as ______. adiabatic endothermic exothermic lapsing

adiabatic

Which statement below accurately reflects the role of convection in heat transfer in the atmosphere and oceans? Convection plays a minor role in the transfer of heat. Convection is the only method by which heat is transferred. Convection plays an important role in the transfer of heat. Convection transports large qualities of heat during the fall and spring but very little in the summer and winter.

Convection plays an important role in the transfer of heat.

______ is the transmission of heat by the movement of a mass (e.g., air mass, water, magma), whereas ______ works by transmitting heat by direct contact. Radiation; convection Conduction; convection Convection; conduction Specific heat; heat capacity

Convection; conduction

A rock heated by the Sun warming the rocks below it by direct contact being heated by ____ , whereas the air heated above the rock carries its warmth upward and in doing so is transmitting its heat by ____.

conduction, convection

As an air mass rises and expands due to lower pressure, it experiences adiabatic ____. Similarly if an air mass descends and is compressed due to the higher pressure, it will undergo adiabatic ____.

cooling, warming

The temperature at which the relative humidity reaches 100%, causing excess water vapor to condense, is the ______ temperature. dew point adiabatic barometric absolute humidity

dew point