(CH.9 Diversity of Life)

Fungi are _______ and ______, which means they feed on dead and decaying matter.

Heterotrophic; Saprophytic

Do Gram Positive or Gram Negative bacteria have a larger periplasmic space?

Negative

Gram (positive/negative) bacteria have a second, outer membrane outside of the bacterial cell wall, which is absent in Gram (positive/negative) bacteria.

Negative; Positive

Gram (positive/negative) bacteria produce both exotoxin and Endotoxin (LPS), whereas Gram (positive/negative) bacteria produce only Exotoxin.

Negative; Positive

Gram (positive/negative) cells contain Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Endotoxin within the Outer Membrane, while Gram (Positive/negative) bacteria do not.

Negative; Positive

Porifera and Cnidaria only contain 2 germ layers: are they able to be classified in terms of coelom?

No, they must be trilaminar (have 3 germ layers)

Yeast are the common example of _______ fungi. They are unicellular eukaryotes that reproduce Asexually by ____. They are also _______, which means they can grow by Aerobic Respiration when oxygen is present; or, Fermentation when oxygen is absent.

Nonfilamentous; Budding; Facultative Anaerobes

In prokaryotes, the _____ region is the area where genetic material of the cell is located, it's also where the ribosomal subunits are assembled, in addition to the _____, where assembly of the complete ribosomes occurs.

Nucleoid; Cytosol

A test that is used to determine the amount of ________ content in a Eubacteria cell wall is called a Gram Stain.

Peptidoglycan

______ is a combination of carbohydrate and amino acids that is found in the cell walls of Eubacteria.

Peptidoglycan

What is the main way that Gram-Positive bacteria are differentiated from Gram-Negative bacteria?

Peptidoglycan Thickness in the cell wall

Both Eubacteria and Archaea possess a cell wall which surrounds an inner cell membrane. However, the cell wall of Eubacteria contains _______ whereas in Archaea it does not. The lipids in the cell wall of Eubacteria are linked via _____, whereas the lipids in the cell wall of Archaea are linked via ______.

Peptidoglycan; Esters; Ethers

The ____ is a gel located in the periplasmic space, which is located in between the inner plasma membrane and outer membrane of Gram Negative bacteria.

Periplasm

The Periplasm is a gel located in the ______, which is located in between the inner plasma membrane and outer membrane of Gram _____ bacteria.

Periplasmic Space; Negative

Plant-like Protists are ______, and they are some of the most important _______ in any ecosytem.

Photosynthetic; Primary Producers

Both Eubacteria and Archaea contain ____, which are basically 'feelers' that allow the cell to make contact with other cells.

Pili

Many archaea and bacteria possess _____, which are segments of extrachromosomal DNA that may be passed horizontally between cells.

Plasmids

Gram Positive bacteria have a small periplasmic space that exists outside its ______.

Inner Cell Membrane (Gram positives have only 1 inner cell membrane)

The Periplasmic space is located in between the ______ and _____ of Gram ____ bacteria.

Inner Cell Membrane; Outer Cell Membrane; Negative

Gram (Positive/Negative) bacteria have a small periplasmic space that exists outside its Inner Cell Membrane.

Positive

Teichoic Acids are acidic polysaccharides found only in Gram (Positive/Negative) bacteria. They connect the _______ ______ to the _______ providing significant rigidity and structure.

Positive; Cell Wall Peptidoglycan; Cell Membrane

Gram ____ bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer within their cell wall, whereas Gram ____ bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer.

Positive; Negative

The Mnemonic for the current system for taxonomic rank from broadest to most specific is:

King Phillip Came Over For Great Soup

______ are symbiotic autotrophs, which means they are groups of different types of organisms that ________ and ________.

Lichens; live together; make their own food

Gram Negative cells contain ________ within the Outer Membrane, while Gram Positive bacteria do not.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Endotoxin

____ are common filamentous fungi, and they are aerobic. They are multicellular and multinucleate (multiple nuclei per cell) because they form hyphae, which are long, branching filaments that extend out and form a network with nearby fungi. All the hyphae together are known as mycelium.

Molds

______ are the common example of nonfilamentous fungi. They are unicellular eukaryotes that reproduce _____ by budding. They are also facultatively anaerobic, which means they can grow by _______ when oxygen is present; or, _______ when oxygen is absent.

Yeast; Asexually; Aerobic Respiration; Fermentation

Lichens are important to the ecosystems they are found in because they __________. Therefore they serve as a signal that the whole ecosystem is _____.

clean the air of pollutants; healthy

A _____ is a large multinucleate cell that occurs when a fungi hyphae or protist divides, but ______ does not occur. Therefore, the daughter cells of mitosis remain connected and the _____ is the remaining, multinucleated cell.

coenocyte; cytokinesis; coenocyte

Molds are common ______ fungi, and they are _____. They are _____ and _____ (multiple nuclei per cell) because they form _____, which are long, branching filaments that extend out and form a network with nearby fungi. All the ____ together are known as ______.

filamentous; aerobic; multicellular; multinucleate; hyphae; hyphae; mycelium

The two main categories of fungi are:

filamentous; nonfilamentous

In the symbiotic relationship between Lichen and algae or cyanobacteria: The Lichen (which are _____) are tasked with ______ the algae or cyanobacteria, as well as providing them with _____ and ______ via the breaking down of decaying matter. Conversely, the algae or cyanobacteria produce ____ for the fungi via photosynthesis.

fungi; protecting; nutrients; water; food

Asexual reproduction in filamentous fungi begins when a ____ ____ grows a spore producing structure. The spores produced from this structure are also ______; so, they can grow by _______ and form a new _____ that is genetically identical to the parent one.

haploid mycelium; haploid; mitosis; mycelium

Protozoa (animal-like protists) tend to be ______, more specifically, _______, due to the fact that they can move thanks to _____ and ______.

heterotrophic; parasitic pathogens; cilia; flagella

When you see a mushroom in the forest, the mushroom top only represents one spore. Many spores in a patch of mushroom tops are all connected underground by ______. All connected spores are collectively called the _____.

hyphae; mycelium

Sexual Reproduction in filamentous fungi begins when _____ of a _____ fuse their cytoplasm in a process known as ______. Because each _____ contains a haploid nucleus, the now single fused cell contains 2 haploid nuclei (aka ______). Eventually these _______ fuse in a process known as karyogamy, leading the production of a single _____ cell. This ____ cell will then produce a ____ forming structure that sends out haploid ______ through meiosis. Eventually, the spores will grow into a new haploid mycelium that is genetically different from the mycelium it originated from.

hyphae; mycelium; plasmogamy; hyphae; pronuclei; pronuclei; diploid; diploid; spore; spores

Pili allow the cell to _________. This allows cells to transfer _____ between each other, which is known as ________. Flagella allows cells to ____.

make contact with other cells; Plasmids; Horizontal Gene Transfer; Move

An organism will only qualify as a coelomate if the coelom is surrounded by ______ on ______.

mesoderm; all sides

Animals are Eukaryotic, diploid, and ______. They are also _______ ______ meaning they can't make their own food (they must consume it) and they depend on oxygen.

multicellular; Heterotrophic Aerobes

If septa are not formed in hyphae, the hyphae is one long and continuous tube of ________. This is known as _______.

multinucleated cytoplasm; coenocyte hyphae

Animals are usually motile at some point during their life, which also means that many have _____ and _____ systems.

muscular; nervous

The Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Endotoxin found within the _______ of Gram Negative Bacteria is only released when the bacteria is _____.

outer membrane; killed

Algae or cyanobacteria produce food for lichens via _____.

photosynthesis

As the individual hyphae of a mycelium grow, a wall called a _____ often forms inside them, which separates the hyphae into different sections. Fungi that produce these are said to have _________.

septa; septate hyphae

Examples of plant-like protists include: _____, _____ and Euglenoids

Diatoms; Dinoflagellates

_____, ____, _____ are plant-like protists that can parasitically infect certain animals, making them heterotrophic as well as autotrophic.

Diatoms; Dinoflagellates; Euglenoids

______, ______, and _____ are plant-like protists that have 2 flagella, which gives them the capability of moving around to find food when light is absent.

Diatoms; Dinoflagellates; Euglenoids

_______, _____, and ______ are unicellular, eukaryotic Plant-like protists that generally reproduce asexually and can be found in aquatic environments. They are photosynthetic Autotrophs, which means they produce _______ from ________.

Diatoms; Dinoflagellates; Euglenoids; Organic matter; simple inorganic molecules

______ are responsible for the algal bloom known as red tide, in which high concentrations of their presence can lead to a buildup of _____ and depletion of _____ in the water

Dinoflagellates; toxins; oxygen

Fungus-like Protists are different from fungi because they do not have a _____ made of ____. Some of these types of protists, such as ______, are also different because they can ____ with ____ or _____.

cell wall; chitin; Slime Molds; move; cilia; flagella

Special characteristics of Dinoflagellates are that they have _____, and they are _____ (in addition to being _____) due to their ability to act as _____.

2 flagella; heterotrophic; autotrophic; parasites

Only animals that are trilaminar (have _______) can be classified based on whether they have a _____ or not.

3 germ layers; coelom

Both Archaea and Eubacteria have ____ ribosomes, but this is merely a reference to their size - the ribosomes are very different in ______ between bacteria and archaea.

70S; structure

Some _____ possess histone proteins, and ____ DNA contains introns. ______ lack histones and introns

Archaea; Archaeal; Eubacteria

If there is no cavity between the endoderm and mesoderm, the organism is said to be _______.

Acoelomate

There are 3 types of protists relevant for the DAT (there are several more). Name them:

Animal-like; Fungus-like; Plant-like

The six Kingdoms are:

Animalia, Archaea, Eubacteria, Fungi, Plantae, Protista

Which Kingdoms are Eukaryotes?

Animalia, Fungi, Plantae, Protista

Which kingdoms are Prokaryotes?

Archaea, Eubacteria

Fungus-like Protists tend to reproduce via ______ and ______. The spores they send out are resistant to environmental conditions because the ______ of the _____ is very ____ and _____.

Asexual reproduction; Sporulation; cell wall; spore; thick; strong

(Asexual/Sexual) reproduction in filamentous fungi begins when a haploid mycelium grows a ____ _____ structure. The _____ produced from this structure are also haploid; so, they can grow by mitosis and form a new mycelium that is _______ ______ to the parent one.

Asexual; spore producing; spores; genetically identical

Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, and Euglenoids are unicellular, eukaryotic plant-like protists that generally reproduce (asexually/sexually) and can be found in ______ environments. They are _________, which means they produce organic matter from simple inorganic molecules.

Asexually; aquatic; photosynthetic autotrophs

Concerning Asexual Reproduction of Filamentous Fungi: Why is it important that both the parent and offspring are genetically identical?

Because conditions were good for the parent, so it wants to produce offspring that will be able to thrive in the same environment as well.

Concerning Sexual Reproduction of Filamentous Fungi: Why is it important that the offspring is genetically different from the parent?

Because the conditions were bad for the parent, it wants to produce offspring that would be different from itself, so that offspring may have a better chance at survival in the unfavorable environment

_______ occurs when a cell simultaneously grow, replicates its genome, and divides into two genetically identical cells.

Binary Fission

A ______ covers both Gram Negative and Gram Positive bacterial cells. Essentially, the capsule acts as a shield that prevents bacteria from being eaten by eukaryotic immune cells (e..g macrophages); for this reason are also classified as ___, they . It also contains moisture, which prevents the cells from drying out.

Capsule; Virulence Factors

A _____ is a cavity found within certain organisms. This cavity lies between the Endoderm and Mesoderm.

Coelom

An organism will only qualify as a ______ if the coelom is surrounded by mesoderm on all sides.

Coelomate

Gram Positive bacteria stain _______, whereas Gram Negative bacteria have the Gram Stain washed away and thus are initially ______, and ultimately they stain ____ because of the _______ which is applied after Gram staining.

Dark purple; colorless; pink; counterstain

Peptidoglycan is a combination of carbohydrate and amino acids that is found in the cell walls of ______.

Eubacteria

Both Eubacteria and Archaea possess a cell wall which surrounds an inner cell membrane. However, the cell wall of (Eubacteria/Archaea) contains Peptidoglycan whereas in (Eubacteria/Archaea) it does not. The lipids in the cell wall of (Eubacteria/Archaea)are linked via esters, whereas the lipids in the cell wall of (Eubacteria/Archaea) are linked via ethers.

Eubacteria; Eubacteria; Archaea

Examples of plant-like protists include: Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, and _____.

Euglenoids

_____ are organisms whose cells contain membrane-bound nuclei and organelles.

Eukaryotes

_____ is a toxin that both Gram Positive and Gram Negative bacteria secrete. Contrast this with ____, which is embedded within the outer membrane of Gram Negative bacteria only.

Exotoxin; Endotoxin

(T/F?) Only Eubacteria, not Archaea, reproduces via binary fission.

False (Both Eubacteria and Archaea reproduce via binary fission)

(T/F?) Eubacteria contain histones and introns, while Archaea do not.

False (archaea can contain both, eubacteria lack both)

(T/F?) Eukaryotes never contain plasmids, while Eubacteria and Archaea can contain them.

False (eukaryotes sometimes contain them; Eubacteria frequently; Archaea sometimes)

(T/F?) a lichen can only live in favorable conditions, therefore they can be found only in temperate climates.

False (lichen are resistant to adverse conditions; they can be found in almost all ecosystems)

(T/F?) In Prokaryotes, Transcription first occurs in the Nucleoid, then Translation occurs in the Cytosol.

False (transcription and translation occurs simultaneously in the Cytosol)

_______ fungi may reproduce asexually when environmental conditions are (good/bad). If conditions are (good/bad), chances are that the fungus will reproduce sexually.

Filamentous; good; bad

The two types of Lichen are ____ that can have a symbiotic relationship with either ____ or ______.

Fungi; Algae; Cyanobacteria

______ Protists tend to reproduce via asexual reproduction and sporulation. The spores they send out are resistant to environmental conditions because the cell wall of the spore is very thick and strong.

Fungus-like

_____ Protists are saprophytic, which means they feed on _______. For this reason, many of these protists are found living in ____ with a lot of _______. They ingest their food similarly to an _____, whereby the cell takes in entire bits of food through Phagocytosis.

Fungus-like; Decaying matter; Moist Soil; Organic matter; Amoeba

_______ Protists are different from ____ because they do not have a cell wall made of chitin. Some of these types of protists, such as slime molds, are also different because they can move with cilia or flagella.

Fungus-like; fungi

A test that is used to determine the amount of peptidoglycan content in a Eubacteria cell wall is called a _____.

Gram Stain

What is a Mnemonic for the most important phyla within the kingdom Animalia? What are the Phyla based off this?

Privileged Children Play Nicely Rapidly And Maturely Arthur Ensures Cooperation; Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Rotifera, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Chordata

______ are organisms that do not have membrane bound nuclei, and they tend to not have membrane bound organelles.

Prokaryotes

_____ are a kingdom of (usually unicellular) eukaryotic organisms, which means they contain membrane bound nuclei and organelles.

Protists

Animal-like protists are known as ______. They are unicellular, eukaryotic protists, so they have membrane bound organelles. Some of these organelles include ______, which store food until the cell needs to use the energy it contains. They're also able to move thanks to ____ and ______. Since they can move, they're ______ in nature. Moreover, they tend to be ________ that infect and feed off a host organism.

Protozoa; food vacuoles; cilia; flagella; heterotrophic; parasitic pathogens

Fungus-like Protists are _____, which means they feed on decaying matter. For this reason, many of these protists are found living in moist soil with a lot of organic matter. They ingest their food similarly to an amoeba, whereby the cell takes in entire bits of food through _______.

Saprophytic; Phagocytosis

(Asexual/Sexual) Reproduction in filamentous fungi begins when 2 hyphae of a mycelium fuse their cytoplasm in a process known as Plasmogamy. Because each hyphae contains a _____ ______, the now single fused cell contains ___ _____ _____(aka Pronuclei). Eventually these Pronuclei fuse in a process known as karyogamy, leading to the production of a single diploid cell. This diploid cell will then produce a spore forming structure that sends out ______ spores through _____. Eventually, the spores will grow into a new (haploid/diploid) mycelium that is ______ _____ from the mycelium it originated from.

Sexual; haploid nuclei; 2 haploid nuclei; haploid; meiosis; haploid; genetically different

The purpose of the Capsule found within both Gram Positive and Gram Negative bacterial cells is that it acts as a _____ that prevents bacteria from being _____ by _______; for this reason, they are classified as ______. They also contain ______, which prevents the cells from _____.

Shield; Eaten; Eukaryotic Immune Cells; Virulence Factors; Moisture; Drying out

_________ are acidic polysaccharides found only in Gram Positive bacteria. They connect the cell wall peptidoglycan to the cell membrane providing significant rigidity and structure.

Teichoic Acids

Gram Positive bacteria have a (thick/thin) peptidoglycan layer within their cell wall, whereas Gram Negative bacteria have a (thick/thin) peptidoglycan layer.

Thick; Thin

Only animals that are ______ (have 3 germ layers)can be classified based on whether they have a coelom or not.

Trilaminar

(T/F?) Both archaea and bacteria possess plasmids

True

(T/F?) Both bacteria and archaea contain Pili and Flagella.

True

(T/F?) Only Eukaryotes contain telomeres on their chromosomes, because they're linear and have ends. Prokaryotes lack these because they contain circular chromosomes with no ends.

True

(T/F?) Prokaryotes contain Ribosomes.

True (Ribosomes are not membrane-bound)

A coelom is a _____ found within certain organisms that lies between the _____ and _____.

cavity; Endoderm; Mesoderm