Ch.9 Intelligence
Factors
...
Criticism on IQ tests
1. Lack of theoretical bias 2. Possible cultural bias 3. Questions of validity
inconclusive
Research does not support the hypothesis that differences among racial or ethnic groups are primarily genetic; at this point, the data are ____________. A definitive study will likely require several generations of individuals from multiple ethnic groups who have experienced similar levels of socioeconomic status and opportunity — a study likely to be decades away.
adolescent antisocial
Risk factors for _________ _________' behaviour= aggression and attention/ restlessness problems at 5 years of age, and marital instability more than double the chance of delinquency at 14 yrs.
Intrapersonal intelligence
Type of intelligence that is one of Gardener's theory of multiple intelligences. Ability to understand one's self and one's strengths and weaknesses
Naturalistic intelligence
Type of intelligence that is one of Gardener's theory of multiple intelligences. Ability to understand patterns and processes in nature
Culture fair test
An IQ test where only those items that measure skills and knowledge common across all cultures. Limited success.
Culture free test
An iQ test that is designed to to remove cultural anomalies, where a cultural difference could ale a difference. Limited success.
predictors
Best _________ of child's performance on IQ tests= enriched home environ, positive mother-child interactions that foster interest and exploration, maternal knowledge about child rearing and child development
Wechsler-Bellevue tests
David Wechsler attempted to minimise these biases of linguistic and culture by creating a new instrument, the __________-_________ ______ 1939
Psychometric instruments
Designed to assess an individuals cognitive capabilities compared to others in a population. "tests that quantify psychological attributes such as personality traits or intellectual abilities — to see how people differ from and compare with each other on psychological 'scales'
Gifted (or giftedness)
Exceptionally talented. Definitions of giftedness depend on whatever skills or talents a society labels as gifts. In the West, with its emphasis on academic aptitude as measured by psychometric tests, giftedness is often equated with an IQ exceeding 130, although common definitions often extend to other forms of talent, such as social, musical or athletic ability. Genius or giftedness happens because an individual takes a special talent and invests an incredible amount of time and effort to maximise that talent (Ericsson, Charness, Feltovich, & Hoffman, 2006). However, gifted individuals almost always have very supportive environments and are guided by mentors.
Factor analysis
Factor analysis
Knowledge base
Info-processing variant that involves the amount of knowledge, the way it's organised and it's accessibility for retrieval.
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth edition (WISC IV)
Intelligence test version created by Wechsler for children (appropriate through age 16) without cultural bias called the '__________ ___________ _______ for __________', Fourth Edition, or WISC-IV (2003). IQ is derived from a number of subtests, which largely attempt to measure four index scales: 1. verbal comprehension, 2. perceptual reasoning, 3. working memory and 4. processing speed
Gf-Gc theory
Most robust psychometric model of intelligence. A theory which distinguishes between content-free fluid intelligence and knowledge-based crystallised intelligence and at a lower hierarchal level, 7 more specific factors- 1. short-term memory, 2. long-term memory, 3. visual processing, 4. auditory processing, 5. processing speed on simple tasks, 6. decision speed (processing speed on more difficult tasks, such as solving problems) and 7. quantitative knowledge (mathematical reasoning)
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Mothers who seriously abuse alcohol during pregnancy may give birth to babies with ____________ __________ ___________. FAS babies have malformations of the nose and eyes, together with a restricted intelligence and an agitated personality.
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Third edition (WAIS III)
Test created by Wechsler for adults IQ test without cultural bias __________ ____________ __________ ________, Fourth Edition, or WAIS-IV (2008). IQ is derived from a number of subtests, which largely attempt to measure four index scales: verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory and processing speed
Working Memory Index
The ________ _________ index (WMI) includes two core subtests and one supplemental subtest. These subtests require ability to hold and manipulate numbers in working memory and reflect arithmetic skills
Processing Speed
The _________ ___________ index includes 3 tests: 1. Symbol search: Visual perception, speed 2. Coding: Visual-motor coordination, motor and mental speed 3. Cancellation [Supplemental]: visual-perceptual speed.
Perceptual Reasoning
The __________ ________ Index comprises five tests: 1. Block design: Spatial perception, visual abstract processing and problem solving 2. Matrix reasoning: Nonverbal abstract problem solving, inductive reasoning, spatial reasoning 3. Visual puzzles: nonverbal reasoning 4. Picture completion [Supplemental]: Ability to quickly perceive visual details 5. Figure weights [Supplemental]: quantitative and analogical reasoning
Validity
The ___________ of a psychological test refers to its ability to assess the construct it was designed to measure.
Divergent thinking
The ability to generate multiple possibilities in a given situation) to measure this construct i.e. how many uses for a paperclip
Creative intelligence
Type of intelligence from Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, that finds new ideas and novel solutions to problems. Some situations are novel and require special ways of thinking for success.
Vocabulary
The most heritable aspect of itelligence
factor analysis
The primary tool of the psychometric approach is ______ ________ , a statistical technique for identifying common factors that underlie performance on a wide variety of measures.
Theory of multiple intelligences
Theory of multiple intelligences
differ
Three of the most important info-processing variables on which people ______ are: 1. speed of processing, 2. knowledge base, and 3. ability to learn and apply mental strategies.
Triarchic theory of intelligence
Triarchic theory of intelligence
Two-factor theory of intelligence
Two-factor theory of intelligence
Analytical intelligence
Type of intelligence from Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, measured by IQ tests. Needed for academic success. Internal processing of info needed for straightforward tasks & problems.
Practical intelligence
Type of intelligence from Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, that finds commonsense solutions to everyday. Involves the ability to understand often unstated, tacit rules that surround us. Adapt and change for success.
Fluid intelligence
______ ____________ refers to intellectual capacities that have no specific content but are used in processing information and approaching novel problems, such as the ability to draw inferences, find analogies or recognise patterns.
Social intelligence
______ _____________ is a type of intelligence that includes capacities to appraise and understand human relationships
Army Beta
_______ ______ was a test used by army to test non-literate or non-english speaking people to test their intelligence fro promise in army. Derived from Termans original IQ test and further developed with him as a team member.
RIsk factors
________ ________ to childs performance on IQ tests= maternal lack of education, maternal mental illness, (assoc w low standard of living and inferior schools) and family size
Lewis Terman
"Binet's intelligence test was translated and extensively revised by ________ ________ of Stanford University, whose revision was known as the Stanford-Binet scale (1916). Perhaps the most important modification was the intelligence quotient, or IQ, a score meant to quantify intellectual functioning to allow comparison among individuals. To arrive at an IQ score, Terman relied on a formula for express- ing the relationship between an individual's mental age and chronological age developed a few years earlier in Germany. The formula derives a child's IQ by dividing mental age by chronological age (CA) and multiplying by 100: IQ = (MA/CA) × 100."
cognitive perspective
"From a __________ perspective , intelligence is applied cognition — that is, the use of cognitive skills to solve problems or obtain desired ends
evolutionary perspective
"From an_________ ____________, intelligent behaviour solves problems of adaptation, and hence facilitates survival and reproduction.
Heritability of intelligence
"Second, the heritability of IQ in children is about .45 but reaches about .75 in adulthood; thus, a substantial percentage of the difference in IQ between most individuals is genetic. Heritability does not imply immutability. Every genetic effect acts within an environmental circumstance, and changing the environment, such as placing a poor child in a middle-class home, can have a substantial impact on IQ."IQ reflects a complex interplay of nature and nurture. Twin, family and adoption studies suggest that genetic factors are more important in explaining differences among individuals.
Working memory
"The ________ ________ Index is obtained from 3 tests: 1. Digit span: attention, concentration, mental control (e.g. Repeat the numbers 1-2-3 in reverse sequence) 2. Arithmetic: Concentration while manipulating mental mathematical problems (e.g. 'How many 45-cent stamps can you buy for a dollar?') 3. Letter-number sequencing [Supplemental]: attention and working memory (e.g. Repeat the sequence Q-1-B-3-J-2, but place the numbers in numerical order and then the letters in alphabetical order).
Perceptual Reasoning Index
"The ________ __________ ________(PRI) includes three core subtests and two supplemental subtests. These subtests require facility with spatial perception and visual abstract problem solving and reflect induc- tive reasoning skills that do not depend heavily on verbal thinking.
Wechsler scales
"The __________ ___________ (the WAIS-IV and the WISC-IV for children) include four index scales: Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory, and Processing Speed.
Information-processing
"The ____________-___________ approach tries to understand the specific cognitive processes that underlie intelligent behaviour. It defines intelligence as a process rather than a measurable quantity and suggests that individual differences in intelligence reflect differences in the cognitive operations people use in thinking. Three important variables 1. Speed of processing 2. Knowledge base 3. Ability to acquire & apply mental strategies.
psychometric approach
"The _____________ ______________ derives the components and structure of intelligence empirically from statistical analysis of psychometric test findings. Tries to identify groups of items in a test that correlate highly with one another in order to discover underlying skills or abilities. i.e. Because vocabulary and verbal reasoning are highly correlated, a person's score on one will usually predict her score on the other.
mental age (MA)
"The ancestor of modern IQ tests was invented by Binet for the specific purpose of identifying children with intellectual disability. Binet developed the concept of __________ ___________ ( _ _ ), the average age at which children can be expected to achieve a particular score.
Verbal comprehension Index
"The________ ____________ index includes four tests: 1. Similarities: Abstract verbal reasoning (e.g. 'In what way are an apple and a pear alike?') 2. Vocabulary: The degree to which one has learned, been able to comprehend and can verbally express vocabulary (e.g. 'What is a guitar?') 3. Information: Degree of general information acquired from culture (e.g. 'Who is the president of Russia?') 4. Comprehension [Supplemental]: Ability to deal with abstract social conventions, rules and expressions (e.g.'What does "Kill 2 birds with 1 stone" metaphorically mean?')
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
"The_____________ ____________, or IQ, is a score meant to represent an individual's intellectual ability, which permits comparison with other individuals. It was initially calculated by dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100.
intelligence
"We can thus provisionally define __________ as the application of cognitive skills and knowledge to learn, solve problems and obtain ends that are valued by an individual or culture. It is multifaceted and functional, directed at problems of adaptation. It is also to some extent culturally shaped and culturally defined, since cultural practices support and recognise intellectual qualities that are useful in the social and ecological context
L. L. Thurnstone
"_._.__________ (1938, 1962) argued against Spearman's existence of an overriding g-factor, finding instead 7 primary factors in intelligence: 1. word fluency, 2. comprehension, 3. numerical computation, 4. spatial skills, 5. associative memory, 6. reasoning and 7. perceptual speed.
General Ability
"the WAIS-IV yields the __________ _________ Index (GAI) as an optional composite score. The GAI is derived from the sum of scaled scores for the three verbal comprehension and three perceptual reasoning subtests, providing a summary score that minimises the influence of working memory and processing speed.
Monitoring standards in education
"the __________ ____________ in __________ (MSE) assessment materials are used by government schools in Western Australia to track student performance. These assessment materials use standard- ised tests and are based on the Curriculum Framework and Outcomes and Standards Framework.
Cause of intelligence
'Causes of _________' = although genes and environment both influence IQ in childhood, the impact of the family environment decreases with age as the impact of genetics increases.
Sternberg's triarchic theory
'________ _______ theory' identified three aspects of intelligence: 1. Experiential intelligence- coping w novel situations 2. Contextual intelligence- judging the most effective approach 3. Componential intelligence- mentally processing info. Theory was extended to include three further facets of intelligence: 1. Analytical intelligence (as measured by IQ tests), 2. Creative intelligence (finding novel solutions to problems) and 3. Practical intelligence (finding commonsense solutions to everyday problems).
Gardeners theory of multiple intelligence criteria
1. Whether an intelligence could be isolated neuropsychologically. multiple int = multiple neural modules 2. Existence of savants/ prodigies with talents in specific domains. 3. Its distinctive developmental course from childhood to adulthood. The fact that one domain may develop more quickly or slowly than others supports the notion of multiple intelligences. Children learn language and mathematics at very different paces.
heritable
A central question in the study of intelligence is the extent to which environment and heredity shape intelligence. Twin, family and adoption studies suggest that heredity, environment and their interaction all contribute to IQ but that individual differences in IQ are highly ___________.
Questions of validity
A criticism on IQ tests called _________ of ________. They are some of the most valid, highly predictive tests psychologists have ever devised, and can be useful in targeting children on both ends of the bell curve who require special attention. Comparing different cultures or subcultures can be problematic. Evaluate areas of intelligence important in a literate industrial society, i.e. ability to think abstractly, to reason with words and to perceive spatial relationships quickly and accurately. Can be powerful predictors of job performance and occupational achievement. IQ tests always enhanced by matching the test to the goal and adding additional measures that can enhance prediction. If the aim is to predict school success, IQ tests and the like are highly valid. IQ tests can measure some aspects of intelligence but should always be considered in the appropriate environmental and cultural context. They can be useful in predicting some aspects, such as academic success in the Western world, but are not an overall measure of a person's intelligence or ability to succeed in everyday life
Possible cultural bias
A criticism on IQ tests called_____ _______ _____. That they are prone to racial, ethnic or cultural biases. Indeed, some critics argue that they are designed to favour the white middle class in order to justify social inequality- whites tend to outperform most other ethnic groups, but also IQ is associated with social class (. Thus, critics charge, using IQ and similar tests for placing school-age children into classes based on ability or for admissions decisions at universities leads to biases that perpetuate current inequalities.
Lack of theoretical bias
A criticism on IQ tests called_____ of _______ _____. "What, then, do intelligence tests measure? In other words, what is the theoretical meaning of intelligence? Most IQ tests only partially address memory, reasoning, problem solving and decision making — the domains studied by cognitive scientists. Only in its most recent version cognition, such as the recognition of the importance of working memory Critics argue that intelligence tests provide little insight into the kind of practical intelligence involved in achieving goals in everyday life, creativity, interpersonal skill or, as in Mr. Helfgott's case, the ability to play a tune (Gardner, 1983, 1999). Binet himself actually never considered his test a measure of native ability but only a means of diagnosing performance deficits in school
g-factor
A factor invented by Charles Spearman called _-______ (General Intelligence)."Children with the highest academic ranking tended to score well on arithmetical ability, general knowledge and vocabulary, suggesting a general intelligence factor. It was far from uniform. Tasks associated with general intelligence consistently led to activation of areas of the frontal lobes (particularly the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex)
s-factor
A factor invented by Charles Spearman called _-______ (Specific Intelligence) used to explain the differences in correlations between different pairs of measures. According to Spearman, s-factors reveal specific abilities unique to certain tests or shared only by a subset of tests.
acquire and apply
Ability to '______ and _____' cognitive strategies' is a third variable of info-processing
successful
According to Sternberg (2004a), '__________ intelligence' involves an ability to adapt to, shape and select environments so as to achieve various goals. Thus, intelligence may be defined as 'the capacity for goal-directed adaptive behaviour'.
Teratogen
Alcohol is a ____________, a harmful environmental agent that can cause mal- formation or death of a foetus. Mothers who seriously abuse alcohol during pregnancy may give birth to babies with foetal alcohol syndrome . FAS babies have malformations of the nose and eyes, together with a restricted intelligence and an agitated personality.
Sir Francis Galton
Historians credit ______ __________ _________ (1822-1911) of England with the first systematic effort to measure intelligence. Convinced that intelligence and social pre-eminence were products of the evolutionary process of 'survival of the fittest' and that intelligence runs in families. Galton believed that the building blocks of intelligence are simple perceptual, sensory and motor abilities. 10 000 people underwent tests of reaction time, memory, sensory ability and other intellectual tasks. Surprise, performance on these elementary tasks did not correlate with much of anything, including social class.
Army Alpha
IQ test for english speaking, literate army officers. Derived from Termans original IQ test and further developed with him as a team member. "IQ test- ing promised a way of determining quickly which men were mentally fit for military service and, of those, which were likely to make good officers."
Speed of processing
Information-processing process - '________ of _________' is a strong correlate of IQ.
The nature of intelligence
Intelligence is the application of cognitive skills and knowledge to learn, solve problems and obtain ends that are valued by an individ- ual or culture. Intelligence is multifaceted, functional and culturally defined. Some aspects of intelligence are universal, whereas others depend on the tasks of adaptation in a particular society.
Savant syndrome
People with savant syndrome have low overall intelligence but an extraordinary talent in one particular realm of ability i.e. Raymond Babbitt in the movie Rain Man. He knew more than 7600 books by heart and could list all US area codes, zip codes and television stations. These abilities are often thought of as right-brain strengths, such as music and art. This phenomenon occurs more frequently in males than in females, suggesting that the disorder is linked to the Y chromosome.
Creativity
The ability to produce valued outcomes in a novel way. It is moderately correlated with intelligence, but not all people who are high in intelligence are high in creativity. The skills and personality traits that predispose people towards creativity may not be common among even intellectually gifted children. "he ability to generate multiple possibilities in a given situation," Creativity as a personality or cognitive trait i.e. high energy, intuitiveness, independence, self-acceptance, a willingness to take risks and an intensely passionate way of engaging in certain tasks for the sheer pleasure of it. Creativity is not simply a property of individuals but of the match between fertile minds and ripe times.
Emotional intelligence
Type of intelligence that has the ability to read people's emotions and use one's own emotional responses adaptively; primarily focused on perceiving, understanding and managing emotions; it corresponds to Gardner's intrapersonal and interpersonal intelligences.
Bodily/ kinaesthetic intelligence
Type of intelligence that is one of Gardener's theory of multiple intelligences. ABility to control body ovements and manipulate objects
(Possible) Spiritual/ existential intelligence
Type of intelligence that is one of Gardener's theory of multiple intelligences. Ability to focus on spiritual issues and the meaning of life
Spatial intelligence
Type of intelligence that is one of Gardener's theory of multiple intelligences. Ability to perceive spatial relationships
Logical/ mathematical intelligence
Type of intelligence that is one of Gardener's theory of multiple intelligences. Capactiy for scientific analysis and logical and mathematical problem solvin
Musical intelligence
Type of intelligence that is one of Gardener's theory of multiple intelligences. Sensitivity to sounds and rhythm; capacity for musical expression
Interpersonal Intelligence
Type of intelligence that is one of Gardener's theory of multiple intelligences. Sensitivity to the emotions and motivations of others; skilful at managing others
Linguistic Intelligence
Type of intelligence that is one of Gardener's theory of multiple intelligences. Sensitivity to the sounds and meanings of words
theory
Unlike the approach, the information-processing approach is ________ driven, drawing on research in cognitive science.
Verbal comprehension scale
What does VCI stand for? "includes three core subtests and one supplemental subtest. These subtests require facility with symbolic thought and language, such as knowledge of general information and the ability to comprehend and verbally express vocabulary (e.g. how well the person thinks using language) and to deal with abstract rules and expressions.
Spearman's two- factor
________ _______-________ theory distinguishes the g-factor, or general intelligence, from s-factors, or specific abilities. Individuals vary in overall intellectual ability (the g-factor), but some people are better at mathematical tasks and others are better at verbal tasks (s-factors).
Intelligence tests
________ ___________ are psychometric instruments designed to assess an individual's cognitive capabilities compared to others in a population.
Intellectual disability
________ ____________ refers to significantly below average general intellectual functioning (IQ less than 70), with deficits in adaptive functioning that are first evident in childhood and appear in more than one realm, such as communicating with others, living autonomously, interacting socially, functioning in school or work, and maintaining safety and health.
Binet
________ developed the ancestor of modern intelligence tests for the purpose of identifying children with an intellectual disability. His scale assigned an individual child a mental age (MA), which refers to the average age at which children can be expected to achieve a particular score. Unlike Galton, Binet believed that a true measure of intelligence is an individual's performance on complex tasks of memory, judgement and comprehension.
Reliability
________ refers to a measure's ability to produce consistent results. Thus, an individual should receive approximately the same score on a test given at two different times, assuming that the individual's level of ability has not changed in the interim.
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences
_________ _________ of ________ _________ distinguishes eight kinds of intelligence that are relatively independent, neurologi- cally distinct and show different courses of development. These include: - musical, - bodily/kinaesthetic, - spatial, - linguistic or verbal, - logical/mathematical, - intrapersonal, - interpersonal and - naturalistic intelligences.
Crystallised intelligence
____________ ____________ refers to people's store of knowledge, such as vocabulary and general world knowledge.
Intelligence tests
____________ _____________ are highly predictive of scholastic success, and they also predict occupational success. Critics argue that they lack a theo- retical basis, are culturally biased and fail to capture other kinds of intelligence.
Wechsler
_____________ abandoned the concept of mental age and calculated IQ as an individual's position relative to peers of the same age by using a frequency distribution.