Challenge and Change

Emile Durkheim

(1858-1917) - Believed that society protects individuals - Developed sociology as an established academic study - Functional Differentiation: society is constantly changing and diversifying - The function of this is to allow groups to work together more productively and cooperatively - Durkheim studied suicide; determined that society was to blame for suicide

Arnold Toynbee CHALLENGE AND RESPONSE THEORY OF CHANGE

(1889-1975) - every society faces initial challenges posed by its physical environment and by internal and external forces aimed at its destruction - The ability to respond successfully to these threats will determine the society's fate - since new civilizations are built upon the mistakes of past cultures, they are careful not to repeat the same mistakes

Talcott Parsons

(1902-1978) - Believed that all social phenomena could be explained through their function in society - While people are self-interested, they desire to cooperate and accommodate others' value

Dorthy Smith: Feminist

(1926-) - Believes that women are marginalized within society - Culture is socially constructed to favor men - Smith examines how women are "alienated from their experience" and deprived of an authority to speak because of the ideas imposed on women

G. Stanley Hall: Storm and Stress

- 1904 landmark study titled Adolescence - Outlined the primary characteristics of adolescence - Focused on emotional development among teenagers - Stated that youth regularly exhibit contradictory tendencies - Believed that those divergent values and behaviours contributed to the period of storm and stress" - He described teenager's emotional state as that of a pendulum swinging between extremes swinging between - Energy and enthusiasm to indifference and boredom - Excessive laughter and joy to melancholy and sadness - Sensitivity and empathy to outright cruelty - These extreme emotional changes helps to determine the adolescent's personality - Hall explained that adolescents sometimes crave solitude and are perfectly content to be secluded for a period of time - but at other times they seek opportunities to be among their peer group and are happy to conform to and take direction from others - criticized for only researching males

MERTON'S SOCIAL STRAIN TYPOLOGY CONFORMIST

- Accept cultural goals of their society and use conventional means to reach them - Always abide by the rule set by society Ex. Want to be a lawyer so goes to law school

Adolescences

- Adolescence: a transitional period between childhood and adulthood that typically begins with puberty and last until the ages of 18 to 21. - Historically adolescence has not always been recognized as a distinct life stage - For many cultures, there is often an abrupt transition between child and adulthood. - The World Health Organization defines an adolescent as someone between the ages of 10 and 19 - According to other definitions, this stage can last until age 18 or 21

STRAUSS-HOWE GENERATIONAL THEORY

- Archetype: a universal symbol or pattern - They identified four different generational archetypes - Prophet - often idealistic, driven to rebuild society Baby Boom Gen (1943-1960) - Nomad - disillusioned with social structures Gen X (1961-1981) - Hero - optimistic, determined and resilient G.I Gen (1901-1924) Millennial / Gen Y (1980-2000) - Artist - passive Silent Gen (1925-1942) - Claimed that the generational vales alternate between four distinct eras called "turnings" - During each 80 year period each era emerges, becomes popular and gives way to the next - Each cycle often begins with a period of crisis

Socialization Trends and Challenges SEXUALIZATION OF CHILDREN

- Before the fashion industry would target their products towards adult women - now the majority of products are aimed at a younger demographic - Ads targeted at tween girls tend to be overly sexualized - Social value is placed on physical beauty - Resulting in the lack of self-esteem in young girls - society's acceptance of sexualized female role models has created an environment in which young girls are valued for their physical appearance - due to this, majority of girls are anxious about conforming to a narrowly defined ideal and the number of tweens developing eating disorders is increasing

Gerda Lerner: Feminist

- Believes society is structured: - For men, class is economics and power (what they do) - For women, class is sexual connection to men (how they look)

Morality of Care Carol Gilligan

- Carol Gilligan believed Kohlberg's theory was exclusionary towards woman - Observed that because of socialization women define themselves in terms of relationships and ability to provide care - Central concern for women's moral development is conflict between self and other - First level: women are concerned with individual survival and as they grow shift toward responsibility - Second level: is expression of kindness - self-sacrifice as women adapts social values and puts social membership over personal beliefs - Last stage: women must integrate what they have been taught about goodness of society with truth. Personal needs must be examined against the individuals relationships, and individual must come to understand importance of care for others and positive attribute of personality - This theory places adolescent girls between levels two and three - as they asses their roles and responsibilities between selves /others

LETA STETTER HOLLINGWORTH: GRADUAL CHANGE TO ADULTHOOD

- Challenges idea of storm and stress emphasizing the idea of a gradual development into adulthood - Refuted the idea of separate stages of life - described it as a fluid journey that could be witnessed in gradual increments from childhood to adolescence to adulthood

Micro Sociology Cognitive consistency

- Cognitive consistency is the tendency to seek out stimuli that are consistent with your thoughts, attitudes, and behaviours and limit exposure to those that are inconsistent - The desire for cognitive consistency is so pronounced that an individual will consciously change his or her actions and behaviours to avoid conflict with the group

Micro Sociology: Cognitive dissonance

- Cognitive dissonance is the state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes - The feeling of discomfort or unease with the predominant group action or attitude - when an individual experiences cognitive dissonance, what they do stands in direct opposition and conflict what they think or believe - the only way to overcome it is to either change your behaviour to make it consistent with your attitude or change your attitude

CULTURE AND IDENTITY IN ADOLESCENCE

- Culture and ethnicity are key factors in an individual comes to see themselves during adolescence and onward - Ethnic identity: an individual's identification of bellowing to a certain ethnic group - The ease or difficult with which adolescents achieve stable and healthy personal identities depend on: - Confronting prejudice or discrimination from the dominant culture - Perceived or real barriers to achieving their goals

ELKIND'S THEORY OF ADOLESCENT EGOCENTRISM

- David Elkind - Adolescent is defined by the immaturity of the thinking process - Underdeveloped reasoning leads to adolescents being argumentative - Adolescence marked by a period of extreme indecisiveness due to exaggerated self-consciousness - Adolescents envision an ideal world and criticize the real one - His most prominent theory of adolescence was that of

ADOLESCENTS AND THE LIFE CYCLE

- Developmental Tasks - skills that an individual must acquire to successfully transition to the next developmental stage - Schema - mental idea or framework - In adolescence a person begins to establish personal

Jean Piaget

- Developmental psychologist Jean Piaget theorized that - To make sense of the world, children and adolescents create mental ideas called schemas, into which we pour our life's experiences - The process of building schemas continues until adulthood - Children move through four different stages of cognitive development - Changes to the cognitive functions and behaviours of adolescents occur in the formal operational stage

MERTON'S SOCIAL STRAIN TYPOLOGY RITUALIST

- Do not accept cultural goals of society but will use conventional means to achieve their unconventional goals Ex. Someone who opens a restaurant but does not want to open a chain or be the biggest or bets in the industry but instead is happy with their one restaurant and living the life they can have with that amount of money

THE GROWING INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL GROUPS

- During adolescence, individuality is increasingly important and social relationships that extend beyond the family are flourishing - Peers and media contribute to young people's understanding of the world - Their influence helps shape and form individual social values and attitudes - Political convictions, religious beliefs, sexual activity, illegal drugs etc. - Teenagers are subjected to a new social reality by the positive or negative forces that surround them

Pavlov's Dog

- Experiment by Ivan Pavlov for Classical Conditioning - To test his theory, Pavlov took a previously neutral stimulus (a bell) and began to ring it at the same time the dog received the food. After a while, the dog began to associate the sound of the bell with receiving food, a conditioned stimulus, since it produced the conditioned response.

Functionalist theory of Change

- Functionalists are interested in studying how society maintains stability and social order in the face of so many competing forces that drive change - States that society is affected by social institutions - In a simple society, institutions are undifferentiated, meaning that a single institution serves many functions - In smaller, pre-industrial societies, the family is the primary intuition performing reproductive, educational, social, and economic functions - As society becomes more complex, many more institutions are developed and the process of differentiation begins

What is Functionalism?

- Functionalists believe that problems within a society are the result of trying to adequately meet the physical and psychological needs of the majority of its members - All social structures and institutions meets the needs of the individuals in society o These structures each serve a 'function' - Analogy of the human body o If society is a body, the different beliefs and institutions are the organs within that body - Functionalism suggests that change must be a slow, orderly process because each and every social institution is connected to the others in a multitude of ways and serves many different human needs o Change occurs by consensus, based on shared values and norms

GENERATIONAL REPLACEMENT

- Generational replacement: theory claiming that changes in adolescent attitudes are important markers of long-term social change - Ideas and values teens develop will often transfer into adulthood - This means that teens views on social issues will often help us predict future social shifts

MERTON'S SOCIAL STRAIN TYPOLOGY Innovators

- Goals are in line with society but they accomplish these goals by unconventional means - Envision new ways or reaching goals Ex. Quitting school early to start a company that eventually will make you rich

Term Adolescences made popular by G. Stanley Hall

- He defined it as the developmental stage between childhood and adulthood - Laws put against child labour in western society at end of the twentieth century made secondary schools the norm - According to Hall this prolonged the period of parental dependency - It also delayed the transition to adulthood and gave children more time to mature and develop

Structural Functionalist

- Identifies and explains the systems and structures that govern society and assess how the needs of individuals are met by society - One of the most influential schools of thought - Emphasized that society's inherent function is to provide stability and equilibrium to its members - Society provides this stability and balance through specific institutions that cater to a variety of needs such as socialization, education, and materials - Structural functionalists are not concerned with social change, but with a society's capacity to remain stable during times of conflict and unrest

Psychology

- In psychology social changes refers to the transformation of a person's attitude, beliefs, and behaviors and the effect of these transformations on the whole group or society - Psychologists and social psychologists are interested in how and why individuals change their thoughts and behavior and how such personal changes extend to society a large

Conflict Theory of Change

- Is concerned with the inequities that plague societies - According to Marxist theory, groups opposing interests are in conflict - the greatest conflict of all exists between the rich and the poor - According to Dahrendorf, every society is subjected to constant change, and that change brings disorganization and conflict, subjecting society to constant conflict - the struggle does not result solely from the conflict between the rich and the poor over wealth, but from the command class and the obey class - command class: those with authority - obey class: those without authority; forced to follow the command class

Ivan Pavlov: Classical Conditioning

- Ivan Pavlov (behaviour modification) o Researched dogs and saw that they would droll as soon as they saw lab coats because they expected food o Pavlov found that would get an unconditioned response (drooling) when he presented the unconditioned stimulus (food) to a dog

Moral Development Lawrence Kohlberg

- Lawrence Kohlberg developed theory explaining how moral behaviour is developed - He interviewed children by presenting them with a variety of stories where characters were faced with a moral dilemma. Then would ask kids questions based of this dilemma. - He distinguishes three basic levels and 6 stages of moral development - A key finding in his theory is the process of internalization: - Process in which a person's behaviour changes from being controlled externally to being controlled internally by individuals personal standards and beliefs - As an individual becomes more morally developed they also reach internalization

MERTON'S SOCIAL STRAIN TYPOLOGY

- Merton's typology lists 5 different kinds of behaviour that constitute deviance o Conformity, Ritualism, Innovation, Retreatism, Rebellion

Millennial

- Millennial Generation: people who were born between early 1980's and 2000's and grew up in an era of globalization, cultural diversity and technological advances - They often have the characteristics of being: o optimistic and moral o Confident o Culturally aware and diverse o Skilled networkers o Technologically connected o Aware of city duty o Receptive to change o Global citizens

Family Structures

- Nuclear: Spouses and children - Extended: several generations in one household - Lone-Parent: One parent with one or more dependent children - Blended: Divorced partners, married or not, with or without children from previous marriage - Same sex: Two individuals of same sex, married or not, with or without children - Married / Cohabitation couple: Spouses / partners without dependent children

Feminist

- Patterns of social inequality are based on gender - Inequalities in society stem from a value system that has valued men over women - There are many branches of study within feminism - Many that parallel other schools of thought with a feminist perspective - Feminist psychoanalytic and Feminist-Marxist

ERIK ERIKSON PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

- Primary motive of human behaviour is social affiliations with others - Adolescence is the time for establishing personal identity - If an adolescent does not developed this personal identity they will develop role confusion - Without a clear objective to achieve they may have trouble later in life and develop self-destructive behaviours - They will often loose interest in themselves and others - In extreme situations this role confusion can lead to suicide

CYCLICAL THEORY OF CHANGE

- Proposes that change in society is much like changing seasons - Each distinct season has different conditions; it reaches a pinnacle and the gives a way to the next season only to return again - Stresses the natural growth and demise of cultural expressions - Sees the birth, maturity, aging, and death of a society as a way to explain why societies change - Suggests that a society reaches a certain level of power and relevance, and then it will die off

Prosocial Behaviour

- Prosocial behaviour: positive, constructive and helpful behaviour - Prosocial behaviour often happens when a high level of personal growth and a commitment to society are met

Sigmund Freud

- Psychoanalytic theorist (1856 -1939) - Believed that unlocking the unconscious mind in the key to understanding behavior and relationships - You could access the unconscious mind through dreams, hypnosis, drugs, and word association

DEVELOPMENTAL TASK FOR ADOLESCENTS

- Robert Havingster says developmental tasks involve important skills, knowledge, functions and attitudes ay a person must acquire at certain points in their life - He says adolescents from 12-18 must undertake following tasks - Accepting ones masculine or feminine physique - Developing healthy relationships with both sexes - Establishing emotional independence from parents - Working towards economic independence - Selecting and preparing for an occupation - Achieving socially responsible behaviour - Selecting a mate and preparing for marriage and family life

Sociology

- Sociologist study interactions and conflicts within groups to determine how society functions - All societies are governed by norms - Norms and predictable behaviors are important if society is to maintain social order and stability - sociologists determine whether changes in society are predictable or unpredictable, whether they are gradual or sudden, and whether changes occur spontaneously or follow a specific course - A way to view change from the sociological perspective is to examine the previous conditions that brought about the change in the first place - A new system is usually the result of the demise of an old system

EDUARD SPRANGER AND DOMINANT VALUES

- Spranger explained that adolescence marks transition period from childhood to physiological, emotional and psychological maturity - During this time we develop dominant value direction: - Lasting values that shape the world view an individual will have an adulthood - The individual is beginning to commit to a world view that will be carried forward into adulthood - Spranger's theory defines adolescence as a period of crisis and volatility that can lead to a shift or change in personality development - He outlines three basic characteristics of behaviour in teenagers - Undergoes a sort of rebirth - Upon reaching maturity, they come to look upon themselves as a completely changed and transformed person - Gradually comes to acquire and accept society's cultural values ideas through a slow process of personal development - Becomes a willing participant in their own personal growth, overcoming obstacles in an effort for self-improvement

Psychoanalytic Theories

- States that in order to understand behavioral change and human behavior we must unlock and understand the unconscious mind - Is predominantly concerned with the individual and the behavior produced by the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind - We are aware of the conscious mind (what we directly think about) - We aren't aware of our unconscious mind and it drives most of our actions - Breathing, moving hands, other body language traits - Psychoanalytic theory states that human behavior is determined by unconscious drives

Learning Theory

- States that learning can alter the way an individual interprets the world around him or her and can lead to permanent behavioral changes. - Behaviorism is a theory within this school of thought that uses behavior modification to create change - Behaviorism takes a scientific approach to change, relying on observing behavior and then controlling behavior through positive and negative stimuli - This school of thought emphasizes outward, observable behavior, rather than internal motivations - States that certain behaviors are based in childhood experiences and these behaviors are both predictable and modifiable

Cultural Materialism

- States that the physical materials, conditions, and economic activity within an environment determine how the ideas and ideology of a culture develop - the theory views cultural change within a framework of three levels - infrastructure, structure, and superstructure The three levels state that: - at the base of all cultures are economy, technology, and reproduction - from these, cultures develop their organizational structures - out of this organization comes ideology

ALLISON DAVIS AND SOCIALIZED ANXIETY

- Studied causes of anxiety and stress in adolescents by researching: - Learning and personality - The relationship between academic performance and child development - Attitudes and motivations of children from different social groups - Patterns of adolescent and young adult achievement - According to Davis - Socialization process includes something called socialized anxiety - Socialized anxiety: tension and discomfort that motivates individuals and influences behavior - In a proper amount, social anxiety can be an important factor pushing the individual toward maturity

LEWIN'S FIELD THEORY OF ADOLESCENCE

- Studied group behaviour in adolescence - It is the phase of life in which the group and group membership is integral to social belonging - According to Lewin adolescence is a time where individuals must change social group membership - Children and adults know what their roles are within groups - But teens are unclear of their roles because they are both cast into the adult world and asked to make long term decision while still being treated as children

THE IN-GROUP AND OUT-GROUP DYNAMIC Muzafer Sherif

- Studied weather groups could be established between people with no existing ties - in group: when brought together to interact for a shared goal individuals produce a group structure with hierarchy and roles - out group: if two different groups are brought together in competition hostile actions will result between original in-group and the secondary out group - these two groups are brought together with a shared goal they may form one large group

Evolutionary Theory of Change

- Tells us that all societies evolve from simple beginnings and over time become more complex - At the root of this theory is the notion of progress - progress is measured by a society's ability to move toward better living conditions, as well as its ability to innovate - views change as a positive and beneficial force in society

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

- The mental activates associated with knowing, remembering and communicating

THE LASTING INFLUENCE OF THE FAMILY

- The primary agent of socialization - Vanier Institute of family defines it as two or more people who are joined by birth, consent, adoption or placement who take on some of the following responsibilities: o Physical maintenance and care o Addition of members through procreation or adoption o Socialization of children o Social control of members o Production, consumption and distribution of goods o Affective nurturance aka LOVE

Microsociology

- The study of social encounters, experiences, roles, and interactions of individuals and small groups in society - It emphasizes how change occurs in an individual's life depending on the social and environmental stimuli that surround the person - Sociologists often study how individuals change in order to get along or belong to a group - Sometimes we convince ourselves that our actions are justified even when we know that they are wrong or in conflict with our personal values; sometimes we avoid this conflict by only associating with groups who agree with us and at other times by conforming to the group's actions and beliefs - This is known as cognitive consistency and cognitive dissonance

Bronislaw Malinowki

- Theorist in functionalism (1884 -1942) - Trobriand Islands in the South Pacific - Observed a ceremonial exchange of a necklace and arm band between two men on each island - The jewelry was of no monetary value - He discovered that the jewelry traveled full circle establishing a trade agreement called 'Kula Ring'. This ensured peaceful trade of other items such as food & everyday objects • the agreement was similar to a peace treaty

Socialization trends and challenges TWEENS

- Tween are girls and boys between the ages of 8 and 13 - This is the age where most children start to develop adolescent values and behaviours - Tweens are a distinct demographic

What is Macolm Gladwell: The Tipping Point about?

- Understanding of why changes so often happens as quickly and as unexpectedly as it does - States that ideas, behaviors, message, and products sometimes behave just like out-breaks of infectious diseases -> Social Epidemics

KARL MANNHEIM AND FRESH CONTACTS

- Young people learn important values form their parents and communities - Entire groups come to share core ideas that they will hold throughout their collective lifetime - As young people become aware of the world they form different views than the older generations - Fresh contact: the personal interpretation of the world by a young person - As they mature young people are able to form new value systems from their experiences which are different than that of older generations - Also developed the idea of social location: the influence of birth year on an individual's attitudes, values and views

Deviance

- Young people sometimes conform to groups not sanctioned by society - Deviance: Behaviour that violates the standards or expectations of a group or society - As a functional psychologist Merton believed social structures were key to social progress and stability - Deviant behaviour usually elicits negative reaction from general society - Merton believed society itself causes deviance (deviance isn't necessarily bad) - Subculture: a group with alternative system of values and beliefs that does conform to society - For many in adolescence mainstream culture does not provide an adequate outlet for individual expression - Deviant behaviour not connected with criminal activity can cause a lot of positive social change - Deviants are often agents of social change

Sigmund Freud: Defense Mechanisms

- also believed that many behaviors are driven by unconscious drives that manifest as defense mechanisms - denial: it didn't happen/creates a new truth - displacement: taking anger out on something/someone that has nothing to do with why your angry - projection: seeing your own problems in other people's problems

Max Weber

- believes that Culture is the predominant force in shaping human actions and society - Rationalization, the process whereby all aspects of human behaviour and social relationships are subject to administrations, eventually leads society to be covered by an "iron cage", with control in bureaucracy

Emile Durkheim (Sociology/ Social Change)

- believes that Social change is inevitable and follows a logical and predictable path - Society becomes more complex as it becomes more diverse

Karl Marx

- believes that Social change is the result of completion and the conflict that arises between social classes battling for power and economic resources - Social change needs to go through a series of stages to arrive at the desired goal

Anthropologists

- contribute to the understanding of social change by examining past and present cultures around the world - define culture as the shared symbols, values, beliefs, and behaviors of most members of a particular society - Conduct important studies about kinship, family, and social organization that shed light on how we live today and provides important details for the evolution of many social institutions - Surmise that, although world cultures differ widely, some common factors exist that cause all cultures to change - Factors can be internal or external

Marxism

- idea that economic production and material wealth constituted real power in society and are the basis for most relationships in society - Developed by Karl Marx (1818-1883) - most social relationships have economic power struggle at their roots - believed that economic power and wealth create competition o upper class would always make it impossible for the poor to rise because of fear of losing their power o only through social revolution could change occur o Feudal System Capitalism Communism - believed that if everyone works at what they are best at we would have an abundant society - He examined societies though their economic organization and found that o Western society is based on a system of property ownership and labour exploitation, particularly in the capitalist economic systems o Society was based on a fierce competition or power and wealth

FESTINGER AND THE SOCIAL COMPARISON THEORY

- individuals routinely compare themselves with others when unable to judge their status or abilities son their own - when individuals compare themselves to more similar people they gain more accurate information two types of social comparison - Downwards comparison: when an individual compares themselves to someone worst off - Upwards comparison: when an individual compares themselves to someone better off People are more likely to make upwards comparisons resulting in lower self esteem - Competitive emulation: keeping pace with others in material goods and lifestyle - People are often spending more money to keep up with appearances - Teenagers often exhibit this trying to keep pace and conform to their peers - Many adolescents define themselves by the items they own

John B. Watson

- learning/behaviourism theorist (1879-1958) - Little Albert experiment - He created a conditioned fear in an infant by pairing a loud noise with the appearance of a rat - Showed that humans could also be taught to have conditioned response

Carl Jung

- psychoanalytic theorist - Believed that the conscious and unconscious mind formed the psyche - that achieving balance within the psyche would allow people to reach their true potential - believed that there are two parts to the unconscious - Personal Unconscious: unique to individual - Collective Unconscious: shared by all humans regardless of culture

Challenges to social relationships in adolescence

- social belonging is an important element of personal growth and development among adolescents - adolescents have a strong need to belong to a group and/or conform to group ideals - conformity: act of matching attitudes, beliefs and behaviours to what individuals perceive as normal to their society or the social group to which they wish to belong - occasionally, the need to belong may be greater than an individual's own values and regard for personal risk

Macro Sociology

- the study of groups, social systems and social structure on a large scale - sociologist using this method are concerned with the wide sweeping changes that influence an entire society and they examine elements that have long term positive and/or negative effects on society as a whole - when a new set of ideals, beliefs, and values becomes strong enough to affect and change the way individuals see and perceive reality, its known as a social paradigm shift

Marvin Harris

-Theorist in cultural materialism (1927 -2001) - Observed culture in India - Examined the Hindu culture's belief in the sacred cow - He discovered that cows are valuable for agricultural work thus necessary in infrastructure - This fact also fuels the belief in the Hindu religion that cows must not be harmed (superstructure)

3 People of the Law of the Few

1. Connectors: Ability to interact with people of different social Structures and bring them together 2. Mavens: Ability to interact with people of different social structures and bring them together. 3. Sales Person: Charismatic people with the power to persuade and negotiate with others to get others to agree with them

What are the 3 rules of Epidemics

1. Law of the Few: The success of a social Epidemic depends on a small group of people who are responsible for the "tipping" of social epidemics 2. the Stickiness Factor: When a message or idea gets stuck in people/ the public's minds 3. Power of Context: States that epidemics are linked to conditions and circumstances of where they occure

Operate Conditioning: B. F. Skinner

B.F. Skinner (behaviour modification) - Studied how through reward and punishment, behaviour can be changed - If reward is stopped eventually the behaviour will become extinct - Interested in positive/negative reinforcement - Punishment reinforces fast but lasts less time

Social change effecting the status quo

Changes force group or society to question or confront the status quo

What are the 3 characteristics of Social Epidemics?

Contagious Little changes = Big effects Changes happen quickly

Elkind Egocentrism

Egocentrism is a heightened self-awareness and self-consciousness exhibited in almost all teenagers - Teens tend to believe others are as interested in them as they are of themselves

Leaning theory: Conditioning

Idea at the foundation: behavior can be learned and altered through conditioning o Classical conditioning o Operant conditioning

Anthropological change Internal Factors: Agents of social changes (leaders and mavens)

Individuals that come from different social spheres and at some point they quietly questioned or overtly threatened the status quo

Anthropological change external factors: Acculturation

Is the process of contact, exposure, and exchange of ideas between different cultures resulting in adaptions and changes to both groups

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow classifies needs as - deficit needs - lower needs - recurring and need to be fulfilled often - need for food - being needs - higher needs - deeper needs that rely on intellect and introspection on the par of the individual - need to recognize beauty in nature - Love and belonging needs are important to all humans but are most prominent during the teenage years - Need for social belonging is at its peak - Failure to meet these needs will lead to alienation - Estrangement or distance from other people. What they find meaningful or form sense of self - Esteem needs are especially hard to reach in adolescence because of our egocentricism

Anthropological change Internal Factors Invention (product or idea)

New product, idea, or social pattern that affects the way large groups conduct their daily lives

Prosocial Behaviour Phillip Zimbardo

Phillip Zimbardo explains that temperaments in people that influence them to make changes in the world - Heroic Imagination: the mindset of individuals who take a personal stand against the wrongdoings around them - Upstanders or those individuals who take a personal stand against wrongdoings - Hostile imagination: the same situations can provoke opposite reactions, and can act them to act in a harmful way

Anthropological change external factors: Diffusion

Refers to the spread of a cultural trait from one society to another through social contact

How does Social Change occur?

Slowly and over many years or decades Occur over a period of weeks and months EX. Eradicating prejudice and discrimination Changes that occur over a shorter period of time are usually in response to a crisis

Carl Jung Archetypes

Studied archetypes - Universal symbols that reappear throughout history with a common meaning or purpose - He believed that these archetypes are part of the collective unconscious

These 3 groups of people are special for their ability to communicate, teach and persuade. Who are they?

The 3 people of the Lew of a Few Connectors, Mavens and Sales People

What is Malcolm Gladwell's theory ?

The Tipping Point

What does the word Tipping Point come from?

The moment in an epidemic when the virus reaches critical mass Boiling point The word tipping point comes from the world of epidemiology

Socialization

The process in which we learn to become members of society learning and internalizing the values, norms and roles of a society - Roles: the expected behaviour of an individual in a social position - Values: shared ideas highly regarded in a social group - Agents of socialization: a person or institution that shapes someone's social development - The primary agent of socialization is family - Secondary agents include school, media, peers and religion

What are Psychologists interested in?

The relationship between personal change and group development Understanding how individuals contribute to the group and their ability to influence its stability or effect change within the group

What is the status quo?

The status quo maintains the stability of large groups, so social movements and radical change may be greeted by suspocion

What is Social Change?

Transformation in the beliefs, social interactions, practices, organization and Structure of Society

MERTON'S SOCIAL STRAIN TYPOLOGY Typology

Typology: a system of classification designed for understanding the types

Elkind Personal Fable

a drama that unfolds before this imaginary audience

Skinner Box

bar or pedal on one wall that, when pressed, causes a little mechanism to release a food pellet into the cage - a rat is rewarded with food each time it presses the bar - stated that a behaviour that is followed by a reinforcing stimulus will result in an increased probability of that behaviour occurring in the future - if reward is stopped eventually the behaviour will become extinct

Conflict Theory

competition between different groups for power o economic groups (Marxism) o gender groups (feminism) o cultural/racial/religious groups

Sigmund Freud Id, Ego and Superego

conceptualized the idea that the human consciousness was made up of three parts: - Ego: rational part of the mind, which operates on the reality principle - Id: instinctual part of the mind, which operates on the pleasure principle - Superego: the moral centre of the mind used the analogy of the iceberg to demonstrate how the mind works - Our conscious mind is above the water; the unconscious mind is below the surface. The id is totally unconscious, while the ego and superego straddle both sides of the iceberg and therefore operate both consciously and unconsciously His theory stated that - the id is completely unconscious - the ego and superego are both unconscious and conscious

Macro Sociology: paradigm paralysis

in this case, paradigm paralysis is more likely to happen - refers to the inability or refusal to see beyond the current systems of thought - psychologist refer to this as confirmation bias - the tendency among people to favor information that confirms their beliefs and preconceptions about an issue regardless of whether the information is accurate or valid - can lead people to disregard valid information and rely on their personal interpretation

Macro Sociology: paradigm shifts

paradigm shifts occur when unique circumstances present themselves and permeate a group in such a profound way that it causes the group to re-evaluate its current course and envious and alternative way of doing things - the most profound changes come about when a social institution changes because it has a central role in society - changes at this level force the society to assess the institution's common goals, purposes, and character - sometimes change is met with resistance by the dominant group

Margret Mead

studied Samoan girls - She researched argued that social factors caused the emotional and psychological stress in adolescence not biological factors

Elkind Imaginary Audience

when a person believes that they are at the center of other people's attention