Chap 13 T and Q

Ignatius

A former Spanish knight who while recovering from a leg injury studied books about Jesus, and then developed a plan to go on retreat for four weeks and do a program of spiritual and physical exercises to merge one's will with that of God

Jesuits

A group of people who followed the philosophies of Ignatius of Loyola and carried Christianity all over the world for the Papacy just like missionaries do today.

Huguenot

A word for French Calvinists

Johann Tetzel

A Dominican friar who ran what was essentially an advertising campaign that promised the absolving of both your sins and those of a loved one if you purchased an indulgence.

Martin Luther

A German theologian, priest, and monk who was one of the most important people involved with the protestant reformation. Martin Luther was incredibly pious and would routinely fast and take on his penance for any sin that he felt he had committed. He was a member of a religious group called the Augustinian Friars, a religious order that would preach to, and teach the poor, while a devout friar and catholic Martin Luther studied the New Testament and came up with his own interpretation of the bible's message which many summarize as "faith alone, grace alone, scripture alone", which is the idea that faith is a god given gift and can not be earned or worked towards by men.

Ulrich Zwingli

A Swiss priest who admired Erasmus and used his revised New Testament to preach. He believed that Christian faith should rest solely on the scripture as he believed it to be the pure word of god. He is known as one of the most important reformist's of his age, alongside Martin Luther.

Book of Common Prayer

A collection of short prayer books that effectively served as the Anglican equivalent of the Bible

Holy Office

A congregation established by Pope Paul II that sought to eliminate heresy, which worked very well in the papal states but had limited use in other parts of Europe.

Council Of Trent

A council that sought to reform the Catholic Church and reconcile differences between Lutherans and Catholics but due to the Lutheran's need to base discussion on the scripture this was not achieved, however, many other reforms came as a result of this council. The council of Trent gave equal validity to tradition and to the scripture in the beliefs of the church and made it law that for marriage to be valid it must take place in front of a witness and a priest.

Peasant's revolt

A long string of peasant revolts by protestants who wanted reform in the church, they were referred to by their enemies as Anabaptists due to their adoption of adult baptism. Many of the peasants involved believed that the end of the world was approaching and that only the city of Munster, which they had taken over. These radicals did not believe in the association of church and state and were hated for that sentiment, because at the time it was believed that a state church was necessary to maintain order. While the reformers were able to take a few cities they were eventually brutally put down by nobles and 1/3rd of the 300,000 peasants were killed

Anticlericalism

A movement in Europe that opposed the clergy due to, immorality, ignorance of the sacred texts, and pluralism, which is when one official holds multiple positions but does not fulfill all of the duties associated with that position and instead has someone else do it for lower wages while they collect the pay. Another thing that contributed towards anticlerical sentiment in the 16th century is the fact that members of the clergy were exempt from many civic duties, such as defending the city or paying taxes. People also wanted to decide for themselves who would be elected to higher church positions so that they would have a representative in the church.

French religious Wars

A period of civil war in France fought between Roman Catholics and Protestants.

Catholic reformation

A period of reforms in the Catholic church beginning when Pope Paul III was one of the first popes open to calls for reform, efforts for reformation began at the Council of Trent and ended around the same time as the Thirty Years War.

Against the murderous Thieving Hoards of Peasants

A piece written by Martin Luther in an attempt to quell the rebellion.

The peace of Ausburg

A treaty between Charles V and the alliance of Lutheran princes in Germany which recognized Lutheranism and allowed the local governments to choose whether they should be Protestant or Catholic.

Indulgence

An indulgence was a document that promised to absolve you of sins and lessen time in purgatory for a small price. Believed by many (most notably Martin Luther) to undermine the core teachings of the scripture, due to people believing that they no longer had to be punished for their sins. Indulgences were sold by traveling monks. An example of indulgences being used by the church for greed is seen in St Peter's indulgence, which was sold to pay for the rebuilding of St Peters Basillica

Witch Hunts

Hunts for accused witches all throughout Europe that came as a result of increased fear that women were making deals with the Devil and preforming rituals.

Politiques

Catholic and protestants in France who believed that the only way to save France was with a strong, brutal monarchy.

Mary Tudor

Daughter of Henry VIII who rescinded her father's reformist policies and restored Roman Catholicism in England. She also executed several hundred protestants in England and married her cousin Philip II of Spain which made her very unpopular among her subjects

Protestant

Derived from the word protest and used at first to describe early followers of Luther and Zwingli that eventually became the word for all non-catholic western Christians, such as Lutherans, Mormons, Baptists and so on.

Thomas Cromwell

Earl of Essex and statesman for Henry VIII who was a major reformer in England, however, historians debate how big his role actual was.

Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis

Ended the Habsburg Valois war between the French and the Spanish in exchange for the French promising to recognize Spanish dominance in Italy. The outcome of this war led to religious wars due to differences in religion and tradition in the area.

John Calvin

French founder of Calvinism, part of a second wave of protestant reformists. Believed that humans are not capable of understanding anything about god, except that which was revealed by Jesus Christ because he is the only link between humans and God.

Edict of Nantes

Gave Huguenots the right to public worship in France, which was still a catholic nation.

Henry VIII

King of England and first English king of Scotland who founded the religion of Anglicanism to both make himself head of the church in England and to divorce his wife Catherine and marry another one, a process which he repeated multiple times, usually executing his ex-wives after divorcing them.

Philip II

King of Spain who wanted to reunite England with catholic Europe through his marriage to Mary Tudor, however, his plans were halted by her death. He wanted to remarry to Tudor's cousin Mary queen of Scot's but she was executed, which led the pope to urge Philip to retaliate. Which led to a war between England and Spain.

Elizabeth I

Last monarch of the Tudor dynasty who made people attend Protestant services but did not actually care what people believed in their private lives, in a way further halting Philip II's plan to reunite England with the Catholic church.

Henry of Navarre

Otherwise known as Henry IV, Henry of Navarre was a French Politique and as such believed that, he as a strong monarch could save France by making the monarchy stronger and by finding a middle ground in which both religions could co-exist. Henry accomplished this by reinstating Catholicism as the official religion of France, but established the Edict of Nantes, allowing the local Lutherans freedom to worship as they so choose.

Anne Boleyn

Second wife of King Henry VIII who did not bear him a son and was executed by him just like his previous wife. And was an important figure in the eventual English revolution.

How did protestant ideas and institutions spread beyond German-speaking lands?

Protestantism spread beyond German lands first in England, when Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife Catherine for not bearing him a son but was unable to due to Catholic law and him not having the pope's blessing to annul the union, so he just made up a new religion known as Anglicanism and split England from the church in Rome. The printing of protestant reading material and increased literacy among the poor and middle class also allowed for the spread of all ideas to occur faster, including protestant ones. Other reformers that built themselves off of the ideas of the first wave also played a part in spreading the ideas, theologians such as John Calvin played a major role in bringing Protestantism all over europe

Catherine of Aragon

Queen of England alongside Henry VIII and aunt of Charles V, which is why Charles, who was essentially holding the pope hostage did not want to allow the annulment of their marriage, due to the fact that she would've been labeled a fornicator and his cousin labeled a bastard

What were the central ideas of the reformers? Why were they appealing to different social groups?

Reformers back in the 15th century believed , essentially that the church should stay true to the Bible's teachings and be held to the same standards as normal citizens when it came to civic duties such as paying taxes or defending the city against attackers. Protestantism was appealing to all socioeconomic groups for different reasons. The poor enjoyed the ideals of protestant religions like Lutheranism because they had been being discriminated against by the Church in many ways, the most notable being the sale of indulgences, which the poor, being the poor, obviously were not able to afford. The Urban-dwelling middle class were attracted to protestant religions because they wanted to have some sort of say in who was elected to high religious positions, which makes sense in a world where the church could own as much as 1/3 of the land in cities, aside from that is that due to growing nationalist sentiment all over many people began to think of the church as a foreign entity controlling them at home, so they would obviously be supportive of a religion that is not centered in Rome, but instead isn't "centered" anywhere. The rich and noble liked Protestantism because it offered them a way to separate the local government from the church's will.

Charles V

Ruler of Spain and the Holy Roman empire who was a devout Catholic and believed that he had a duty to maintain the unity of western Christendom. This is why there was religious wars under his reign such as in Switzerland when protestant cantons and catholic cantons fought a small war that ended up killing Zwingli. The emperor, in an attempt to halt the division of Christendom called a diet in Ausburg, which lead to him fighting with a coalition of Lutheran German states until a treaty known as the peace of Ausburg was established. Called diet of worms.

John Knox

Scottish theologian who was the head of the Protestant reformation in Scotland and established a state church in Scotland.

What reforms did the Catholic Church make, and how did it respond to Protestant reform movements?

The Catholic church, while proving themselves to be very resistant to the idea of changing the church did eventually give into pressure and make some reforms. This essentially began when Pope Paul III called the Council of Trent, while this council did not bring reconciliation between Catholics and Lutherans like they had hoped to do some very important reformations were made during the council. They required bishops to reside in their own dioceses which suppressed pluralism, they forbid the sale of indulgences and made priesthood more difficult to obtain to help stop clerical ignorance of the scripture.

Union of Utrecht

The alliance of several northern provinces led by Holland that split off from Spain and formed Denmark in response to Calvinist suppression and tax raises

Mary Queen of Scots

The catholic half sister of Mary of Tudor who was executed by her half-sister Elizabeth to rid any possibility of a conspiracy to overthrow her.

What were the causes and consequences of religious violence, including riots, wars, and witchhunts?

The consequences of religious wars in Europe are that there was more division among the European people and there was many civil wars and acts of violence between Catholics and Protestants. Eventually reformist movements in the Netherlands became a fight for independence from France, which led to France being split into a primarily protestant state and a completely Catholic one. Eventually all of the religious discrimination, violence and persecution lead to extreme events like the witch hunts in which protestants and Catholics alike would hunt down and execute those who they believed had associated themselves with the Devil.

How did the political situation in Germany shape the course of the Reformation?

The politicial situation in Germany was a very decentralized collection of states where the power was mostly held by Lutheran princes, however, emperor Charles V technically ruled over the lands and he was a devout Catholic, this led to fighting between the princes and Charles' armies. While Charles won the actual war he still decided to settle the conflict with a treaty that granted the princes religious the choice to make their holdings catholic or Protestant and officially recognized Lutheranism, which was a huge leap for the cause of the reformation and set a precedent for it being recognized and respected.

Compare and contrast the political consequences of the spread of Protestant ideas in the Netherlands and France

The spread of protestant ideas into the Netherlands was the source of a great deal of unrest for both coutnries, the Netherlands began to crave independence from both the church and the Catholic French, which lead to the sacking of Catholic churches by disgruntled Danes. After the church's had been sacked the new ruler of the Netherlands King Phillip II sent troops to pacify the rebels, which led to the slaughter of 1500 men. After those men had been killed the Union of Utrecht was formed and went to war with France until 1609 when they signed a treaty agreeing to recognize the states' independence.

Thomas Cranmer

Writer of "The Book Of Common Prayer" which was a book that gave order to all prayer and services in England. Also leader of the English reformation