chap 18

What was the difference between the Girondins and the Mountain?

Girondins represented the provinces, areas outside the cities. Feared the radical mobs. Mountains represented the interests of radicals in the city of Paris

Five achievements of Napoleon's rule

Got rid of feudalism and didn't allow the church to own everything; initiated a complete reform of education system and created specialized schools; reduced trade restrictions and gave out loans to people who needed them in order to increase trade; changed tax system to make it fair; improved agriculture and reformed land

In what ways did Napoleon preserve the gains of the revolution? In what ways did he destroy those gains?

He allowed for a lot more equality and got rid of the exclusive rights of the nobles, but he also hurt women's rights in a lot of ways and also censored the press.

What were the consequences of Napoleon's invasion of Russia?

Less than 40,000 of the original army retreated alive, and other European states took advantage of France's vulnerability.

Paris Commune

The Paris Commune during the French Revolution was the government of Paris from 1792 until 1795. Established in the Hôtel de Ville just after the storming of the Bastille, it consisted of 144 delegates elected by the 48 divisions of the city.

Continental System

Continental System, in the Napoleonic wars, the blockade designed by Napoleon to paralyze Great Britain through the destruction of British commerce. The decrees of Berlin (November 21, 1806) and Milan (December 17, 1807) proclaimed a blockade: neutrals and French allies were not to trade with the

What countries were included in Napoleon's Grand Empire?

France, Spain, Holland, the kingdom of Italy, the Swiss Republic, the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, the Confederation of the Rhine, Prussia, Austria, Russia, and Sweden were all included in the Grand Empire.

What did the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen proclaim?

Freedom and equal rights for all men, access to public office based on talent, and an end to exemptions from taxations

What exactly was the Tennis Court Oath?

The deputies of the third estate moved to a nearby indoor tennis court and swore that they would continue to meet until they had produced a French constitution.

Social inequality and economic problems contributed to the French Revolution. As you read, use a diagram to list the factors that contributed to the French Revolution.

-International: struggle for hegemony and Empire outstrips the fiscal resources of the state -Political conflict: conflict between the Monarchy and the nobility over the "reform" of the tax system led to paralysis and bankruptcy. -The Enlightenment: impulse for reform intensifies political conflicts; reinforces traditional aristocratic constitutionalism, one variant of which was laid out in Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws; introduces new notions of good government, the most radical being popular sovereignty, as in Rousseau's Social Contract [1762]; the attack on the regime and privileged class by the Literary Underground of "Grub Street;" the broadening influence of public opinion. -Social antagonisms between two rising groups: the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie -Ineffective ruler: Louis XVI -Economic hardship, especially the agrarian crisis of 1788-89 generates popular discontent and disorders caused by food shortages.

Complete a timeline using information from this section and the last section. Identify the four governmental bodies that ruled France after the Estates-General convened in 1789 and before Napoleon seized control in 1799. Also indicate the dates (years) that each of these four bodies controlled France.

-National Assembly: 1789-1791 -Legislative Assembly: 1791-1792 -National Convention/Committee of Public Safety: 1792-1795 Directory: 1795-1799

guillotine

A device used in the French Revolution that cuts peoples' heads off. It became the standard for the death penalty so that all would be equal in death.

Bastille

A fortress in Paris built in the 14th century and used in the 17th-18th centuries as a state prison. Its storming by the mob on 14 July 1789 marked the start of the French Revolution.

Napoleonic Code

After four years of debate and planning, French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte enacts a new legal framework for France, known as the "Napoleonic Code." The civil code gave post-revolutionary France its first coherent set of laws concerning property, colonial affairs, the family, and individual rights.

Who made the laws under the Constitution of 1791?

A legislative assembly would make the laws

Germaine de Stael

Anne Louise Germaine de Staël-Holstein, commonly known as Madame de Staël, was a French woman of letters of Swiss origin whose lifetime overlapped with the events of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic era. Very rich and an awesome writer.

How were you promoted under Napoleon's new bureaucracy?

Based on ability only

What groups in France in 1791 opposed the new order?

Catholic priest, nobles,lower classes hurt by arise in the cost of living

What event brought an end to Louis XVI's control in France?

Destruction of the bastille

Describe the role of women in the French Revolution.

During the revolution many women sought equal rights and formed many feminist clubs in an attempt to achieve these rights. Unfortunately they were shut down by the Jacobin club and forced back into their subservient position. Napoleon also hated women so he further enforced this. Didn't they also storm a castle or something?

How did Napoleon win the support of the French people?

He gave better economic opportunities, made food cheaper, allowed the poor to keep their land, and seemed like a pretty cool guy. He also seemed like a "war hero" after returning from Egypt and he had pretty good PR.

In what ways was the French revolutionary army different from previous armies?

It was created by a people's government and they were people's wars not wars between rulers. Basically it was much more democratic.

Jacobin Club

Jacobin a member of a democratic club established in Paris in 1789. The Jacobins were the most radical and ruthless of the political groups formed in the wake of the French Revolution, and in association with Robespierre they instituted the Terror of 1793-4.

Republic of Virtue

Maximilien Robespierre, now the effective dictator of France, is guiding the Revolution down an exceedingly narrow and dangerous path towards his Republic of Virtue - supposedly the embodiment of the ideals of the French Revolution: liberty, equality, fraternity. That is to say, "be virtuous or die".

Describe the strategy used by Russia to defeat Napoleon's Grand Army.

Napoleon's hopes for victory in Russia depended on a quick defeat of the Russian armies. The Russian forces, however, refused to give battle. They retreated for hundreds of miles, burning their own villages and countryside to keep Napoleon's army from finding food. When the Russians did stop to fight at Borodino, Napoleon won an indecisive and costly victory. When the remaining Grand Army reached Moscow, they found the city on fire. Lacking food and supplies, Napoleon abandoned Moscow late in October and began the "Great Retreat" across Russia. Due to the lack of food and the terrible winter conditions in Russia, only a fraction of the original army managed to survive. The Russians used the land and the weather to defeat Napoleon's superior numbers.

Olympe de Gouges

Olympe de Gouges born Marie Gouze, was a French playwright and political activist whose feminist and abolitionist writings reached a large audience.

Why was Louis XVI forced to accept the National Assembly's decrees?

On October 5, thousands of Parisian women marched to Versailles and described how their children were starving from a lack of bread, and threatened to kill him effectively making him a prisoner

Who did Napoleon's coup d'etat overthrow?

Overthrow of the government, toppled the Directory

Who seized political power from the Legislative Assembly?

Paris Commune

Treaty of Paris in 1783

Recognized America's independence and gave them the territory from the Appalachians to the Mississippi river.

How did the Russians defeat Napoleon's superior Grand Army?

Refused to fight, retreated back for hundreds of miles. Burned their own villages, taking away their food supply

What steps did the National Convention take to try to dechristianize France?

Saint was removed from street names, churches were pillaged or closed, priests married, new calendar was adopted, sunday and church holidays were eliminated. Basically they just did away with a bunch of Christian stuff.

Legislative Assembly

The Legislative Assembly was the governing body of France between October 1791 and September 1792. The Legislative Assembly replaced the National Constituent Assembly, which by September 1791 had completed most of the work for which it was convened.

Why was the government of the Directory unpopular?

Some of the five members became very corrupt, and they also had a bad habit of being dictators and murdering their opponents. They took away people's rights, and were generally pretty brutal.

Waterloo

The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday, 18 June 1815, near Waterloo in present-day Belgium, then part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. A French army under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition: a British-led Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington, and a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, Prince of Wahlstatt. The battle marked the end of the 26 year French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars period.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

The Civil Constitution of the Clergy (French: "Constitution civile du clergé") was a law passed on 12 July 1790 during the French Revolution, that caused the immediate subordination of the Catholic Church in France to the French government.

Directory

The Directory was a five-member committee which governed France from 1795, when it replaced the Committee of Public Safety. On 9 November 1799, it was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire and replaced by the French Consulate. It gave its name to the final four years of the French Revolution.

Who was Napoleon defeated by in his final battle?

The Duke of Wellington

What were the three major parts of Napoleon's Grand Empire?

The French Empire, dependent states and allied states

How was nationalism important in the defeat of Napoleon's empire?

The French aroused nationalism in the European countries because they were hated as oppressors. This hatred stirred patriotism in opposition to the French. Also the European countries had learned nationalism from the French and had seen firsthand what a nation in arms can do.

St. Helena

The island that Napoleon was exiled to after losing the battle of Waterloo. This time he stayed there forever probably.

What was the immediate cause of the French Revolution?

The lack of willingness from aristocracy and king to share power with bourgeoisie - the newest social class. Aristocracy let this class assume its duties and social functions, but refuse to share with it the benefits of being on top of the social order. The king refusing to let the 3d state assemble was only the symptom of this rejection of bourgeoisie...(also there were economic problems at the time)

Elba

The place Napoleon was banished to the first time after most of Europe got mad at him. But then he snuck out and messed with France again.

Marie Antoinette

The queen of France before and during some of the Revolution. She did a lot of the same stuff her husband did, was very extravagant, and didn't say let them eat cake.

sans-culottes

The sans-culottes (French: [sɑ̃kylɔt], literally "without breeches") were the common people of the lower classes in late 18th century France, a great many of whom became radical and militant partisans of the French Revolution in response to their poor quality of life under the Ancien Régime.

What were the major reasons Napoleon's Grand Empire collapsed?

The survival of Great Britain and the force of nationalism

What were the two main factors that led to the defeat of Napoleon?

The survival of Great Britain and the force of nationalism.

Why was the Committee of Public Safety given broad powers?

To defend France from foreign and domestic threats

Why did the National Convention form the committee of Public Safety?

To protect the country from foreign invasion and rebellion from within. It succeeded the Committee of General Defense.

Describe the rights of women under Napoleon's Civil Code.

With regard to family, the Code established the supremacy of the man over the wife and children, which was the general legal situation in Europe at the time. A woman was given fewer rights than a minor. Divorce by mutual consent was abolished in 1804.

coup d'etat

a sudden, violent, and illegal seizure of power from a government. (coup but French)

taille

a tax levied on the common people by the king or an overlord. (before 1789)

What order did the National Convention pass to reflect its belief in reason?

dechristianization policy

What were the main points of the Declaration of the Rights of Man?

freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly and separation of powers. All men have these rights. It also talks about some rights many people have together. This paper was written using some of the ideas of natural rights, these rights are for all men: they are supposed to be valid in all times and places. They are said to be rights of human nature.The citizen is entitled to liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. Men should have freedom and equal rights, access to public office based on talent, and no exemptions from taxation. All citizens should have the right to participate in making laws and to enjoy freedom of speech and the press.

Explain how the army of the French Republic ultimately changed the nature of modern warfare.

the army used artillery (cannons) for the first time which softened the target (killed most of them off) and the bombs did most of the work which guys used to do before it, it also made it less personal because they didn't have to get so close and use knives to personally stab and kill them