Chap 31 - Animals: The Invertebrates

Which of the following organisms show the typical method of acquiring food that is found in animals? ( ) Euglena, who are autotrophic and heterotrophic. ( ) Basidiomycetes, club fungi, who decompose wood and other plant material. ( ) Earthworms, annelids, who feed on any available organic matter that they can take into their mouths ( ) Volvox, a colonial alga that is autotrophic ( ) Archaea, who are chemotrophic.

Earthworms, annelids, who feed on any available organic matter that they can take into their mouths

Sponges exhibit radial symmetry. True or False?

False

____ are animals that have three pairs of legs, a tympanum for reception of sound waves, and Malpighian tubules for excretion.

Grasshoppers

Clams, snails, sea slugs, and octopuses belong to the phylum

Mollusca

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of earthworms? ( ) segmentation ( ) expanded dorsal surface of the intestine called a typhlosole ( ) hermaphroditic ( ) paired nephridia in each segment ( ) dorsal solid nerve cord

dorsal solid nerve cord

What system do the cnidaria have that sponges lack?

nervous

Which of the following are NOT cnidaria? ( ) corals ( ) planaria ( ) sea anemones ( ) hydrozoa ( ) Portuguese man-of-war

planaria

Lophotrochozoa are animals that are organized circularly, so no matter how they are sliced in half longitudinally, mirror images are obtained. True or False?

False

If echinoderms are radially symmetrical, why are they considered primitive relatives of cnidarians?

The echinoderm larvae are originally bilaterally symmetrical but metamorphose into a radially symmetrical adult.

Why are real bath sponges so soft?

The harder silica or calcium spicules are absent and the softer spongin remains.

A sea star's nervous system includes

a central nerve ring that gives off radial nerves in each arm.

Which body structure describes the freshwater hydra? ( ) a swimming medusa with mouth pointing downward ( ) a swimming medusa with mouth pointing upward ( ) a sessile medusa with mouth pointing upward ( ) a sessile polyp form with mouth pointing downward ( ) a freely moving polyp with mouth pointing upward

a freely moving polyp with mouth pointing upward

Sea stars and sea urchins operate their tube feet by

a hydraulic system that regulates water pressure.

An adaptation exhibited by the tapeworm for survival in a host's intestine is

a tough integument resistant to host digestive fluids.

The madreporite helps the sea star ( ) reproduce. ( ) locate food. ( ) digest food and distribute it to the arms. ( ) absorb water to regulate its vascular system. ( ) keep its surface clean of algae and barnacles and debris.

absorb water to regulate its vascular system.

An insect circulatory system is best described as

an open system that mostly washes hemolymph "blood" through the hemocoel.

Earthworms are ( ) annelids. ( ) molluscs. ( ) echinoderms. ( ) platyhelminthes. ( ) arthropods.

annelids

An arachnid differs from a crustacean because

arachnids have four pairs of walking legs.

Which type of organism is characterized by having jointed appendages, ability to molt, and three sets of fused segments?

arthropods

In flame cells ( ) light is detected. ( ) ciliated sperm are stored. ( ) undigested food is expelled. ( ) slow fires actually burn food for energy. ( ) cilia drive fluids through tubules for excretion of excess water.

cilia drive fluids through tubules for excretion of excess water.

Fertilization in the earthworm is accomplished by the use of the

clitellum

When an earthworm secretes a slime layer to receive eggs and sperm and form a ''cocoon,'' this secretion is produced by the

clitellum

The stinging cells or nematocysts are characteristic of

cnidarians

Which of the following organisms exhibit radial symmetry as adults? ( ) flatworms ( ) cnidarians ( ) roundworms ( ) clams ( ) fish

cnidarians

Which of the following is NOT an echinoderm? ( ) sea star ( ) sea urchin ( ) sea cucumber ( ) sand dollar ( ) crayfish

crayfish

A closed circulatory system is found in ( ) insects. ( ) snails. ( ) clams. ( ) earthworms. ( ) scorpions.

earthworms

Which difference distinguishes protostomes from deuterostomes? ( ) nervous system ( ) embryonic development ( ) circulatory system ( ) cephalization ( ) presence or lack of notochord

embryonic development

The most likely ancestors of the chordates are considered to be echinoderms because ( ) tunicates are echinoderms. ( ) there is a direct lineage from sea stars to tunicates. ( ) embryos of echinoderms and chordate embryos are deuterostomes. ( ) adult echinoderms display similar characteristics as adult chordates. ( ) the nervous system of echinoderms is similar to that of chordates.

embryos of echinoderms and chordate embryos are deuterostomes.

Which of the following is correct in matching the common name with a phylum name? ( ) planarian—Nematoda ( ) fluke—Platyhelminthes ( ) coral—Porifera ( ) roundworm—Cnidaria ( ) sponge—Arthropoda

fluke—Platyhelminthes

The molluscs look so different, and yet we can tell they are related because they all

have a mantle, visceral mass, and a foot.

The complex eye that can distinguish shapes is found

in molluscs but the eye structure evolved differently.

The largest animal group, both in number of species and number of individuals, is the

insects

A major characteristic of the arthropods is the presence of

jointed appendages.

Which are NOT among the phylum Mollusca? ( ) clams ( ) squids ( ) lobsters ( ) nautiluses ( ) snails

lobsters

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of echinoderms? ( ) adult is radially symmetrical ( ) locomotion by muscles ( ) endoskeleton of spiny, calcium-rich plates ( ) larva is bilaterally symmetrical ( ) both sexual and asexual reproduction

locomotion by muscles

Which of the following types of skeletal material is NOT found in at least some sponges? ( ) calcium carbonate ( ) silica ( ) spicules ( ) spongin ( ) muscle

muscle

Which of these is a bivalve? ( ) slug ( ) octopus ( ) earthworm ( ) snail ( ) oyster

oyster

The segments of a tapeworm consisting primarily of eggs, which hang in bags as a long chain behind the head, are called

proglottids

Which type of animal symmetry produces mirror images of each other no matter how the animal is sliced longitudinally? ( ) radial symmetry ( ) asymmetrical symmetry ( ) bilateral symmetry ( ) asymmetrical symmetry and bilateral symmetry ( ) None of these.

radial symmetry

Tapeworms are specialized for parasitism by an excessive development of which system?

reproductive

The head region of a tapeworm is called the

scolex

Planaria move by

secreting a film of mucus and pushing against it with epidermal cilia.

Larval Trichinella worms live in the

skeletal muscle of pork.

Planaria feed by ( ) attaching with a sucker(s) and extracting blood. ( ) tearing and sucking food particles via a muscular pharynx. ( ) slurping food particles through a mouth and excreting waste via an anus. ( ) soaking all nutrients from the environment through its thin epidermal surface. ( ) grabbing food with tentacles and pulling them into a ventrally located mouth.

tearing and sucking food particles via a muscular pharynx.

Which of these parasitic worms is NOT a nematode? ( ) Ascaris ( ) Trichinella ( ) the worm that causes elephantiasis ( ) hookworm ( ) the worm that causes schistosomiasis

the worm that causes schistosomiasis

The insect organ most equivalent to the human lung in function is the

tracheae

Animals that have no particular symmetry exhibit

asymmetry

The name Echinodermata literally means

spiny skin.

The term "deuterostome" refers to

the second embryonic opening becoming the mouth.

Which of the following statements about planaria is NOT true? ( ) There is a rudimentary circulatory system with a small central heart. ( ) Planaria cut in half can regenerate to form two complete worms. ( ) Active movement occurs through ciliary cells and muscle movement. ( ) Tissue levels include endoderm (inner), mesoderm (middle), and ectoderm (outer). ( ) Cephalization is shown by the formation of a brain and sense organs in a head region.

There is a rudimentary circulatory system with a small central heart.

Which of the following characteristics is NOT true about deuterostomes? ( ) The second opening during embryonic development becomes the mouth. ( ) They include the echinoderms and humans. ( ) They have a coelom. ( ) They include the simplest of invertebrates. ( ) They are typically more advanced than protostomes.

They include the simplest of invertebrates.

Earthworms possess both male and female organs on separate segments; thus mating consists of "parallel parking" in opposite directions and cross-fertilizing. Given this, which of the following IS/ARE true? ( ) This is evidence of a primitive state that is generally less efficient than separate sexes. ( ) This is primarily to allow them to self-fertilize if no other worm is in their sector of the soil. ( ) This is an advantage since they can mate with any other earthworm of the same species that they encounter. ( ) Maintaining any system not clearly male or female is disadvantageous; the earthworm is trapped in an evolutionary dead end. ( ) This demonstrates the how ineffective self-fertilization is as a means of reproduction.

This is an advantage since they can mate with any other earthworm of the same species that they encounter.

Which of the following would NOT show the five characteristics typically found in animals? ( ) Sponges, which have no true tissues but have two layers of cells that perform different functions. ( ) Planaria, who have an incomplete digestive tract but do have muscles and excretory and reproductive systems. ( ) Trypanosoma, a single celled organism that causes sleeping sickness in humans. ( ) Leeches, segmented worms that are predatory on other animals. ( ) Tapeworms, flatworms that infest the intestines of humans.

Trypanosoma, a single celled organism that causes sleeping sickness in humans.

A floating Portuguese man-of-war is ( ) a cubozoan. ( ) merely an inflated, noncircular jellyfish. ( ) a free-swimming polyp in the hydra group. ( ) the first animal with complete organ systems. ( ) a colony of polyps composed of different types of individuals.

a colony of polyps composed of different types of individuals.

It is NOT correct to say that arthropods have ( ) a solid ventral nerve cord. ( ) an open circulatory system. ( ) a well-developed nervous system. ( ) jointed appendages and a segmented body. ( ) a tough exoskeleton that grows by expansion.

a tough exoskeleton that grows by expansion.

Press a sponge through a coarse cloth bag and extrude the whole cells through the holes. The cells then ( ) reproduce sexually. ( ) die from being separated. ( ) form spicules in the pattern of the cloth. ( ) all go back to primitive cells and soon differentiate into another sponge. ( ) reassemble into a new organized sponge with each cell resuming its original job.

reassemble into a new organized sponge with each cell resuming its original job.

Ascaris is considered to be a(n)

roundworm

Filter feeders are usually ( ) active predators. ( ) sessile or relatively inactive. ( ) always herbivorous. ( ) squids. ( ) snails.

sessile or relatively inactive.

The chitinous bristles that earthworms use to anchor themselves in the earth and pull themselves along are

setae

A recent study of the marine hawksbill turtle's stomach contents revealed that sponges constitute a major portion of their diet. Sponge beds are generally protected from predators by the sponge's calcium and silica crystals, but these were found in quantity in the turtles' digestive systems. These structures that protect the sponges from most predators, but not turtles, are ( ) amoebocytes. ( ) the osculum. ( ) choanocytes. ( ) spicules. ( ) spongin.

spicules

Which pair exhibits the closest relationship? ( ) spider—tick ( ) housefly—mite ( ) earthworm—grasshopper ( ) crayfish—planarian ( ) scorpion—clam

spider—tick

Respiratory structures in insects are

spiracles and tracheae.

Which of these is NOT associated with a roundworm infection? ( ) hookworm ( ) trichinosis ( ) elephantiasis ( ) tapeworm ( ) pinworm

tapeworm

A sponge actually feeds by ( ) acting as a net in a current that sweeps food particles through it. ( ) squeezing the spongocoel cavity and sucking debris in and out through the osculum. ( ) the beating of the flagella of collar cells, forming a current; food is absorbed by collar cells. ( ) the beating collar cells form a current from osculum to pores; the food is engulfed by amoebocytes in the central cavity of the sponge. ( ) water the moves gently through the sponge and the amoebocytes that engulf passing food.

the beating of the flagella of collar cells, forming a current; food is absorbed by collar cells.

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of sponges? ( ) sessile filter feeders ( ) body wall has two cell layers ( ) flagellated collar cells move water ( ) water enters through a single cavity, the osculum ( ) amoeboid cells transport food and make skeletal fibers and gametes

water enters through a single cavity, the osculum

Which of the following statements about sponges is NOT correct? ( ) Sponges have no nerve fibers. ( ) Sponges have no fully developed muscle fibers. ( ) Amoeboid cells capture food particles from the water. ( ) Sponges may reproduce asexually by budding or by regeneration from a small piece. ( ) Cells of a single sponge will recognize others of the same kind and reaggregate if the cells are separated and allowed to reassociate.

Amoeboid cells capture food particles from the water.

Which of the following is generally NOT a characteristic of all animals? ( ) They ingest food that is digested in a central cavity. ( ) They produce gametes by meiosis for sexual reproduction. ( ) They produce an embryo that undergoes development in stages. ( ) Animals range from unspecialized single-celled to specialized multicellular forms. ( ) The adult form is diploid.

Animals range from unspecialized single-celled to specialized multicellular forms.

The ____ of the tapeworm contains both male and female sex organs and becomes filled with developing embryos.

proglottids

Which description best fits the lophotrochozoa? ( ) As embryos they have three germ layers that will develop into the organ level of organization as adults. ( ) As embryos they have two germ layers that will develop into the tissue level of organization as adults. ( ) Lophotrochozoa are deuterostomes. ( ) Lophotrochozoa are primarily a terrestrial group. ( ) The lophophore, a flagellated appendage, is used to define members of this group.

As embryos they have THREE germ layers that will develop into the organ level of organization as adults.

Which feature is NOT found in the lophotrochozoa? ( ) As embryos they have two germ layers that develop into their body systems. ( ) Aquatic lifestyle. ( ) Bilaterally symmetrical during some stage of their development. ( ) Use a lophophore as a feeding apparatus. ( ) They are protostomes.

As embryos they have two germ layers that develop into their body systems.

Which of the following is a way that crayfish and grasshoppers are similar? ( ) Both have tympanum for use in mating rituals. ( ) Both have malpighian tubules that function in the extraction of nitrogenous waste. ( ) Both have spicules and a tracheal system for respiration. ( ) Both have bodies that are composed of a cephalothorax and abdomen. ( ) Both have antennae that have a sensory function.

Both have ANTENNAE that have a sensory function.

If you live on a river delta or coastline, you may not be able to eat the local shellfish because of high levels of toxins, even though you may be able to drink the water taken from the same source. Why?

Clams filter-feed and concentrate the dilute pollutants from the water, thus acting as early warning indicators of severe pollution.

Both corals and calcareous sponges have calcium carbonate structures. What is the relationship between these two groups?

The sponges use calcium carbonate to form sharp spicules while the corals independently use the same material to form a skeleton.

The life cycle of animals ( ) Demonstrates alternation of generation, where the zygote is haploid and the adult is diploid. ( ) Does not demonstrate alternation of generation both the zygote and the adult are haploid. ( ) Demonstrates alternation of generation where the zygote is diploid and the adult is haploid. ( ) Does not demonstrate alternation of generation since only the spores are haploid. ( ) Does not demonstrate alternation of generation; gametes are haploid and the organism is diploid.

Does NOT demonstrate alternation of generation; GAMETES ARE HAPLOID and the ORGANISM IS DIPLOID.

Which of the following is characteristic of flukes? ( ) Flukes are ectoparasites of invertebrates. ( ) Most flukes have separate sexes. ( ) Flukes are covered by a ciliated integument. ( ) Flukes possess an oral sucker that is surrounded by a nonsensory papilla. ( ) Flukes have a well-developed alimentary canal.

Flukes have a well-developed alimentary canal.

Which of the following is a way that crayfish and grasshoppers are different? ( ) Crayfish have an exoskeleton while grasshoppers do not. ( ) Grasshoppers have compound eyes while crayfish have a camera type of eye. ( ) Grasshoppers have well developed nervous systems while crayfish have a ladder network of nerves. ( ) Grasshoppers have spicules and tracheal tubes that serve as the means of gas exchange while crayfish have gills. ( ) Crayfish have an open circulatory system while grasshoppers have a closed circulatory system.

Grasshoppers have spicules and tracheal tubes that serve as the means of gas exchange while crayfish have gills.

Which statement is NOT true about invertebrate animals? ( ) The vast majority of animal species are invertebrates. ( ) Many invertebrate species live in a marine environment. ( ) Most animal phyla are invertebrates. ( ) All major invertebrate groups arose from protistan ancestors. ( ) Invertebrates lack a nervous system.

Invertebrates lack a nervous system.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the flatworms? ( ) Tapeworms have a ladder-type nervous system similar to other flatworms. ( ) Planaria contain pigmented, photosensitive eyespots. ( ) Liver flukes and blood flukes are parasites in humans only. ( ) Schistosomiasis is a common human blood disease caused by flukes in tropical areas. ( ) Tapeworms are hermaphroditic, having both male and female reproductive structures in each proglottid.

Liver flukes and blood flukes are parasites in humans only.

Because they have nerve fibers and muscle fibers, hydra are capable of directional movement. These nerve and muscle fibers are found ( ) In the gastrodermis. ( ) In the epidermis. ( ) In the mesoglea. ( ) Nerves are found in the gastrodermis and the muscle fibers in the ectodermis. ( ) Nerves are found just under the ectodermis and muscle fibers are found in the mesoglea.

Nerves are found JUST UNDER THE ECTODERMIS and muscle fibers are found in the mesoglea.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about the flatworms? ( ) There are three complete tissue layers. ( ) Flatworms may be either free living or parasitic. ( ) Flatworms have a sac body plan, with only a mouth and no anus. ( ) Parasitic flatworms have a well-developed head with eyespots and nerves concentrated into a brain. ( ) Most planaria are found in marine environments, but some dwell in freshwater and moist terrestrial environments.

Parasitic flatworms have a well-developed head with eyespots and nerves concentrated into a brain.

Which of these statements is NOT correct about the flatworms? ( ) Tapeworms do not have a larval stage. ( ) Planaria ingest food through a mouth located in the head region. ( ) Flukes have two suckers by which they attach to and feed from host tissues. ( ) Tapeworms have a scolex with hooks and suckers by which they attach to the host's intestinal tissues. ( ) Tapeworms enter the human body through undercooked meat, especially pork, which contains encysted larval forms.

Planaria ingest food through a mouth located in the head region.

Which statement is NOT correct about the roundworms? ( ) There are three layers of tissues in the body. ( ) Roundworms have a tube-within-a-tube body plan. ( ) There is an internal body cavity called a pseudocoelom. ( ) Roundworms have a smooth unsegmented outside body wall. ( ) Roundworms are essentially no more than parasitic flatworms that have lost their need to be flat.

Roundworms are essentially no more than parasitic flatworms that have lost their need to be flat.

Which statement about arachnids is NOT true? ( ) Ticks and mites are often parasitic. ( ) Spiders and scorpions are predators. ( ) Spiders have trachea for respiration. ( ) Spiders have a pair of fangs which release poison. ( ) The body parts include a cephalothorax and an abdomen.

Spiders have TRACHEA for respiration.

Which statement about sponges is NOT correct? ( ) The larval form is flagellated and able to swim to a suitable location. ( ) Sponges are classified on the basis of their type of skeletal material. ( ) Sponges resemble a colony of protozoan cells more than a multicellular animal. ( ) Sponges are thought to be on the evolutionary pathway leading to more complex animals such as corals and worms. ( ) Sponges can reproduce sexually or asexually.

Sponges are thought to be on the evolutionary pathway leading to more complex animals such as corals and worms.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about cnidaria? ( ) The adult body is bilaterally symmetrical. ( ) Most are found in shallow coastal marine environments. ( ) There are two tissue layers, an outer epidermis and inner gastrodermis. ( ) Stinging cells contain a threadlike nematocyst released to capture prey. ( ) A jellylike mesoglea contains cells that form a nerve net throughout the body.

The adult body is bilaterally symmetrical.

Which statement about cnidaria is NOT true? ( ) Reproduction is both sexual and asexual. ( ) Some forms are sessile and others are motile. ( ) They live in either marine or freshwater environments. ( ) To capture food the animal wraps itself around its prey. ( ) The body plan is tube-within-a-tube, with both mouth and anus.

The body plan is TUBE-WITHIN-A-TUBE, with both mouth and anus.

The two layers of tissue in a hydra are ( ) The epidermis which covers and protects and the inner layer that contains flame cells. ( ) The epidermis that covers and protects and the gastrodermis where cells that complete digestion are found. ( ) The epidermis that contains flame cells and the gastrodermis that contains the nephridia. ( ) The epidermis that covers and protects and the gastrodermis that contains the nephridia. ( ) The epidermis that covers and protects and the gastrodermis that contains a ladder-like nervous system.

The epidermis that COVERS and PROTECTS and the gastrodermis where cells that COMPLETE DIGESTION are found.

Which statement is NOT true about echinoderms? ( ) The exoskeleton is made up of bony tissue. ( ) Gas exchange occurs through gills on the skin. ( ) Larvae are free-swimming and bilaterally symmetrical. ( ) A water vascular system allows the tube feet to produce suction. ( ) Symmetry is radial in the adult, usually with parts in fives or multiples of five.

The exoskeleton is made up of bony tissue.

Which of the following is NOT true about protostomes? ( ) They are types of advanced invertebrates. ( ) They form a true coelom. ( ) The first opening during embryonic development becomes the anus. ( ) They will become mollusks, annelids, and arthropods. ( ) They are more advanced than acoelomates, but not as advanced as deuterostomes.

The first opening during embryonic development becomes the anus.

Which of the following statements about hydra morphology is correct? ( ) The hydra has a long single tentacle containing numerous nematocysts. ( ) The hydra has a single polyp that is filled with gas and keeps the organism afloat. ( ) The hydra is bell shaped and has multiple tentacles. ( ) The hydra is a tube shaped polyp that has two layers of tissue. ( ) The hydra is bilaterally symmetrical.

The hydra is a TUBE SHAPED polyp that has two layers of tissue.

If you play with a living anemone with a probe, it will withdraw even if you vibrate the probe like a food animal would vibrate; it also withdraws if you just add sugar. However, it reaches out and grasps an object that both vibrates and tastes like food. The use of such a double system prevents unnecessary firing of expensive nematocysts. Why are nematocysts "expensive"?

The nematocyst is very complex and costs the anemone much energy to build.

The cephalopods resemble other molluscs because they have

most of the internal organs located in a visceral mass.

A hydra moves via

muscular cells in the epidermis.

Echinoderms and cnidarians ( ) are both radially symmetrical. ( ) both have three germ layers. ( ) both have the sac body plan. ( ) are both deuterostomes. ( ) are both found in freshwater.

are both radially symmetrical.

Which of the following organisms exhibit complete metamorphosis? ( ) crayfish ( ) starfish ( ) grasshoppers ( ) butterfly ( ) lobsters

butterfly

Sea stars reproduce ( ) by budding. ( ) by asexual processes alone. ( ) asexually by fragmentation. ( ) by sexual processes only. ( ) by sexual means and also by asexual fragmentation.

by sexual means and also by asexual fragmentation.

Which of the following organisms are considered advanced invertebrates with a true coelom? ( ) sponges ( ) hydras ( ) flatworms ( ) roundworms ( ) earthworms

earthworms

How could you possibly become infected with adult tapeworms?

eating insufficiently cooked pork

The major insect body parts are

head, thorax, and abdomen.

Earthworms differ from most of the marine annelids in that earthworms

lack paddlelike parapodia that marine annelids have.

The water vascular system of the echinoderm is used for

locomotion