CHAP 5-7

Adenine Triphosphate

*ATP* Energy carrying molecule

Chemiosmosis

*Aerobic Respiration* Prokaryotic cells: Plasma membrane. Eukaryotic cells: Mitochondrial membrane This is the proton pump.

Electron Transport Chain

*Aerobic Respiration* Carrier molecules Release of energy by Chemiosmoiss Oxidative Phosphorylation= ATP H2O is produced as well. O2 is the final electron acceptor 38 TOTAL ATP

Krebs Cycle; Citric Acid cycle

*Aerobic Respiration* Pyruvic acid (from glycolysis) is modified to form Acetyl-CoA. NADH and FADH2 (reduced coenzymes) products of krebs cycle. Energy is transferred to ATP in ETC

Hypotonic

*lysis* More solutes inside the cell (low) More water outside (high) Water moves into cell.

Hypertonic

*plasmolysis* More Solutes outside of the cell.(L) More water inside cell. (High ) Water moves outside. Water moves from high to low

Requirments for ATP production

1. Energy sources (electron donors) 2. Electron carriers 3. Final electron acceptors The donation of electrons occurs visa oxidation reduction reactions.

Respiration: Stages of carbohydrate catabolism

1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs cycle 3. Electron transport chain

Of Biofilms 1. Cooperation 2. Circulation 3. Exchange genetic information 4. Shelter bacteria from harmful environmental factors OVER ALL IMPACT

1. heterogeneous populaiton, each with different metabolic pathways 2. Share nutrients, exchange toxic wastes 3. Conjugation Desiccation, UV rays, antibiotics, host immune systems Cause 70% of all infections

Aerobic Respiration Equiv's NADH oxidized via ETC= ___ ATP FADH2 = _____ ATP The final electron acceptor in ETC is what?

3 Molecules of ATP 2 Molecules of ATP Oxygen O2

Acidophiles

> Acidic Environments > Buffer must be added > pump protons out of intercellular space to keep cytoplasm at neural PH

Substrate- level Phosphorylation

ADP to ATP Addition of PO4- P+ADP= ATP Catabolism

Photophosphorylation

ADP to ATP by light energy: light trapping photosythetic cells. Chlorophyll (light Energy) though ETC= ATP. *Chemiosmosis*

Light-independent (dark) reactions

ATP and NADPH are used to reduce CO2 to sugar via the calvin-Benson cycle. *Stage Two of photosynthesis*

Noncompetitive inhibitors

Allosteric site bond Changes the shape of enzyme Block substrate Prevents cell form making more of a substance that it no longer needs.

Differential media

Allow distinguishing of colonies of indifferent microbes on the same plate

Noncomptitive inhibitors: regulates production

Amino acids Vitamins purine and pyrimides

Quorum sensing

BIOFILMS Density-dependent microbial communication The number of family members Gram-negative organisms

Denaturation

Breakage of nonequivalent bonds in structure, resulting in loss of tertiary structure and thus catalytic ability

Catabolism

Breaks down complex molecules. *Exergonic reaction*: releases energy by oxidation of molecules.

Chemical requirements for growth

Carbon Nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorous Trace elements Oxygen Organic growth factors

Lipid catabolism

Catabolism of FATS *Lipase:* Extracellular enzyme that breaks down lipids into glycerol & fatty acid components. Glycerol enters glycolysis and the Krebs cycle Oxidation of glycerol & fatty acids= KREBS

Fermentation: Carbohydrate catabolism

Catabolism: 1. Cellular respiration 2. Fermentation

Ribozymes

Catalysis of biochemical reactions is not limited to protein enzymes. *RNA that function as a catalysts*

Metabolic reactions organized into pathways and cycles by what?

Catalyzed by enzymes and ribozymes

Where does photosynthesis take place in Eukaryotic Cells?

Chloroplasts

Psychrophiles

Cold-loving Deep ocean, certain polar regions *0'c optimal 15'c*

Biofilms

Complex, dynamic slime-enclosed microbial communities. Function as a biological system or multicellular organism. Grow on surfaces Involved in 70% of infections

Chemical Requirements: Nitrogen

Component of proteins, DNA, RNA, and ATP.

Reducing media

Contain chemicals (sodium thioglycolate) that combine O2 to deplete it.

Function of Enzymes

Control of enzyme synthesis Control of enzyme activity # total vs active enzymes Factors influencing activity: Temp, pH, Substrate concentration, inhibitors

During what reaction does ATP store energy?

During the endergonic reaction

Krebs cycle

Oxygen needed Mitochondria >Substrate-level phosphorylation= 4 ATP. > NAD+ & FAD= CO2 *Product:* 6 NADH, 2 ATP, FADH2=2, and CO2.

Entner-Doudoroff pathway

Produces 2 NADPH and 1 ATP/Glucose. *additional glycolysis pathway*

Protein Catabolism

Proteases & peptidases: protein into amino acids. Enter as intermediates of the Krebs cycle

Aponenzyme

Protein portion *protein portion inactive*

Isomerase

Rearrangement of atoms with a molecule

Metabolic pathways of Energy production

Redox reactions catalyzed by specific enzymes. 1. Electron transfer form compound to compound 2. Controlled extraction of energy from organic compounds for storage in the chemical form of ATP.

Metabolism

Refers to the sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism. Provides energy and creates substances necessary to sustain life.

Psychrotrophs

Refrigerator temp. 0'c Optimal 20-30'C

Fermentation (anaerobic respiration)

Releases energy form the oxidation of organic molecules. Pyruvate to Lactic acids or *alcohols* No oxygen required. No Krebs or ETC

Obligate aerobes Facultative anaerobes Obligate anaerobes Aerotolerant anaerobes Microaerophiles

Require Oxygen life can use oxygen unable to use tolerate but no use require oxygen, low concentration lower than air

Lipid Biosynthesis

Role: Structural components of biological membranes.

Selective and differential media

Selective component

Chemical Requirements: Carbon

Structural backbone of organic molecules

Enzyme-substrate complex

Substrate attaches to enzyme active site. Then produces a new product.

Selective Media

Suppress unwanted microbes and encourage desired microbes. Contain inhibitors to suppress growth

Physical requirements for growth

Temperature pH Osmotic pressure

Factors that influence enzymatic activity

Temperature, pH, substrate concentration.

Amino acid and protein biosynthesis: use in what cycle?

The Krebs cycle is one important source of the precursors for Amino Acid synthesis. Use of amine group.

The removal of electrons occurs via what reaction? In ATP production

oxidation redaction reactions

Amphibiolic pathways

pathways that function both anabolism and catabolism. common intermediates and shared enzymes

Collision Theory

relates to factors that influence chemical reactions when atoms, ions, and molecules collide.

Extreme or borgate halophiles

require high osmotic pressure (high salt) 30%

Catalysts

speed up chemical reactions without being permanently altered (neither consumed nor changed)

Transferase

transfer functional groups

Phototrophs

Use light energy as primary energy source Oxygenic: water reduces carbon dioxide Anoxygenic : does not produce O2

Chemical Requirements: Phosphorus

Used in DNA, RNA, and ATP

Chemical Requirements: Sulfur

Used in amino acids, and vitamins. Most bacteria decompose protein for the sulfur source

Oxygen toxicity

Used in phagolysome of phagocytes

Anabolism

Uses energy and building blocks to build complex molecules. *Endergonic reaction* Uses energy to synthesize macromolecules that make up the cell.

Holoenzyme

apoenxyme plus cofactor *whole enzyme active*

Enzymes

biological catalysts

Organic Growth Factors

essential organic compound that must be obtained form the environment Vitamins: Coenzymes Amino Acids: protein synthesis Purine and Pyrimidines: Nucleic acid synth.

Chemically defined media

exact chemical composition= autotrophic bacteria

Competitive inhibitors

fill the active site. Blocks the substrate. No substrate= slow to no reaction.

Anaerobic Respiration

inorganic molecule (no C) other than O2 functions as final acceptor.

Inoculum

introduction of microbes into a medium

Ligase

joining of molecules; usually uses ATp

Turnover number

maximum number of substrate molecules an enzyme converts to a product per second

Capnophiles

microbes that require high CO2 conditions candle Jar

Mesophiles

moderate-Temp- loving Most common MO *25'C to 40'C but 37' c (Host temp)*

Isotonic

no net moment of H2O

Culture Media

nutrients prepared for microbial growth

Chemotrophs

organic or inorganic compounds as their primary energy source

Components of a complete active enzyme

coenzyme + cofactor attached to Apoenzyme.

Agar

complex polysaccharide isolated from marine algae

Trace Elements

Mineral elements Cofactors essential for The function of enzymes Usually naturally present in H2O

Allosteric inhibition

Noncompetitive inhibitor

Cofactor

Nonprotien component Can disassociate to transfer chemical groups (vitamins) Electron carriers *nonprotein portion activator*

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Electron exchange Reduction: Gain E Oxidation: Loss E *Redox: Important in catabolism*

Oxidative phosphorylation

Electron transport chain (System) Reduction & oxidation. Produce ATP E from organic compound to ETC.

Why are redox reactions so important in energy conversion?

Electrons move from electron donor (loses energy) to electron acceptor (gains energy)

Photoautotrophy

Energy Source: Light Carbon Source: CO2

Photohetrotroph

Energy Source: Light Carbon Source: Organic Compounds

Chemoheterotroph

Energy source: Chemical Carbon Source: Organic compounds

Chemoautotroph

Energy source: Inorganic chemicals Carbon Source: Co2

-ase

Enzyme

Hydrolase

Enzyme for Hydrolysis

oxidoredctase

Enzyme for oxidaton-reduciton reactions

Complex media

Extracts digests of yeast, meat, or plants; chemical composition varies batch to batch- heterotrophs.

Hyper-thermopiles

Extreme thermophiles *80'c and Above*. Sulfur important in their metabolic activity

Aerobic Respiration

Final electron acceptor Krebs cycle & ETC Oxygen needed.

Reaction Rate

Frequency of collisions containing enough energy to bring about a chemical reaction

Glycolysis

Glucose breakdown No oxygen needed Cytoplasm Total: 2 ATP 2 NADH 2 pyruvate= *Acetyl CoA * 1st carbohydrate catabolism pathway*

Thermophiles

Heat-loving Endospores: heat resistant Hot springs, hydrothermal vents. *50'c to 60'c*

Photosynthesis

Light energy form sun into chemical energy. Light-fueled synthesis of carbohydrate from CO2.

Light-dependent reactions

Light energy into chemical energy. ATP= photophosphorylation NADPH= electrons donated for biosynthesis.

Chemical Requirements

Macroelements Trace elements organic growth factors SCHNOP

Culture

Microbes growing in or on a culture medium.