Chapt 17: The 17th & 18th Centuries in Europe

baroque

(17.10) Hall of Mirrors - 240 feet long 1680 - reflective mirrors & grand windows facing gardens -used for most elaborate state occasions and in 20th century served as backdrop for momentous events - gold covered decorations - wall relief sculptures, fleur de lys patterns, figural sculptures - crystal chandeliers - meant to reflect baroque splendor, luxury, drama, play with light & opulence of royalty

Classical, Baroque

(17.9) Central portion of the garden of west facade, Palace Of Versailles 1669-85 -central portion of west facade, overlooks garden and houses of royal apartments -Baroque style evident in way facade occasionally breaks forward and way interest gathers towards center -exterior of palace reflects ________ -interior of palace reflects _______ splendor, as in Bernini's Cornaro Chapel, but on gander scale, architecture, sculpture, and paintings united to create series of lavish settling for pageantry of Louis XIV and his court

Versailles,

__________ Palace - rebuilt from former hunting lodge, in the suburb of the capital - moved entire court to Versailles 1682- 200 acres, Palace more than ¼ mile wide, include extensive formal gardens and grand chateaux -remarkable structure that the power of kingship flowed forth

Louis XIV

King of France from 1643 (crowned at the age of 4) until his death in 1715. In the arts, he is associated with the Baroque style due to his renovations of the Louvre and Versailles as well as instituting the rise of the Rococo style in the 17th century with its emphasis on the leisure-life of the aristocracy.

Neo-classical

Late 18th and early 19th century art movement known for a return to the Classical and Renaissance styles which emphasized order, balance, clarity, and restraint.

American revolution, John Singleton Copley

Other revolutions occurred-_______ _______- progressed from "starving time" to independent nation -developed own artistic style _________ _______ ________ -born in Boston, painted many people who later became heros of revolution (17.20)Paul Revere 1768-70 -image of Paul Revere's silversmith, poses him with silver teapot in one hand, tools on table -portrait is Neoclassical style, subject sits quietly at table straight gazing towards viewer -dressed informally, yet shows great dignity and obvious pride in his work -Copley rendered his subject's feature, garments, and polished tabletop -sense fullness, 3-D volume in body and hand

Neoclassicism

Renewed interest in classical antiquities developed with the excavation of the ruins of Pompeii (remember, had been sealed up by a volcano). Rulers & social thinkers hoped to encourage civic virtues such as patriotism, self-sacrifice, frugality.

Bernini

The Ecstasy of St. Teresa is a fine example of _______'s talent in 1. sculpture 2. architecture 3. painting 4. lighting

Baroque

The Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles is a prime example of design in the French ______ style

b

The Night Watch by Rembrandt van Rijn is considered emblematic of the Baroque style because of: a. its depiction of a civic militia. b. its dramatic organization of figures in a stage-like setting, full of movement, and lit with various light sources. c. its full range of colors and Old Testament subject. d. its symmetrical and classically organized composition.

d

The Rococo style of art from the 18th century could be described as: a. playful, pastel colors but large massively scaled objects. b. bright colors, religious subjects, and often found in cathedrals. c. dramatic, serious subjects with dark colors found in palaces. d. intimate subjects, playful scenes, and pastel colors.

Jacques Louis David, Neoclassical

The artist _______ was considered the leading artist during the French Revolution and led the _________ movement.

Rococo

The movement portrayed the life of the aristocracy, preferring themes of romance, mythology, fantasy, every day life to historical or religious subject matter.

Rococo

The word ______ has become synonymous with elaborated and profuse

Baroque

Theatrical, emotional. The colors were rich and primary colors, more vivid than those of the Renaissance.

Jacques-Louis David

This artist was the Minister of Propaganda & official artist of the Revolution: & Neoclassicism was the official style.

Judith Leyster

______ ________, Carousing Couple, 1630. Oil on panel The 17th c. was the age of Dutch genre painting - scenes of everyday life. Merry scene of drunken couple- Perhaps a warning to sober up, but The woman may be a self- portrait of the artist.

Medici family

A wealthy family who made their money in the banking industry but also prospered from their positions within the local government during the 15th and 16th centuries. They lived in Florence and were the most important patrons of the Italian Renaissance outside of the Pope. They created studios and Neo-platonic gatherings in Florence to foster a true revival of Classical ideals.

Rococo

Art movement from the 18th century which emphasized ornate but small-scale decorations, curvilinear forms, pastel colors, playful or light-hearted themes, and overall Romantic quality typically meant for the aristocracy.

Baroque

17.10 Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, 17th century

Baroque

17.12 Rembrandt, Night Watch, 17th century

Baroque

Cathedrals & places, rulers royalty, Intense, strong colors, massive, Dramatic

Neoclassical

Jacques-Louis David was _______ artist

Rococo

More intimate, for the homes of the aristocracy, Pastels, Smaller scale, Playful, lighthearted

Gentileschi

______ was a female artist whose paintings of Old Testament subjects often included the dramatic use of light and shadows.

rembrant van rijn, dark varnish, dramatic, brighter

(17.12) Sorie of Captain Banning Cocq's Company of the Civic Guard Night Watch - 1642 12 x 17 feet -portray private elite militia -depicts civic militiamen (city national guardsman) - each paid according to their placement (appearance) in the painting- they played important role in defending city in recent wars against Spanish domination, in rembrandt's time they were ceremonial - referred to as Night Watch b/c of _____ ______ (oily, dark toned residue that develops on ptgs b/c ingredients in paint) - and b/c of smoke from fireplace Banning stands in front flanked & followed by his men - girl in yellow is mascot, holds dead chicken, symbolic of arquebus (musket - symbol) -all swarm, stand, & appear to walk or gesture in different directions, as well as look around and not at viewer - instead of boring, static portrait of men standing in a row or behind a table, here Rembrandt creates a theatrical performance on a stage (Frans Hals - Officers of the Haarlem Militia Company) - lighting is _______, ethereal in some places -Rembrandt's innovation to paint individual portraits within the context of a larger activity, a call to arms. -Grouped figurals naturally and in deep space, Captain Cocq in red sash at senter. -Composition built in series of broad V-shapes, pointing upward and outward. Nested V-shape make picture seem as to burst out from core- make subject feel they were charging off heroically into battle -lest the geometric structure seems rigid, sculpted it into naturalness through dramatic lighting- Captain Cocq, summer, lieutenant, little girl --- heavy layers of varnish at top of oil paint combined with smoke gradually darkens picture surface wutil seems to portray a nighttime scene - when cleaned in 20th c. revealed much _______ scene natural light & tan, lt. brown colors -> originally painting larger but cut down to fit into militia hall where it hung (some people in painting appear clear than others, this is because members each paid commissioned to how prominently he would appear.) - also damaged in 1970s - sliced with a knife in 2 spots - Now - centerpiece of newly reopened 500 million $ renovation of Rijksmuseum

Rococo, France, shells, rocks

18th century _______ -first half to 3-quarters of 18th century- a development and extension of Baroque style - developed in _____ but spread to other countries - continuation of Baroque taste for luxury, delicacy but more playful and light-hearted - refers to French Word for ______ and ____- alludes to type of decorative motif sometimes seen in architecture/interiors, sometimes paintings

Francesco Borromini

Baroque An architectural rival of Bernini's was ___________ ________ -worked his designs out logically, so every detail reflected a guiding idea. Favored more subtle and dynamic forms like oval (not square and circle)

Judith Leyster, Baroque

Carousing Couple is an example of 1 a work of ______ _______ 2. genre painting 3. Dutch _______ art

Baroque

Diego Velázquez, Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor), 1656. Spain. Oil on canvas. Was court painter to the Spanish king. His theatrical use of light & dark is typical of _______ style, but more subtle than Bernini. Perspective creates deep space. Shows a formal scene,

Jean Honoré Fragonard, rococo

Follower of Jean Antoine Watteau - ______ _________ ________ - continued style in mid-late 18th c. (17.16) The Progress of Love The Pursuit - 1771-73, 1790-91 1 of 4 in series, 10 x 5 feet - part of commission by Louis XV's mistress, Countess du Barry for her new pavilion on her estate -she rejected them stating too out of date and sentimental (seriousness is now vogue, new artistic style call Neoclassical arises) - In scene, young man surprises girl w/ flower she jumps as if to run, but all a coy flirtatious game of chase the girl- she will surely not run too fast, all the while statues of two cupids seem to participate and watch over this latest demonstration of their power to see how it turns out - set amidst lush, flowery garden w/ sculptures of cupid or cherubs, garden on the grounds of imaginary estate - still dramatic lighting & theatrical but new playful, feminine pastel and creamy colors - soft, delicate brushwork, not heavy handed and dark like Rembrandt _________ style

Versailles

French royal palace located in a suburb outside of Paris which became the center of court-life for Louis XIV during the 17th and early 18th centuries.

b

Gianlorenzo Bernini's Ecstasy of St. Teresa is considered Baroque because: a. it was done in the 16th century. b. its composition embraces a dramatic, theatrical presentation filled with light, movement, and emotion. c. it is an Old Testament subject and found in a church. d. all of the above.

Bernini

He was a painter, dramatist, composer, but a genius in architecture & sculpture. His crowning achievement: Cornaro Chapel, Santa Maria Vittoria, Rome, 1642-52.

John Singleton Copley, Paul Revere, 1768-70.Oil on canvas.

Revere was not only a hero of the Revolution, but a silver-smith - this is they Copley painted him, & in the Neoclassical style, with much attention to realistic detail.

Francois Cuvillies the Elder, rococo

Rococo Germany- _________ _______ ____ _____ (17.15) Mirror Room 1734-39 -Amalienburg, a little house in Nymphenburg Park near Munich -amply why word "_______" comes of mean "elaborate and profuse" -is perfect riot of cinous, twisting, almost visibly growing decorative forms -lines between walls and ceiling been obscured deliberately to create illusion of sky above room -large arched mirrors multiply playful design -sophisticated style

landscape

Rusdael, View of Ootmarshum, 1628-29. Oil on canvas. 17th Century Dutch artists were also known for their __________ paintings. Rusdael contrasts the flat land, that man has cultivated and built buildings on, with the untamable sky. Looks like Arkansas.

Renaissance vs Baroque

___________ __ __________ -Renaissance stressed calm of reason, architecture and statues sought classical simplicity -Baroque art full of emotion, energy, and movement, architecture and statues favored ornamentation with rich and complex possibilities

counter Reformation

italy dominated by Church - continued to apply rules of __________ __________ - required artists to represent miracles & suffering of Saints & martyrs - and theatrical architecture that demands attention "The Age of Colonial Settlement"- New World ALSO a long period of religious persecution in Europe - so many Europeans fled to New World early 17th century: Dutch, English, French settled in New North America, Spain and Portugal settled in Central and South America. - Jamestown in 1607 (led by John Smith) and Plymouth Mass in 1620 -Jamestown went through period of "starving time" - 200 years of hardship in US but Europe flourished for the wealthy

France, classical

Baroque in _________, 17th c. art followed 2 paths - extreme Classical & extreme Luxuriousness (restrained "_________" order and balance of renaissance were retained fused with theatricality and grandeur)

Boromini, Plan of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Rome.

Boromini was Bernini's chief rival as an architect. His signature building was San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (St. Charles of the 4 Fountains).

Baroque

DOMINATE ELEMENTS of ________: dramatic emotion, expansive forms, dynamic diagonals, animated S-Curves, energy, movement, theatrical, strong chiaroscuro (IMAGES of Caravaggio, Bernini, Rubens) -- but also varied within different Nations - styles and subjects or at court vs. secular Taste in Subject Matter also developed and changed in 17th century -- Landscape, genre, middle-class portraits, & still-life gained in popularity and respect (particularly witnessed in North and non-Catholic countries) -- but also varied within different Nations - styles and subjects or at court vs. secular

Rembrandt van Rijn, dramatic, Self-portrait

Most famous artist of 17th c. Dutch world ____________ ____ _________ -principal teacher was named Last Man, traveled to Italy and was influenced by Caravaggio, returned to netherlands and brought the _______ light that Caravaggio incented. -Rembrandt incorporated this lighting into his own personal style _______-________ - most sought after portraitist in Amsterdam - produced life-long series of self-portraits documenting himself from youth to old age

Baroque

Period in European history and art from the 17th century marked by a dramatic use of light, bold colors, emotionalism, new use of viewer's pictorial space and overall theatricality.

King Louis XIV of France

Personified the Baroque: he was the ruler absolute. He became king when he was 4, ruled for 72 years. Had a big ceremony when he went to bed & when he got up. Had his suburban home re-designed: the Palace of Versailles.

French Revolution

Political and social upheaval in France between 1789 and 1799 which saw the overthrow of Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette from the throne and their deaths in 1793.

Bronze Age

The 1600's and 1700's in Europe are often referred to as the _____ ____

Caravaggio

The Baroque painter credited with inventing the dramatic use of light and dark was _________

Baroque

17.4 Borromini, St. Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, 17th century

Baroque

17.5 Gentileschi, Judith & Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes, 17th century

Rococo

17.16 Fragonard, The Pursuit, from The Progress of Love, 18th century

Europe

________-Baroque artistic principles taken to Europe, each country developed them differently

neoclassical, Jacques Louis David

- Salon - every 2 years - competition for Rome Prize - winner studies in Rome for 5 years Interior - Canova sculpture examples _________ ______ _______ - preeminent leader of the school in 1780s - had own Studio -went to study in Italy, than return to France, commissioned by King Louis XVI (17.17) Oath of the Horatii - 1784/85 -depicts stirring moment when three Roman bothers swear before their father to fight to death three brothers from enemy, sacrificing themselves for fellow citizens from an all-out-war camp - story of Roman families - Horatii and Curiatii (families of Rome and Alba Longa - SE of Rome - to end war in 7thc. BCE - 3 brothers each fight to the death -great patriotism - but connected by marriage 2 ways- One horatii married to sister of Curiatii and one of the Curiatii was engaged to sister of Horatii (painted to wright, they are overcome with emotion, knowing the tragedy is a possible outcome) -only one of the brothers will survive: arriving home to find his sister morning her slain fiance, outraged by her sorrow he kill her -arist conceived an austere architectural setting beyond which there is merely darkness, in shallow foregone d space is dramatically lit figures portrayed profile as though carved in relief -creamy brush strokes and hazy atmosphere of Fragonard gives way to smooth finish and cool, clear light David creates politically correct image - subject suggests respect and allegiance to Father/ Country/King - commissioned by King Louis XVI - subject/scene in foreground with plain background, harsh, severe lines - very masculine as opposed to frivolousness of Rococo painting - shows manly vs. feminine emotions in appropriates/expected ways - no brushstrokes - to take away from story line - rigid, straight lines, with vanishing point versus soft, curvy lines of women -colors are muted except for father's tunic, flows like river of blood next to 3 gleaming swords

Europe

THE 17th & 18th CENTURIES IN _______ The Age of Colonial Settlement, endured hardships called "the starving time."

Neo-classical

17.17 David, The Oath of the Horatii, 18th century

Neo-classical

17.19 David, The Death of Marat, 18th century

Baroque

17.2 Bernini, Ecstasy of St. Teresa, 17th century

neo-classical, Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun, Revolution

"Roman family values" promoted by neo classical age in late 18th century -taste for simplicity and naturalism one person taken by new informality was Louis XVI queen, Marie-Antoinette. Her portrait painter also liked it: __________ _____-______ -inspired by the spareness of classical costumes and in part by ideal of "innocent country girl" -coaxed her highborn models into posing in airy white muslin dresses, hair falling loosely about their shoulders, straw bonnet tied with a satin ribbon on their head, flowers in hands The images confirmed public's suspicion: their queen was frivolous and flirtatious. In attempt to repair queen's reputation Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun paint different sort of portrait→ (17.18) Marie-Antoinette and her children 1787 oil on canvas -portrayed queen as devoted and beloved mother, who knows her place is in home, not meddling in political or advertising her charm -meant to tug on viewer's heartstrings, her elder son (heir to throne) draws attention to empty cradle, youngest sibling has recently died in infancy -queen's formal velvet gown and glimpse of fabled Hall of Mirrors in background-- convey she is aware of the seriousness of her position and fully capable of quiet dignity to fill it -too late, nation on brink of financial disaster, popular opinion blamed on queen's extravagant ways -when Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun tells us the frame for the canvas was carried into the Salon where painting was to be shown for public, voices heard saying "There is the deficit" -two years later __________ swept through country, monarchy destroyed, and artist fled country

Louis

- dominated by _____ XIV - Sun King - 1643-1715 began at age of 4- had total control of government in 1661 and reigned for 72 years Portrait - 1701 (9 x 6 feet tall) L'etat c'est moi - "I am the State" made France artistic and literary center of Europe, as well as political force -unerring instinct of a master actor, created an aura around his own person that bolstered the impression of divinity: had two ceremonies took place each day >In morning: half court would file into Louis' chambers in full pageantry and participate in king's lever- "getting up" >At night" same cast play ritual roles in king's coucher- "going to bed" Summed Bernini from Rome to paris to work on the Louvre Palace to set the stage

Jacques Louis David, Marat

-Neoclassical became official style of Revolution and ______ ________ _______ became Deputy of Festivals & propaganda minister - in 1792 voted to send Louis to guillotine - Many killed - & propaganda helped sway public opinion - whether written or visual (17.19) Death of Marat - 1793 (funeral of revolutionary leader Jean-Paul Marat) -Jacques Louis David set stage for exhibition of Marat's embalmed cadavers to public and memorialized the leader's death in his painting -______ major figure during revolution, pursued the goal of wiping out /France's greedy and corrupt aristocracy- responsible for execution by guillotine of hundreds of people (he had painful skin ailment, spent most of his day in the bathtub, which was fitted with a writing desk) Author and member of radical faction, associated with the Jacobins, murdered by Charlotte Corday, member of the Girondins who opposed the Jacobins, -she claimed she had info on ring of terrorists in caen and got entry to his "office" or his bathtub then stabbed him Letter reads : because I am unhappy, I have a right to your help" David visited him day before he died and recalled the room's appearance Gives Marat a dignified, Christ-like pose - Painting, the body (coffin) rode on a float in a parade throughout the city on the way to its burial as a form of festival, promenade or celebration but also as propaganda - forces scene into foreground against plain background -all forms are concentrated in a lower half of the composition, light bathes the fallen leader in unearthly glow, both of these devices contributing to sense of tragedy. His face and body could be those of fallen Greek warriors, sculpted in marble by ancient master. David's purpose in work was to transform man who was considered Satan into a sainted hero. He projected image the leaders of Revolution wished to have of themselves.

south, Jean Antoine Watteau, sophisticated

-extravagant, ornate styles, several points of contrast. In _____, art of cathedrals and palaces Rococo is more imate, suitable for aristocratic homes and drawing room, (baroque colors intense, large scale and massive, dramatic), Rosso colors gentle pastels, smaller scale, lighthearted, playful quality Examples - - Also saw beginning of style w/ leader of style ______ ____________ __________ (4.10) Embarkation to Cythera - 1717 -strands at the very beginning of Rococo style -__________ -dreamlike world to appeal to aristocrates weary of formal grandeur of Versaille, ceremonial characters of daily life there

Absolute Monarchs, art

17 and 18th century- Period of __________ ________ - England, France, Spain, Austria (some of the most powerful kings ruled: Frederick the Great of Prussia, Maria Theresa of Austria, Peter the Great and Catherine the Great of Russia, Louis of France, etc) -dominated social and cultural affairs of time, and political matters. - used ___ to promote their power - great collections, commissions, court artists and new architecture

genre, Judith Leyster, Frans Hals, warning

17th century Dutch ____ painting- painting focus on daily life- _______ ______ -paintings made their way to important collections, but may seem to have been attracted to another Dutch painter, ______ ______ -Frans Hals and Judith Leyster studied together -Judith Leyster disappeared for 2 centuries, in 1893 a Dutch art historian sold a "Hala" to Louvre museum in Paris, discovered Judith Leyster's monogram on the canvas, since then other "hans" paintings attributed to Leyser Judith Leyster( (17.13) Carousing Couple- 1630 oil on panel -Judith Leyster version of standard genre subject "merry company" -people look tipsy- man grins blurry to use playing viol -his company holds up a glass and lifts tankard of wine, suggesting once more -scene carried _____ for audience, the young man is being led astray instead of pursuing a life of good, into life of pleasure -difficult to say how artist and audience took this such stern moralization -women here whose wiles are presumably to be condemned is all likelihood a self-portrait of artist

landscape, Jacob Van Ruisdael

17th century great period for _______ paintings in Netherlands ______ ____ ________(17.14) View of Ootmarsum 1660-65 oil on canvas -shows fram flatness of Netherlands, and artist reaction to flatness as an expression of immense, limitless grandeur of nature -contrast between the land (where people order has been establish in form of buildings and cultivation) and sky (billowing clouds, wind, etc) -horizon line set low and significantly, only church steeple rises up to silhouette against sky (symbolizing humankind's one connection to majesty of nature through church) despite emphasis of church, artist's art is essentially secular as that of Leyster and Rembrandt -although religious subject appears in art- never again will religious art dominate -new sponsorships, popes, and cardinals became less important patrons, kings and wealthy merchants and bourgeois became more so

Gianlorenzo Bernini

Baroque (17.1) and (17.2) __________ _________- Ecstasy of St. Teresa- 1645-52 (17.1) private chapel for Coronas family's chapel in the church in Sta Maria della Vittoria in Rome -above the funeral chapel of Cardinal Federico Cornaro Gianlorenzo Bernini used architecture, painting, sculpture, and lighting Ceiling painted a vision of heaven, with angels, and clouds, both sides of chapels are sculpture figures of Cornaro family, donors, and animated conversation, watching the drama from opera boxes, lighten up by sunlight from yellow-glass window (17.2) St. Teresa in Ecstasy- 17th century Teresa from Avila Spain (1515-1582) - wrote about her mystical visions (heaven and hell) & visits from angels, claimed to have many trances, founded strict order of Nuns - angel descended from heaven and pierced her heart w/ an arrow (face tenderness and love) Posted sculpture to wall w/ iron poles, a cloud hovers in space supporting Teresa who leans back while an angel pulls on her shirt & gently points the arrow toward Teresa's chest - her body is a series of diagonals, - natural, fluid, wave-like folds of drapery (cut to create contrasts of light and shadow) - swooning look on her face (emotional frenzy) - gold rays of heaven shine from above (above hides a skylight)- bronze rods depict heavenly rays - combination of humanist interest in saints & personality w/ mystical aura of spiritual event - becomes complete theatre or performance (chepel is set as sort of theater, set st. Teresa as if drama on stage) - donors watch from side walls while we watch them enjoy the miracle People viewing: looks like a theatrical, watch with ecstasy, caught up in if was if a performance)

Caravaggio, diagonal

Baroque (17.6) Entombment of Christ 1604 oil on canvas -depicts crucified Christ being lowered into open grave, held by two of Christ's followers (St. John and Jewish ruler Nicodemus- Christ counseled that man must be "reborn" to enter heaven), - includes three Marys- Christ's mother (Virgin Mary), Mary Magdalene, and Mary Cleophas- looks in despair -strong ________ leading upraised hand at top right down to cluster of figures to Christ's face -light comes from somewhere outside top left edge of picture. Light falls on participants in different ways, enhancing sense of drama (example: Mary Magdalene- face totally shadow, light illuminates her shoulder creates contrast with bowed head) (light catches outstretched hands of Virgin) (Christ's body only figure lit entirely -perspective- places viewer's eye at level with clab the grouping stands on. Set on a diagonal, slab seems to project forward from picture plane into our space (involving the us in the action) -viewer: imagines himself standing in the grave that is about to receive Christ: perhaps why Nicodemus looks at us? -Caravaggio painted this to hang over alatar, and head of priest standing at altar would have been at ideal viewing level, level with slab.

Nicolas Poussin, noble, serious

Baroque French painter 17th century ________ _________ -spent most of his career in Rome, studied philosophy and history of Classical history -believed art's highest purpose was to represent ______ and ______ human actions (17.8) The Ashes of Phokion 1648 oil on canvas Poussin painting to story and is stoic setting inspired a composition far removed from emotionalism of Caravaggio and energy of Ruben. -in place of active digional, calm vertical and horizontal -only manipulation of light marks painting as Baroque, zones of light and shadow alternate across canvas, white on widow's clothes lit as spotlight, draws attention to principal actor on the vast stage -foreground, wind-tossed trees watch over widow and anxious servant, trees linked by visual rhythm to mountains and clouds in distance, emphasis her courageous act anwsers to higher law than city: natural law of instinct. -Phokion famous athenian general in 4th century BCE, in old age unjustly accused of treason, tried, and sentenced to death. Cremation/ burial of his remains was outlawed -his friends and supported didn't defy court to accord him an honorable funeral, his widow didn't desert him, arranging for cremation and performed rites herself (shown in painting) -her act was admired by ancient Roman Stoic philosopher, who taught that virtue was only good, vice the only evil and triumphs and suffering of life were to accepted calmly and without passion.

Gianlorenzo Bernini

Baroque Italy, rome ___________ _______ -lead painter, theatrically paintings, dramatist, and composer -genius in architecture and sculpture -master of illusions

Francesco Borromini, convex, concave

Baroque Many building projects in Rome w/ new Popes & adventace of Counter-Reformation ideals (17.3 and 17.4) San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane - Rome, 1665-67 - fits neatly into corner of small inner-city street -façade (completed after architect's death- 25 years later) gently, undulating (move smooth wavelike motion) convex and concave forms, like waves --creates describe sections of oval -facade carrier logic through to exterior - bracketed by slender Corinthian columns, waving or flowing architrave dividing façade horizontally -central portion of facade in convex at street level, but becomes concave setting for convex elements above, culminating in framed oval held aloft by 2 angles that seem to hover over building - reaches out into viewer's space - to engage with them -protrusion (extends beyond surface) of facade forward into viewer's space (typical of Baroque architecture)- builds up interest in central portion and overall sense of plasticity- appears molded w/ a plasticity that plays w/ viewer's space - very theatrical, dramatic, energetic, suggests movement - interior - dome above central nave, takes for of an oval gently indented to suggest cross -resulting walls alternate between ______ and _____ curves, creates soft undulating motion and organic, pulsating space convex:A round surface curved outward. concave: A curved surface like the interior of a circle. Similar - plays with oval shape - version of a more dramatic & interesting circle

Carlo Maderno, Bernini

Baroque One great project of Baroque Rome was completion of (16.11 and 16.12) St. Peter (designed by Michelangelo) -17th century architect name _____ _______ lengthen nave and created a new facade- upon his death ______ continued to redecorated interior and design a colonnade (row of columns) to enclose vast square front of church -his architecture was more conservative than sculpture

painting, Artemisia Gentileschi, dramatic

Baroque ________ - equally dramatic and theatrical as sculpture & architecture (can't project figures into viewer's space like architecture and sculpture) -artist learned to create similar effects by lighting figures dramatically and plunging the background into shadow example of this is: ______________ ___________ (17.5) Judith and Maidservant with Head of Holofernes 1625 oil on canvas (6 x 4') -took her subject from biblical story Judith, according to scripture, Judith (a pious and beautiful Israelite widow) volunteered to rescue her people from invading armies of Assyrian general Holofernes -she charmed the general, accepted his invitation to banquet, waited till he was drunk and beheaded him, wrapped his head in a sack and escaped Artemisia Gentileschi- had other paintings showing decapitation in process -here shows focuses of moments after glory deed is done -poses Judith tense, caught in wavering light of a candle, one hand holding sword, other poised in gesture of silence. This heightened sense of danger, urgency of deeds committed - frames action, or nonaction w/ curtain & single light source - Judith draws attention to it w/ hand, covering it to see who or if someone is coming - still holds know while servant wraps the head to remove him - all elements collectively heightened by _________ lighting, darkened background, & rich colors/shadows

tenebrism

Baroque ________ - large areas of dark from which highlighted forms suddenly emerge also called dramatic illumination, is a style of painting using very pronounced chiaroscuro, where there are violent contrasts of light and dark, and where darkness becomes a dominating feature of the image. ---Painting in the "shadowy manner" using violent contrasts of light and dark as in the work of Caravaggio

Caravaggio, Lowered, Caravaggisti

Baroque ____________- one of leading painters in Italy of 17th century - developed style of TENEBRISM - large areas of dark from which highlighted forms suddenly emerge Examples _______ picture plane, includes commoners as models, dramatically enters or protrudes (extend beyond or above a surface) into our space - followers were called___________ Influenced late 17th century artists like Artemisia Gentileschi (use of lights and darks)

Paul Rubens, diagonal, dramatic, outside

Baroque compare to Caravaggio's Entombment to Raising of Cross by Peter ________ ________ Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens -lived in Antwerp most of his life, but went to Italy to study works of Italian masters like Caravaggio (17.7) Raising of Cross 1609-10 oil on canvas Antwerp Cathedral -similarities to Caravaggio's painting: sharply _______ composition and _________ lighting -differences: Caravaggio's figures seem frozen in moment of anguish, projects from picture plane actions are contained on 4 sides of frame of canvas. Ruben's painting terms with movement and energy, each participant's balanced precariously and staining his task, figures go _________ picture in several directions, suggests action continues beyond painting,Ruben's heroic treatment of muscular recalle's ichenlangeo's paintings sistine Chapel, but writhing S-curve of Christ body (typically Baroque)

Academies

Jean Simeon Chardin. Glass of Water & Coffeepot. C.1760. oil on canvas. _________ were conservative centers of artistic training with rigorous training & rules. Women could be members, but not as students (they couldn't paint nudes.Only "a painter of animals & fruits" (still-lifes). This meant lower pay, less prestige.

Baroque

Le Vau and Mansart, Palace of Versailles, 1669-85. France.

Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun

Marie-Antoinette & Her Children. 1787. Oil. _______ _____-_______(1755-1842) was unusual: a female portrait artist (over 660), earned her own living, a wife & mother, & friend of M-A. Had to flee France, traveled the world. M-A ("let them eat cake"), Louis XVI's Queen, has this portrait painted to show her "simple" family values.

genre

Popular in 17th century (Baroque) Dutch, subject matter that focused on scenes of everyday life is called ________

baroque, Deigo Velazquez, everyday

Spain- King Philip IV - acquired a court painter of the first rank (somthing King Louis XIV didn't have)--- __________ ______________ (17.11) Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor) 1656 oil on canvas -left is the artist, working on large canvas, can only guess him subject perhaps its: >young princess, infanta who is surrounded by her attendants (meninas), one who is a dwarf >Velazquez is actually painting king and queen who are reflected in mirror on far wall -dual nature of scene, shows formal occasion is still an official portrait -Velazquez gives scene a warm "_____" quality -Velazquez uses light to create drama and emphasis, but light is serves to organize and unify a complex space -major light source comes from outside the top right corner of painting, falling on the infanta, leaving others in various degrees of shadow -another light source- mysteries figure in doorway at back, put there to maybe direct attention to reflected image of king and queen -light streaks artist's face and mirror reflection -could have been disorderly scene, pulled together by device of spotlighting -theatrically of Baroque more subtle in Velazquez than in Bernini

Baroque

St. Teresa in Ecstasy, Cornaro Chapel, 1645-52. The centerpiece is a sculpture of St. Theresa, the Spanish mystic, who saw visions.France.

Bernini

__________, St. Teresa in Ecstasy, Cornaro Chapel, Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome. 1645-52. Painted on the ceiling is a vision of heaven, with angels & billowing clouds. Light streams through a yellow glass window. It is set back in arch, like a stage set.

Jacques-Louis David

__________-______ ________, The Oath of the Horatii. 1784-5. Oil on canvas. 3 Horatii brothers vow to fight to the death the 3 Curiatii brothers. Story ends in death for all but one.

Rembrandt

___________, The Night Watch, 1642. Dutch. Oil on canvas Focus was on everyday life. R.'s teacher had studied Caravaggio's dramatic lighting. Was much darker before it was cleaned. Portraits of a private elite militia.

neo-classical, Winckelmann, civic, Academic

____-__________- in 1748, excavations at Roman sites of Pompeii & Herculaneum, Italy discovered - prints illustrating wall frescoes and sculptures uncovered -pardons and artists across europe newly fascinated with Classical art and interest or encouraged by rulers and social thinkers to hoping to foster _____ virtues (such as patriotism, stoicism, self-sacrifice, frugality- virus) associated with Roman Republic - also renewed interest in roman/Greek sculptures - mainly b/c of art historical writing of Germans - ________ - inspired new style - return to the Classical and Renaissance styles which emphasized order, balance, clarity, and restraint. Neo-classicism - followed _______ principles - those taught in Academics - Royal Academy as proper way to paint/sculpt

North, Holland, Netherlands

______ - Baroque: Protestantism was dominant religion, and outward symbols of faith- imagery, ornate churches, and cleric pageantry- less important ________ - in Protestant Holland, the Baroque style appealed to prosperous middle class - church patronage was rare - most patrons were private individuals or professional groups (guilds, militias) - portraits, landscape, genre scenes (everyday life) became most popular - religious images - mostly prints - sold to individuals _________- Dutch society, mostly wealthy merchant class, centered not on church, but on home and family, business, social organization, and community

Caravaggio

________, Entombment of Christ, 1604. Oil on canvas, artist achieved the drama of the St. Therese sculpture & of Baroque architecture in paint: by using dramatic lighting. He was a master of chiarascuro.

Rubens

________, Raising of the Cross, Belgium, 1609-10. Oil on canvas.Compare this to Caravaggio's Entombment painting. Rubens had studied C's art. Similarties: sharp diagonal composition, dramatic lighting. C's figures are frozen in anguish; Rubens'painting teems with movement, bursting outside the frame. Curving, muscled figures are typically Baroque.

Gentileschi

_________, Judith and Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes, 1625. Oil on canvas. women artists. More use of chiaroscuro in this biblical scene: Judith, an Israelite widow, decapitated the drunk Assyrian general Holofernes to save her people.

Rembrandt

_________, Self-Portrait with Saskia... c. 1635-39. Oil on canvas, Was a successful portrait painter for awhile, but got himself into debt. 4 kids died young, as did his wife, Saskia. Later his only son & 2nd wife died.

Jacques-Louis David

_________-________ ________ The Death of Marat. 1793. Oil on canvas. Marat was a major Figure of the Rev., responsible for Many deaths at the guillotine. Charlotte Corday murdered him in his bathtub (where he stayed due to a skin ailment). David's painting Transformed a "devil" into a "hero."

revoultion

__________ - 1789 brought on by horrible French government finances continued to evoke examples of Rome and Roman civic virtues - people stormed the Bastille to steal weapons to protest govt - bread prices soared, bad harvest, etc. Clergy/aristocracy - royalty - and peasants (3 estates) but people had little voice and paid all the taxes - eventually the 3rd estate overthrew the King - forced him back to Louvre, imprisoned him & in 1792 led him to guillotine - Ruling parties - wanted return to Republican ideals- Philosophy & Reason, little religion

Baroque, dramatic, S-curve

__________ style - Period in European history and art from the 17th century marked by a ______ use of light, bold colors, emotionalism, new use of viewer's pictorial space and overall theatricality (dynamic). Contrast between colors and light and dark -art called dynamic, theatrical, _________ typically Baroque - began at end of 16th century with decline of Mannerism and the developed ideas of Counter-Reformation - Artists adopted new styles of expression, much different from the Renaissance qualities of order, balance, and reason