Chapter 07: Cellular Respiration, Fermentation, and Secondary Metabolism

How many ATP and NADH molecules are produced from each molecule of glucose in the citric acid cycle only?

2 ATP, 6 NADH

Assuming a fat molecule can be oxidized into 2 glycerol molecules, which are immediately converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, in intermediate glycolysis, how many ATP can be produced from a fat molecule?

36

Which of the following are the final by-products of glucose oxidation during aerobic cell respiration?

ATP, heat, and carbon dioxide

What is the pathway of electron transfer from a molecule of NADH?

NADH hydrogenase → ubiquinone → cytochrome b-c1→ cytochrome c → cytochrome oxidase → O2

Which of the following is INCORRECT for ethanol fermentation? A. A source of organic sugar is required, for instance from malt. B. Results in a net production of NADH. C. Glucose is oxidized to pyruvate as one of the steps. D. Carbon dioxide and ATP are produced. E. NADH is used to reduce acetaldehyde to ethanol.

Results in a net production of NADH.

Which of the following is most directly responsible for driving ATP synthase and the production of ATP in cellular respiration? A. The electron transport chain pumping H+ from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space. B. The flow of electrons down the electron transport chain. C. The loss in free energy that occurs as an electron moves down the transport chain. D. The H+ electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondria membrane. E. The ability of oxygen to rapidly capture an electron and energize ATP synthase.

The ability of oxygen to rapidly capture an electron and energize ATP synthase

When muscles cells are deprived of oxygen, the heart still pumps. What must the heart cells be able to do?

derive sufficient energy from fermentation

In the citric acid cycle, malate is oxidized to form

oxaloacetate.

During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into

pyruvate

The enzyme responsible for oxidizing pyruvate once it enters the mitochondrial matrix is

pyruvate dehydrogenase.

The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by

substrate-level phosphorylation.

What is the pathway of electron transfer from a molecule of FADH2?

succinate reductase → ubiquinone → cytochrome b-c1→ cytochrome c → cytochrome oxidase → O2

During the cleavage stage of glycolysis, fructose-1, 6 biphosphate is broken down into

two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

6. Which of the following is NOT a process of aerobic respiration? A. citric acid cycle B. glycolysis C. acetyl CoA formation D. oxidative phosphorylation E. lactate fermentation

. lactate fermentation

How many net ATP and NADH molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis?

2 ATP, 2 NADH

15. Which would be TRUE if a metabolic poison were to completely inhibit the function of mitochondrial ATP synthase? A. The pH difference across the inner mitochondrial membrane would decrease. B. The pH difference across the inner mitochondrial membrane would increase. C. ATP synthesis would increase. D. Oxygen consumption would decrease. E. The accumulation of NADH would increase

B. The pH difference across the inner mitochondrial membrane would increase.

9. Which compound has the highest free energy and produces the most ATP when oxidized? A. acetyl CoA B. glucose C. pyruvate D. carbon E. both pyruvate and carbon

B. glucose

Which of the following is TRUE of the citric acid cycle? A. It yields most of the NAD+ in cell respiration. B. It produces oxygen. C. It yields ATP, NADH, and FADH2 as energy intermediates. D. It occurs on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. E. It produces ATP as the primary energy intermediate.

C. It yields ATP, NADH, and FADH2 as energy intermediates.

Cellular respiration produces the most chemical in the form of ATP from which of the following? A. the electron transport chain B. the citric acid cycle C. substrate-level phosphorylation D. glycolysis E. oxidative phosphorylation

E. oxidative phosphorylation

Which of the following statements is TRUE of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration? A. Both use glycolysis to oxidize glucose to pyruvate. B. Both produce NADH as high-energy intermediates. C. Both produce either lactic acid or enthanol as a bioproduct. D. Both use glycolysis to oxidize glucose to pyruvate and both produce NADH as high-energy intermediates. E. Both produce NADH as high-energy intermediates and both produce either lactic acid or enthanol as a bioproduct.

D. Both use glycolysis to oxidize glucose to pyruvate and both produce NADH as high-energy intermediates.

Which of the following does NOT occur during yeast fermentation? A. Acetylaldehyde is reduced to make ethanol. B. Decrease in NADH. C. Lactate is produced. D. Pyruvate is broken down into CO2 and acetylaldehyde. E. NADH is oxidized to NAD+

Lactate is produced.

In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?

NADH and pyruvate

Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain in cell respiration is CORRECT? A. Electrons move from NADH to a chain of proteins with lower electronegativities. B. The electron transport chain of proteins uses ATP to pump H+ across the inner mitochondria membrane against its electrochemical gradient. C. The loss in free energy of the electron initially donated by NADH is used to transport H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane against its electrochemical gradient. D. The electron transport chain of proteins contains pores that are leaky to H+. E. The ATP synthase pump generates a H+ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

The loss in free energy of the electron initially donated by NADH is used to transport H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane against its electrochemical gradient.

8. Which of the following function: location relationship is INCORRECT? A. acetyl CoA formation; cytosol B. citric acid cycle; mitochondria matrix C. oxidative phosphorylation; mitochondria inner membrane D. glycolysis; cytosol E. electron transport chain and ATP synthase; mitochondria inner membrane

acetyl CoA formation; cytosol

Vanillin is to flavonoids as atropine is to A. flavonoids. B. terpenoids. C. polyketides. D. alkoloids. E. B-carotenes.

alkoloids.

2. The equation, C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O (ATP + Heat), describes which process?

cellular respiration

In the citric acid cycle, the acetyl group is removed from acetyl CoA and attached to oxaloacetate to form

citrate

High-energy electrons from molecules of NADH and FADH2 are transferred to a chain of proteins within the electron transport chain. What is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain?

cytochrome c

Where does glycolysis takes place?

cytosol

In the citric acid cycle, succinate is oxidized to form

fumarate.

Which of the following is NOT considered a secondary metabolite? A. glucose B. flavonoids C. terpenoids D. alkoloids E. polyketides

glucose

4. Which of the following processes will occur in the presence or absence of oxygen?

glycolysis

1. The equation, C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O (ATP + Heat), describes a reaction that . . .

is exorgonic

Sports physiologists at an Olympic training center wanted to monitor athletes to determine at what point their muscles were functioning anaerobically. They could do this by checking for the buildup of which molecule?

lactate

Where are the protein complexes associated with the electron transport chain located?

mitochondrial inner membrane

Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location?

mitochondrial intermembrane space