Chapter 1-4
after most American Indian slaves died from disease and starvation, colonists turned to what to provide a workforce for burgeoning plantations?
Atlantic slave trade
the Spanish encountered what militaristic and wealthy indigenous group in modern day Mexico, members of which had established the largest empire in the new world, centered around the city tenochtitlan, which was founded in 1325, rivaled the world's largest cities in size and grandeur, was comprised of 70,000 buildings, and houses ca. 200,000 to 250,000 people?
Aztecs
spain's queen Isabella and king Ferdinand gave Christopher Columbus, an Italian-born sailor who studied under Portuguese navigators, 3 ships to sail west from Europe to reach Asia; after 2 months from setting sail in 1492, Columbus and his 90 men landed in what present-day chain in islands?
Bahamas
what phenomenon fueled the growth of colonial cities, with 1 in 20 colonists living in a city, including New York , Boston, Philadelphia, Charleston, Annapolis, and Williamsburg, by 1775?
consumer revolution
in the 1670s and early 1680s, what English king tightened English control over North America and the West Indies by creating new colonies, imposing new navigation acts, and establishing a new executive council called the lords of trade and plantations?
Charles II
by the mid-18th century, slavers from what european nation had become the most active transporters of africans across the Atlantic?
England
what itinerant preacher was a former actor who dramatically preached to crowds of thousands in meadows and on the outskirts of cities against sin; urged his listeners to be born again; traveled from New York to South Carolina converting men, women, and children during the 1730s; and popularized the revivals of the great awakening?
George whitefield
what is the name of the 34-year-old conquistador who invaded Cuba and Mexico during the early 16th century, enlisted thousands of American Indian allies to help him successfully take over tenochtitlan, and ultimately gained control of the Aztecs gold, silver, and network of mines?
Hernan Cortes
in 1686, what English king created the dominion of New England, which consolidated New England, New York, and new jersey into one administrative unit, resulting in the resentment of the colonists, which worsened when the dominion's governor, sir Edmund andros, forced colonists into military service for a campaign against Maine Indians in 1687?
James II
what Massachusetts theologian, who adhered to the faith of early puritan settlers, delivered the sermon, "sinners in the hands of an angry god," in 1734, which, along with similar sermons, sent known sinners in his congregation into violent convulsions, affecting nearly 50% of his 600 person-congregation over the next 6 months?
Jonathan edwards
what is the name of the Scandinavian seafarer who reaches the new world several centuries before Columbus, who arrived at Newfoundland in present-day Canada around 1000 A.D., but the norse colony failed?
Leif erikson
the British crown and its proprietors controlled most of the colonies; yet, the English generally left the colonies alone, allowing settlers to enjoy a good deal of independence, especially in what colony, where puritans governed themselves according to the colony's 1629 charter?
Massachusetts bay
who led an armed uprising in 1676 that pitted colonists against the colonial governor of Virginia- who encouraged conciliatory policies towards indigenous peoples- his loyalist allies, and American Indians in the Chesapeake area, which resulted in rebels attacking loyalists in Jamestown, the death of many American Indians, and the execution of colonial rebels who surrendered to the governor in 1677 after their leader died of typhus in late 1676?
Nathanial bacon
in 1664, William penn, a pacifist quaker, founded what colony, with the hope that it would exemplify godliness and harmoniousness, which attracted a diverse group of immigrants?
Pennsylvania
during what war did the british crown issue the royal proclamation of 1763, which demarcated the Appalachian mountains as the boundary between Indian country and the british colonies, and forbade anglo-americas settlement in Indian country?
Pontiacs war
in 1761, the indigenous prophet neolin had a vision that the only way to enter heaven was to expel the british from Indian country, and subsequently preached the avoidance of alcohol, a return to traditional rituals, and pan-indian unity to his disciples, including Pontiac, an Ottawa leader, who initiated what war in 1763 against British soldiers, traders, and settlers?
Pontiacs war
Charles Town- a city that was founded in 1670 by the English, was seen as a threat by the spanish in Florida, and became the leading entry point for the slave trade on the North American mainland- was located in what present-day U.S. state?
South Carolina
while seafaring Italian traders controlled trade with Asia via the mediterranean, what two European nations sought a more direct route via the Atlantic during the 15th century?
Spain and Portugal
after Spanish historian and Dominican friar Bartolomé de Las Casas published the book entitled what, which chronicled the atrocities, including torture, mutilation, and murder, committed by spaniards against American Indians, Spanish authorities abolished the encomienda and slavery and switched to the repatimiento in 1542, resulting in little change in spaniards' treatments of the indigenous population?
a short account of the destruction of the Indies
the passage of laws that sanctioned the enslavement of people from what continent for life in the North America during the late 17th century generated rigid racial barriers, with skin color denoting a division between two races: white and black?
africa
although few frenchman traveled to the new world to settle permanently, many persecuted french protestants, called what, wanted to emigrate to new france after france criminalize protestantism in 1685; however, france forbade all non-catholics from entering new france?
huguenots
over 100 years after conquistador ponce de leon landed in florida, spain established catholic missions during the 1630s, which extended intothe florida panhandle, where what powerful american indian group claimed territory from the modern florida-georgia border to the gulf of mexico?
apalachee
in 1493 Columbus and over 1,000 Spanish men returned to the Caribbean where they enslaved and committed atrocities against what indigenous group, extracted gold, forced them to labor on the spaniards' newly established estates, and within a few generations, exterminated the entire pre-contact population of between 1 and 3 million?
arawaks
english privateering provoked spain, prompting spain to employ what to destroy the british navy and depose elizabeth; however, a fluke storm annihilated spain's massive fleet, which changed the course of history by opening the seas to english expansion and paving the way for england's colonial future?
armada
what 14-month conflict politically and demographically altered New England, with the death of ca. 1,000 English and ca. 3,000 Americans Indians, thousands of Americans Indians either fleeing the region or being sold into slavery by the English, and the drastic reduction in New England's American Indian population?
king Philip's war
the ancestors of American Indians crossed a land bridge that had surfaced between 12 and 20 thousand years ago from what continent and north America across the bering strait?
asia
what is the name of the war for which Plymouth enlisted the aids of Connecticut and Massachusetts to attack metacom and his followers, who eluded colonial forces, struck many Plymouth towns as they moved northwest, and by the end of 1675, most American Indians of present-day western and central Massachusetts had joined the war effort against the colonies?
king Philip's war
what is the name of the rebellion in Virginia that began in 1676 after violence erupted among English colonists and multiple American Indian groups; English colonists denounced the colonial government under governor William Berkeley and its American Indian policy; and a group of volunteer colonists took up arms to defend their homes and families, while Berkeley called the volunteers traitors?
bacon's rebellion
several weeks after a Plymouth court tried and executed 3 warriors under the local sachem named metacom, whom the English called what, for murdering John sassamon, a Christian, Harvard-educated Wampanoag Indian, a group of Wampanoags killed 9 English colonists?
king philip
after the seven years' war, Britain controlled formerly french territory, where the French has maintained peaceful relations with Indian allies, whereas the british wanted to impose order on the indigenous population, prompting American Indian warriors to attack british forts and frontier settlements, killing ca. 400 soldiers and 2000 settlers; however, with a supply shortage and what hampering the war effort, Pontiac surrendered in 1766?
disease
in the early 1500s the portuguese established permanent settlements with highly profitable sugar and slave trade operations, and enslaved more africans in what present-day south african nation than any other colony in the new world during the history of the atlantic slave trade?
brazil
what European nation relied on the north America colonies as a source of raw materials, especially lumber and tobacco?
britain
what Mississippian settlement was one of the largest civilations developed north of present-day Mexico in 1000 A.D.; peaked at a population of 10,000 to 30,000; spanned 2,000 acres; rivaled contemporary European cities in size; was organized into chiefdoms, a hierarchical, clan-based system that endowed leaders with both secular and sacred authority; and collapsed around 1300 A.D.?
cahokia
the lords proprietor, composed of 8 favorites of the king, governed and attracted farmers, artisans, and wealthy planters, who created large rice and indigo plantations along the coast if what colony, by promoting religious tolerance, political representation by assembly, exemption from fees, and large land grant?
carolina
what is the original name of the colony established in the 17th century, which subsequently was divided into North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia during the early 18th century?
carolina
the colonies were either provincial, proprietary, or charter, with Massachusetts, rhode island, and Connecticut falling under which type, for these colonies had the most complex system of government, for which colonists could elect their own governors from among property-owning men?
charter
an elected assembly was an offshoot for the name of what concept, according to which men had a responsibility to support and uphold the government through voting, paying taxes, and service in a militia?
civic duty
Columbus encountered the indigenous Arawaks in the Caribbean islands who wore ornaments made of what, prompting Columbus to locate and secure its source, return to Spain with captured and branded Arawaks, and to promise the Spanish crown gold and slaves if Spain funded return voyages?
gold
what colonial governmental body was comprised of elected, property-owning men who ensured conformity to English law, approved new taxes and colonial budgets, and ensured that the colonial governor did not exercise too much power within the colonial government?
colonial assembly
what is the name for the arrival of Europeans in the Americas, which they called the new world, and the subsequent global exchange of people, animals, plants, and microbes during the 15th and 16th centuries, which bridged over 10 thousand years of geographic separations?
columbian exchange
due to colonists' lack of currency and standardized money, many colonies resorted to what, which varied from, and was not consistently honored in, colony to colony, thus hampering trade?
commodity money
what colony was created by Thomas hooker and his congregation In 1636 after they Massachusetts because the area around Boston had became too crowded?
connecticut
to help establish the northern hemisphere's 1st settlement around 1200 B.C., mesoamericans in present-day Mexico and Central America domesticated maize, also known as what, which spread across North America, and continues to play a major cultural role in many American Indian communities?
corn
instead of making their own tools, clothes, and utensils, the consistent availability of what allowed colonists to buy consumer goods, including luxury items made by artisans and manufacturers, when the colonists' income increased and the prices of commodities decreased during the 17th and 18th centuries?
credit
by the late 18th century, most slaves lived in rural areas performing agricultural labor, while others lived in port cities, working in skilled trade and as what?
domestic servants
virginia was economically and politically dominated by wealthy planters who built large estates and grew tobacco, both of which were tended to by slaves, who comprised ca. 40% of the colony's total population by 1750, working from dawn to dusk under the close supervision of a white overseer called what, who could use physical force to compel slave labor?
driver
after the english tried to expand virgina, the powhatan launched a surprise attack, killing 347 virginia colonists in 1 day in 1622; colonists retaliated with numerous massacres on indian settlements, which drove the indians off their land, and resulted in who declaring the expulsion of "the savages" as colonial policy?
governor of virginia
as a result of thousands of years of geographic isolation from the old world's deadly plagues, to which europeans and africans had developed immunities over many centuries, American Indians quickly succumbed to deadly diseased, such as smallpox and influenza, upon contact with europeans, causing the death of ca. 90% of indigenous people from what within the 1st 150 years of European contact?
epidemics
the practice of cultivating the soil, producing crops, and rising livestock, called what, developed approximately between 9 and 5 thousand years ago in both the eastern and western hemispheres?
farming
what practice typically yielded more food than hunting, which allowed members of American Indian communities to purse other skills, including religious leadership and creating art?
farming
beginning in 1754, Britain was at war with what catholic european nation and allied American Indians over the boundaries of their North American empires for several years, resulting in Britain border towns enduring intermittent raids during which the enemy destroyed houses, burned crops, and took captives, some of whom were ransomed back to their families in New England, while others were converted to catholicism and remained in enemy territory?
france
what european nation subsidized exploration in the new world, with explorers landing in canada, where they founded port-royal in present-day nova scotia in 1603, launched cooperative fur trading expeditions with the indigenous population along the atlantic coast to cape cod, and in 1608, samuel de champlain founded quebec?
france
queen elizabeth sponsored piracy, called privateering, whereby british sailors plundered spanish ships and towns in the new world, which earned a substantial profit for sailors as well as the english crown, prompting queen elizabeth to reward what skilled pirate with knighthood in 1580?
francis drake
when colonists learned that English leaders in Boston and New York city had tried to censor news about what major event, during which a union of English parliamentarians had overthrown England's king James II, colonists in New York, Massachusetts, and Maryland overthrew their colonial governments?
glorious revolution
in 1711, a group of New England ministers published a collection of sermons called, early piety, sparking what religious revival movement, which began in new England's congregational churches in the 1730s, and spread to protestants in all 13 colonies throughout the 1740s and 1750s, with a focus on stripping one's life of worldly concerns, returning to a more pious lifestyle, and finding a personal relationship with god?
great awakening
unlike in what nation, colonial government had greater popular involvement in the assemblies and legislatures that regulated businesses, imposed taxes, cared for the poor, built roads and bridges, and made most decisions in education?
great britain
the English attacked the neutral Narragansett American Indians of Rhode Island in 1675 in an action called what, which resulted in 1,000 Englishmen killing ca. 1,000 Narragansett men, women, and children as they fled, and setting their village on fire?
great swamp fight
what policy established in virginia in 1618 granted 50 acres of land to any person who migrated to jamestown, and entitled said person to 50 additional acres if he/she paid for the passage of another individual?
headright
the netherlands commissioned what englishman to find the northwest passage in 1609, who instead found the hudson river and claimed present-day new york for the dutch, who established new netherland?
henry hudson
spanish expeditions in North America included conquistador Francisco Vazquez de Coronado's pillage across the southwest, and the torture, rape, and enslavement of American Indians across the Mississippi River into the southeast by what infamous conquistador?
hernando de soto
single, young, and male Spanish laborers, craftsmen, soldiers, clerks and priests emigrated to the New World for social advancement, wealth, and what, with over 1 million arrivals during the 3 centuries of Spanish colonial rule?
land
french jesuit missionaries often lived with or beside american indian groups in new france, many french fur traders married indian women, and what american indian people developed a close relationship with the french,resulting in several of them converting to christianity and engaging in the fur trade?
huron
what indigenous group managed a vast and complex mountain empire that comprised half of the continent of South America from present-day Ecuador to central Chile and Argentina, Half of whom succumbed to smallpox in 1525 before the arrival of the conquistadors, allowing conquistador Francisco pizzaro, with only 168 men, to take control of the empire, seize the capital of Cuzco in 1533, and enslave the indigenous people?
incas
the several different America indian groups in the new world shared some broad beliefs, many of which greatly differed from European belief systems, from more sexual, political, and marital freedom for women to the concept that the use of what for activities such as farming, hunting, and encampment did not imply the right to its permanent possession?
land
tobacco, a labor intensive crop, commanded a high price in Europe, which saved jamestown, incentivized further immigration to the colony by merchants, traders, and indentured servants, who signed contracts called what, which bonded them to employers for a period of many years in return for passage across the ocean?
indentures
by the 1760s, the religious revivals of the great awakening had died out, but they profoundly affected colonial America, with religious leaders' encouragement for listeners to question the world around them and the authority of the church, which reformed religion in colonial America and created a language of what?
individualism
pressure from what indigenous people in the east pushed many algonquian-speaking peoples toward french territory in the mid-17th century, where they created a cross-cultural space, allowing interaction, negotiation, and accommodation among indigenous groups and europeans until the early 18th century, when english colonists swarmed the region?
iroquois
the colonists of what settlement of the british colony of virginia were primarily gentlemen who were unprepared for colonization, resulting in widespread disease and starvation in the colony, with fewer than half of the original settler surviving the first 9 months?
jamestown
the dutch created guidelines for new netherland based on the belief that indigenous people had the same natural rights as europeans, with colonial leaders insisting on buying land, which resulted in the purchase of what north american island from the munsee american indians in 1626?
manhattan
as a result of too few Spanish women in the new world, the Catholic Church tolerated and even endorsed interracial what, to prevent bastardy and rape, and to support the proliferation of a "pure" Spanish population in Spanish colonial society in the early 16th century?
marriage
in 1632, English King Charles 1 established what colony, which was located at the northern tip of the Chesapeake bay, was created as a haven for catholics, was populated by both presents and catholics, and prospered as a tobacco colony?
maryland
by the late 18th century, colonial urban society had become highly stratified, with the laboring class- enslaved and free apprentices and craftsmen- at the bottom of the social ladder, followed by the middling class- shopkeepers, artisans, and mariners- and what class at the top, with members engaged in social and political affairs, and buying, selling, and trading goods?
merchant elites
according to sistema de castas, the racial hierarchy that prioritized "purity of blood" and dictated social and political status in Spanish colonial society, Iberian-born Spaniards (peninsular) occupied the highest status; their descendants, spaniards born in the new world (criollos) took the next rung; and individuals of mixed Spanish and indian heritage, named what, followed?
mestizos
slavery played a key role in the colonies of what region, which included New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, where colonists employed slaves on large farms working alongside european tenant farmers, and over 40% of New York city's population was enslaved by 1700?
mid-atlantic
european slavers transported ca. 12 million africans across the Atlantic Ocean between the 16th and 19th centuries on a several week journey called what, during which slaves were poorly fed, chained in close quarters, raped and whipped, and ca. 2 million died from disease?
middle passage
generating a hybrid culture that was neither fully Spanish nor fully indian, the large indigenous populations in Spain's colonial empire ensured a degree of cultural and ethnic blending call mestizaje in Spanish, which translates to what in English?
miscegenation
to avoid what, in 1626 the dutch imported enslaved african women to new amsterdam, which led to the formation of african dutch families, the colony's 1st marriage between african slaves in 1641, ca. 500 african slaves living in the colony by 1650, and by 1660 new amsterdam boasted the largest urban slave population on the continent?
miscegenation
what catholic ministry became spains major justification for conquer and colonizing north america in the early 17th century, with franciscan friars inhabiting the region from new mexico to california?
missions
after 6 colonies declared allegiance to the son of English King Charles I, who was executed in 1649, parliament passed an act in 1650 that placed an embargo on the "rebelling" colonies, and then passed what act in 1651 which compelled merchants in all colonies to ship goods directly to England in English ships?
navigation act
the expansion of dutch settlements resulted in armed conflicts between the colonists and american indians, on whose lands the dutch encroached, which labor shortages crippled dutch colonization, prompting them to import slaves who built what colonial city in present-day new york city?
new amsterdam
the population of what english colonial region increased from 21,000 immigrants in the early 17th century to 91,000 colonists by 1700, in contrast with 120,000 english colonists in the chesapeake at the beginning of the 17th century, with only 85,000 remaining by 1700?
new england
conquistador juan de onate led 400 settlers, soldiers, and missionaries to what present-day U.S. state, where they slaughted ca. 50% of the pueblo city's 1,500 inhabitants, including women and children; ordered each surviving male age 15 and over to have one foot cut off; and enslaved all surviving women and children in 1598?
new mexico
in 1664, England took over the dutch colony of New Netherland, renaming it what?
new york
slavery became increasingly significant in what region of the colonies from 1725 to 1775 with, e.g., New York and its connections to slavery with the dutch settlers of New Netherland, and Philadelphia's engagement in the Atlantic slave trade?
north
in 1587, john white and 150 english colonizers reestablished a deserted settelment on roanoke island in what present-day U.S. state, where shortages in supplies prompted white's return to england; however, upon his return, white found an abandoned colony with "croatan", the name of a nearby indigenous population, carved into a tree or post, the only clue to what might have become of the colonists?
north carolina
in 1565, spanish explorer pedro menedez de aviles founded what city in Florida, which remains the oldest, continuously occupied European settlement in present-day America?
st. augustine
per English laws and customs regarding household rule, a man should hold what over his household, which included his wife, children, servants and slaves, who were subject to the authority of their white master?
paternal dominion
the dutch established trade networks with american indians, and set up farms, permanent settlements, and lumber camps, while the west india company implemented what system, which granted large estates to wealthy landlords who would pay passage for tenants to work their land?
patroon
in 1637, an armed band of self-proclaimed "sword of the lord" English puritans from Plymouth, Massachusetts bay, and Connecticut entered American Indian lands in a territory claimed by New England, where they killed ca. 500 men, women, and children of what American Indian group?
pequot
established in Virginia in 1607, printing was important in every colony; each colony dealt with threats of censorship from imperial supervision; and Massachusetts was the center of colonial printing for 100 years, until what city became the capital of colonial printing in 1770, printing numerous newspapers, pamphlets, and books?
philadelphia
in early 1676, native forces devastated a succession of English towns close to Boston, the English retaliated by recruiting the aid of indigenous allies in the spring of 1676, and in the summer of 1676, a christian indian fighting with the English killed who?
philip
what pueblo religious leader, whom spaniards arrested and whipped for sorcery in 1675, led Puebloan groups against the Spanish in 1680, when thousands of pueblo warriors killed 400 spaniards in Santa Fe, destroyed churches, threw themselves into rivers to wash away their christian baptisms, resumed traditional spiritual practices; and exiled the spanish until 1692?
pope
American Indians of the Pacific Northwest, one of the most densely populated regions of North America, developed a ritual called what, during which the people celebrated events such as births and weddings with a feast, performances, and artwork that lasted several days, reflecting the wealth, power, and prestige of the host?
potlatch
what is the name of the powerful group of ca. 10,000 algonquian-speaking american indian peoples, that helped keep the english alive during the 1st winter in virginia, and traded goods, including guns, with the colonists during the earth 17th century?
powhatan confederacy
during the glorious revolution (1688-1689), colonists largely supported the reign of William and Mary, for what they believed their ascension confirmed the centrality of liberty and what religion in English life?
protestantism
early religious pluralism served as proof of an "American melting pot" that included catholic Maryland; however, toleration of catholics coincided with bitter anti-catholic sentiment and continuous conflict with catholic France, with british ministers in England urging a colonial fight against French and catholic empires that threatened what in North America?
protestantism
chaco canyon In northern New Mexico was home to what ancestral people from 900 to 1300 A.D., with as many as 15,000 people engaging in sophisticated agricultural practices, extensive trading networks, and domesticating animals, who subsequently were replaced by the apache and Navajo?
puebloan
religious motives primarily drove the development of english colonies in new england, where members of what minority religious group, who believed that only god's grace provided redemption, the fate of a person's soul was predestined, and reading the bible was the best way to understand God, dominated the politics, religion, and culture of new england, with ca. 20,000 arriving in new england from 1630 to 1640?
puritans
what minority religious group successfully immigrated to new england colonies in present-day massachusetts, connecticut, and rhode island during the 17th century in family groups, many of whom were small landholders in england, who created a mixed economy of small farms, fishing, shops, lumber, shipbuilding, and trade with the atlantic world?
purtians
what is the name of the 1st group of colonists to oppose slavery in British North America, given member's beliefs in pacifism and the fundamental equality of all human souls?
quakers
by the early 1700s, one third of marriages bridged the Spanish-american indian divide, with mestizos occupying a modest social position in Spanish colonial society; yet, their lack of "pure blood" blocked them from the privileges enjoyed by full-blooded spaniards, prompting wealthy and influential Spanish fathers to shield their mestizo children from what?
racism
what took place in New York city in 1741, which was planned by African slaves, free blacks, and poor whites and resulted in the execution of 32 slaves and free blacks and 5 poor whites, and the deportation of 70 slaves to sugar plantations in the west indies?
slave rebellion
what system of labor never took root in Massachusetts, Connecticut, or New Hampshire, although it was legal throughout New England, and the transatlantic trade was a central element of the region's economy?
slavery
Massachusetts exile Roger Williams founded what colony, where he and other settlers created an egalitarian constitution; established religious and political freedom; elected a president and council; and made witchcraft trials, debt imprisonment, and chattel slavery illegal, which made the colony a haven for quakers, jews, and other persecuted religious groups?
rhode island
in 1693, the king of Spain issued a decree of what, granting freedom to slaves who successfully fled the English colonies as long as they converted to catholicism and swore an oath of loyalty to Spain?
sanctuary
what is the name of the first permanent european southwest settlement that spain established in 1610, in which, by 1680, the ca. 3,000 colonists living there had decimated the local puebloan population from ca. 60,000 in 1600 to ca. 17,000 in 1680?
santa fe
high mortality rates on sugar plantations required a steady influx of slaves in brazil, which ultimately resulted in the escape of slaves, who subsequently created many free what in brazil, which were populated by african and native slaves, with several enduring throughout the history of brazilian slavery?
settlements
what war caused the british crown to unevenly levy colonial reforms on taxation, commerce, and politics from 1763 to 1774, resulting in tension between Britain and the colonies, and the colonists across british north america seeing themselves as a collective group?
seven years war
in 1754, a force of british colonists and indigenous allies, led by George Washington, killed a French diplomat, which led to what global war, with the French defeating the british during the early part of the war; however, after the British sent several troops to North America in 1757, French Canada fell in 1760, and peace treaties gave the british much of Canada and north America in 1763?
seven years' war
in 1705, the Virginia house of burgesses passed its 1st what, which were series of laws that included the guarantee that children of enslaved women would be born slaves, slave owners could not be convicted of murder for killing a slave, and a black Virginian who struck a white colonist could be whipped severely?
slave code
What took place in 1712 in New York city, which resulted in the deaths of 9 white colonists, the execution of 21 slaves, the suicides of 6 slaves before they were to be burned alive?
slave rebellion
from 1670 to 1715, colonists from what region of North America enslaved between 24,000 and 51,000 American Indians?
south
in 1619, the virginia company founded the house of burgesses, a representative body composed of white landowners who met in jamestown; the same year, virginia bought 20 africans from a dutch slave ship, thereby establishing slavery, under which africans had loger terms of service and harsher punishments than white indentured servants, in what region of the modern-day U.S.?
south
which present-day U.S. state was a slave colony from its founding; cultivated rice; many of its early settlers were slaveholders from the Caribbean sugar islands, who brought with them a brutal slave code that legalized beating, branding, mutilating, and castrating defiant slaves; and, by 1750, was the only mainland colony with a majority slave population?
south carolina
in 1739, ca. 80 South Carolina slaves burned plantations and killed at least 20 white settlers as they marched toward spanish Florida under a banner that read "liberty!" before the local militia captured and executed most of them, and sold others to sugar plantations in the West Indies?
stono rebellion
North American colonists acquired what good from the Caribbean colonists, who began cultivating sugar in the 1640s; by 1680, exports of this good from Barbados valued more than the total exports of all the continental colonies?
sugar
what profitable commodity did the Portuguese cultivate along the mediterranean and in the canary islands off the Atlantic Ocean by enslaving the Indigenous people there, called the Guanches, soon after the arrival of europeans in the 15th century?
sugar
in response to british parliament passing what act in 1764, as well as the stamp act of 1765 and the Townshend duties of 1767, which imposed taxes on sugar, paper, lead, glass, and tea, colonists organized non-importation agreements?
sugar act
as a result of the unclear distinction between indentured servants and slaves in the early years of slavery, especially in the south, Virginia passed a law in 1643 that made African women what?
taxable
new england puritans created communities of the godly, with groups of men overseeing the colonies, male property holders voting in town meetings to select officals who conducted the daily affairs of government, and towns crafting religious covenants; however, younger generations of puritans were accused of "straying", as lamented in what sermon?
the jeremiad
in 1581, what small maritime nation compromise of protestants, catholics, and jews built a successful colonial empire in the new world; sought to profit, and not to conquer; created innovative capitalists financial organizations, such as the amsterdam stock exchange and the east india company; and increased the presence of african slaves in the new world?
the netherlands
who divided the New World via the treaty of tordesillas in 1494, giving land east of the tordesillas meridan, an imaginary line dividing south america, to portugal, and land west of the line to spain, in return for both rival nations to treat the indigenous peoples with christian compassion, and to bring them under the protection of the catholic church?
the pope
jamestown was unable to secure any profitable commodities, and remained dependent on the powhatan confederacy and erratic shipments of food from england; however, in 1616, colonists john rolfe, who married chief powhatan's daughter pocahontas, which eased tensions with the powhatan, planted virginia's 1st crop of what, which saved the colony from ruin?
tobacco
after bacon's rebellion in 1676, in what colony did elite planters continue to grow rich by exploiting indentured servants and marginalizing small farmers; however, colonial rulers ultimately improved the sociopolitical status of poor white by replacing indentured servants with African slaves?
virginia
ignored by american indians because of its inhospitable soil and brackish tidal water, englishmen colonized what present-day U.S. state in 1607, which became the first permanent english colony in the present-day U.S.?
virginia
by collaborating with government-sponsored trading monopolies, and employing financial innovations such as joint-stock companies- precursors to present-day corporations- king james 1 formed what joint-stock company in 1606 for english merchants keen on profiting in the new world?
virginia company
what is the name of the 1737 agreement made between the heirs of William penn and the Delaware Indians, who agreed sell land along the Delaware river that a man could walk In 1.5 days, to which he penn's responded by hiring runners to run the walk on a prepared trail, resulting in the purchase of land that was twice the size anticipated by the delawares?
walking purchase
colonists in Massachusetts bay and new Netherlands sold, bought, and enslaved American Indians as a result of winning what during the 17th century?
wars
many english colonists in jamestown perished, caused by the particularly brutal winter of 1609-1610, supplies lost at sea, deteriorating religions and conflict with the powhatan, and colonist resorting to eating boiled leather and the corpses of dead settlers, which resulted in the execution of one colonist for killing and eating his what?
wife
in 1715, the yamasee nearly destroyed the Carolina colony and advanced within miles of Charles Town, sparking what war, which other indigenous groups joined on behalf of the yamasee; however, the conflict ended in 1717 thanks in part to an alliance between Charles Town and the Cherokees?
yamasee war