chapter 1-8

AABA 32 bar form

the most common 32-bar popular song form, referring to melody and harmonic progression (but not text). Each portion is eight bars long, with B, the bridge, serving as the point of contrast. A = statement, A = repetition, B = contrast, A = return.

Meter

the organization of recurring pulses into patterns. See also duple meter, irregular meter, and triple meter.

Polyrhythm

the simultaneous use of contrasting rhythms; also known as rhythmic contrast.

Polyphony

texture in which two or more melodies of equal interest are played at the same time.

Harlem Renaissance

an artistic movement of the 1920s that attempted to display African American abilities in painting, drama, literature, poetry, criticism, and music; jazz was usually not included by critics of the time, although in retrospect the music of Duke Ellington seems central.

Mary Lou Williams

an important female pianist who performed, arranged and composed for a popular territory band. She influenced future pianists in the development of bebop.

James Reese Europe

bandleader, arranger, and composer, was the first band to play proto-jazz at Carnegie Hall

territory bands

bands that made their living travelling within a day's drive from their home base. Black or white, hot or sweet, but rarely integrated.

International Sweethearts of Rhythm

was an all-female territory band.

2. Explain why some of Duke Ellington's early music was described as "jungle" music.

he used lots of muted horns and some of the sound they created along with the other brass sort of mimicked the sound of the jungle birds and animals. I think these early pieces are quite exciting and amazing because of these strange sounds and exotic rhythms.

One O'Clock Jump

is an example of a head arrangement.

Swing Era

jazz from the period 1935-1945, usually known as the Swing Era

Fred McDowell

singer and guitar player, was a farmer before a singer, "you gotta move"

Paul Whiteman

"King of jazz" their aint no sweet man

Jelly Roll Morton

- "Inventor of Jazz" -"dead mans blues", early jazz pianist, bandleader and composer, also a comedian

Cotton Club

- prohibition -black entertainment -white audience and owner -owned by the mob -night club/speak easy

Fletcher Henderson

-"The King of the Black Jazz" -"Hotter than 'ell" -Bandleader, pianist, arranger -helped with big band and swing -wanted to be a chemist but fell in love with music

Don Redman

-Composer, musician, arranger -Redman joined the Fletcher Henderson orchestra - clarinet and saxophones

Frankie Trambauer

-His main instrument was the C-melody saxophone -saxophone -"Singin' the Blues" -Saxophonist, bandleader, composer

1. Discuss the four integral elements of African music that have influenced jazz

-Music always has a functionin African culture, usually for rituals-work songs field hollers -e. g. Call and response -Music and danceare integrated-e.g. ring shout-circle dance -Emulation of the human voice-talking drum, growl, was trumpet -Complexrhythms.The melodies and harmonies are simple, but the rhythmsare some of the most complex that exist among any culture. Polyrhythm-layering of one rhythm upon another -demonstrateSyncopation-the downbeat is de-emphasized, upbeats are accented

"Hot" and "Sweet" styles

-Sweet: less improvisation, medium tempos, primarily for hi class society dance parties, retained at least a lightly swinging feel but prized melody above all else. -Hot: more daring, experimental, faster, greater solo improvisation, rhythmic drive, and blues feeling

Minstrelsy

-The minstrel show, or minstrelsy, was an American form of racially charged entertainment developed in the early 19th century.

12 bar Blues

-The twelve-bar blues or blues changes is one of the most prominent chord progressions in popular music. The blues progression has a distinctive form in lyrics, phrase, chord structure, and duration. In its basic form, it is predominantly based on the I, IV, and V chords of a key. -Typical boogie woogie bassline on twelve-bar blues progression in C, chord roots in red

Bix Beiderbecke

-cornetist, pianist, and composer -Singin' the Blues -Beiderbecke taught himself to play cornet largely by ear, leading him to adopt a non-standard fingering some critics have connected to his original sound

Louis Armstrong

-most important person in jazz -1901-1971 -born poor and grew up in a boys home where he learned to play the trumpet -west end blues

John Hammond

-producer -From Spirituals to Swing concert at Carnegie Hall -Various musicians were guests on his show, including, Fletcher Henderson, Benny Carter, and Art Tatum.

3. Discuss Louis Armstrong's innovations to early jazz

Armstrong's primary innovations occurred in fivebasic areas. These contributions were introducedin ways defying conventional ideas about art andput American music on a par with European andRussian music. i) Blues: established it as jazz's harmonicfoundation when most saw it as a mere fashion. ii) Improvisation: shaped jazz as music thatprizes individual expression, above andbeyond technique; proved that improvisedmusic could have the weight and durabilityof written music. iii) Singing: introduced a jazz vocal style using scat,loose phrasing with lyrics, which influencedlater vocal stars such as Bing Crosby andBillie Holliday. iv) Repertory: created masterworks based on TinPan Alley songs, not just original New Orleansthemes, showing that jazz could expandmusically and commercially. v) Rhythm: introduced swinging into themainstream expectation of jazz.

5. Compare Count Basie's Old and New Testament Bands.

Basie "Old Testament" band 1. 1930's-1940's 2. head charts based on riffs-music not written down 3. Focus on improvisation 4. Looser rhythmic feel 5. dance music 6. venue-nightclubs and dance halls Basie "New Testament" band 1. 1950's-1980's 2. more arranged-"reading band" 3. more precise and polished 4. Listening music 5. venue-concert halls, Vegas showrooms

Creole

Créole referred to people born in Louisiana who had ancestors from elsewhere; i.e., all natives other than Native Americans.

Count Basie

Pianist born in New Jersey and moved to Kansas City starting his band. Eventually he was "discovered" by talent agent John Hammond who helped propel him to stardom.

Bessie Smith

Reckless blues, singer and actress, "Empress of the Blues".

Call and Response

a pervasive principle of interaction or conversation in jazz: a statement by one musician or group of musicians is immediately answered by another musician or group.

Stride Piano

a style of jazz piano relying on a left-hand accompaniment that alternates low bass notes with higher chords.

Homophony

a texture featuring one melody supported by harmonic accompaniment.

Monophony

a texture featuring one melody with no accompaniment. See also break, stop-time.

soil

all the sax's are playing at the same time

Sydney Bechet

clarinet, soprano sax, and composer, first important soloists in jazz beating Louis Armstrong to the recording studio -born in new Orleans -traveled to New York City where he joined Will Marion Cook's Syncopated Orchestra

Billy Strayhorn

composer, pianist, lyricist, and arranger,

James P Johnson

father of stride piano, Carolina shout

AAB Lyric form

made up of three 4 bar phrases in AAB Song Form. The fundamental structure of 12 Bar Blues is three four-bar lines or sections.

Glenn Miller

one of the most popular bands of the swing era especially during WWII. He is known for his catchy melodies, but the band sound became more formulaic, with more emphasis on the arrangement than improvised solos. very polished band.

buddy bolden

origional dixie land band 1917. first recording

Duke Ellington (Cootie Williams, Johnny Hodges, Bubber Miley)

pianist, composer, arranger, bandleader -one of the best composers in history -take the A train- AABA Dukes theme song -bubber miley- growl trumpet -cootie williams- trumpet -Johnny Hodges- alto saxophonist

Scott Joplin

piano player, composer, music teacher, "Maple Leaf Rag", cornet, guitar, mandolin, violin, banjo, vocals

Benny Goodman

played the clainet and is known as the "King of swing" was a radio broadcaster on the east coast. -down south camp meetin' (starts off with applause) and he bought the rights to it from

Tin Pan Alley

pop before the 1950's, always available in sheet music. publishing company