Chapter 1

What are the 3 main applications of applying Behaviorism & Social Learning Theories?

1. Environmental stimuli such as rewards and punishment influence action and feelings 2. Imitation of others' behaviors, whether desirable or not 3.Confidence in ability to achieve certain standards is based on past experiences

What are the 3 key principles of biological theories?

1. Maturational levels impose limits on abilities & interests at any given time; 2. Age-related motivations serve valuable functions 3. Individuals have unique dispositions

What are the 7 theories of child development?

1. biological 2. Behaviorism and social learning 3. Psychodynamic 4. Cognitive-developmental 5. Cognitive process (information processing theories) 6. Sociocultural 7. Developmental systems

A child's developmental journey is guided by what four factors?

1. nature 2. nurture 3. existing conditions for the child 4. the child's own activity

What are three key issues that child development theorists have grappled with, but not yet resolved?

1. nature and nurture 2. universality and diversity 3. qualitative and quantitative

What are the three essential qualities of developmental changes?

1. persistent 2. cumulative 3. progressive

The study of child development is organized into what three domains (areas of study)?

1. physical development 2. cognitive development 3. social-emotional development

What ages are in the early adolescence period?

10 - 14 yrs

What ages are in the late adolescence period?

14 - 18 yrs

What ages are in the early childhood period?

2 - 6 yrs

What ages are in the middle childhood period?

6 - 10 yrs

Who was associated with the social learning theory?

Albert Bandura

Who are associated with developmental systems theories?

Bronfenbrenner, Lerner

Who were associated with psychodynamic theories?

Freud and Erikson

Sociocultural theories concentrate on what?

Impact of social systems & cultural traditions

Psychodynamic theories emphasize what?

Interaction between internal (emotional) conflicts & environment; Focus on social, personality, & abnormal development

Who proposed a stage theory to describe transformations in children's logical reasoning?

Jean Piaget

Who was associated with the biological theory?

Maria Montessori

Who were associated with cognitive-developmental theories?

Piaget, Kohlberg, Flavell

Who was associated with cognitive process theories?

Siegler

Who are the main theorists associated with behaviorist theories?

Skinner and Pavlov

What are the limitations of sociocultural theories?

Thinking described with less precision; Taken for granted that children learn by taking part in an activity

Who are associated with sociocultural theories?

Vygotsky and Rogoff

What are examples of behaviorist theories?

Working for rewards Learned fear based on experience

Name the theory: Skinner and Pavlov

behaviorist

Social learning theories propose what factors influence actions?

beliefs and goals

Maria Montessori was associated with what theory?

biological

Physical development is concerned with what?

biological changes of the body

What ages are in the infancy period?

birth - 2 yrs

What is a sensitive period for stimulation?

certain environmental experiences have a more pronounced influence than is true at other times

Define: temperaments

characteristic ways of responding to emotional events, novel stimuli, and impulses

How are developmental changes progressive?

children gradually become more capable and responsible

Cognitive development refers to changes that are cultivated by what?

children's involvement in families, schools, and communities

Piaget focused on what?

cognitive development

What is in the cognitive developmental domain?

cognitive processes, concepts, language, memory, reasoning

Name the theory: Children play an active role in their own development

cognitive-developmental

What are characteristics of infancy?

completely dependent on others; want to know everything; intellectual curiosity fuels drive to use physical skills; emotional responses limit exploration

What are the developmental periods?

infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, early adolescence, late adolescence

What is nurture in the developmental journey?

influences of the social and physical environment in which the child lives

In development, nature refers to what?

inherited characteristics that influence growth

Define: Developmentally appropriate practice

instruction and caregiving adapted to the age, characteristics, and developmental progress of individual youngsters

Social-emotional development includes modifications that occur in what?

emotions, self-concept, motivation, social relationships and moral reasoning and behavior

What is in the social and emotional developmental domain?

emotions, self-concept, motivation, social relationships, moral reasoning and behavior

In development, nurture refers to what?

environmental conditions that affect progression of changes

Behaviorist theories propose that developmental change is due to what?

environmental influences

Inherited tendencies make individual children more or less responsive to particular ___________________.

environmental influences

Individual differences in heredity may exert stronger effects when environments are _________ than when environments are __________.

favorable impoverished

For a developmentally appropriate practice, you have to know what?

know what is typical, know how to observe for individual differences, know what is contextually important

What are characteristics of middle childhood?

learn through formal instruction; master customs, tools, and knowledge of community; learn to read and write; apply rules in games and sports; use technology; compare performance to others; inclined to live up to standards

Kohlberg focused on what?

moral reasoning

What are the 3 developmental domains?

physical, social and emotional, and cognitive

What is existing conditions for the child in the developmental journey?

physiological and psychological foundations upon which new advancements can be built

Define: stage

refer to a period of development characterized by a particular way of behaving or thinking

What is a criticism of cognitive-developmental theories?

researchers rarely find that children's performance reflects clear-cut stages

Cognitive process theories focus on what?

Detailed analyses of what children think and do

What is an example of developmental changes being progressive?

a girl who has learned the need to use her words now and then hits instead

What is a critical period for stimulation?

a particular stimulation must occur during a brief period if a prospective ability is to become functional

Erik Erikson focused on what?

a set of primary challenges that individuals face at different points in their lives

Cognitive development refers to what?

age-related transformations that occur in children's reasoning, concepts, memory, language, and intellectual skills

Historically, stage theories emphasized universal progressions, meaning what?

all children were thought to go through the same sequence of changes, with slight variations in timing due to dissimilarities in environmental support

What is a theory?

an integrated collection of principles and explanations regarding particular phenomena; describes, explains, and predicts behavior

Jean Piaget's observations led him to conclude what?

as infants, children interact with the world primarily through trial and error behavior. As they mature, they symbolically represent concepts and make mental predictions about objects and actions. Then they derive logical deductions about real-world situations.

Nature and nurture are _________ by the developmental process.

constrained

What are characteristics of early childhood?

continually try new roles; language and communication skills develop rapidly; high levels of energy; more interested in peers; fantasy in play

What is DAP?

developmental appropriate practice

What are quantitative changes?

developmental change that involves a series of minor, threadlike modifications

What is a weakness of psychodynamic theories?

difficulty of supporting claims with research data; difficult to verify what internal conflicts a particular person might have

What are qualitative changes?

dramatic developmental change that reflects considerable reorganization in functioning

What are hierarchical models?

each stage is seen as providing the essential foundation for modifications that follow

Historically, biological theories overlooked what?

effects of experience

What are the limitations of behaviorist theories?

focus exclusively on children's visible behaviors with little concern for how internal though processes influence actions; children can become overly focused on rewards

What is nature in the developmental journey?

genetic information guiding the child's growth

Physical development includes what?

genetics, a fetus's growth in the mother's womb, birth process, brain development, acquisition of motor skills

What is in the physical developmental domain?

genetics, prenatal growth & birth process, body/brain changes and motor skills, health promoting and risk behaviors

Developmental systems theories emphasize what?

multiple factors combine to promote development

What are the ongoing "issues" in the study of child and adolescent development?

nature vs nurture universality and diversity qualitative and quantitative change

What are the 4 key factors that influence development?

nature, nurture, existing conditions within the child, the child's own activity

How are developmental changes cumulative?

new abilities build on previous ones

How are developmental changes persistent?

once a new developmental ability is introduced, it remains

What is a criticism of cognitive process theories?

overlook the larger issue of why children think as they do; neglects the social-emotional factors & contexts of children's lives

In Erik Erikson's theory, stages are "soft," meaning what?

people do not fully replace earlier developments with new modes of thinking, earlier struggles persist in the form of new challenges

What is self-regulation?

process by which children direct their own actions, learning, and emotions to meet their personal goals and standards

Name the theory: Focus on social, personality, & abnormal development

psychodynamic

Name the theory: Interaction between internal conflicts & environment

psychodynamic

Name the theory: Prioritize role of early experience

psychodynamic

Name the theory: Albert Bandura

social learning

Name the theory: Anticipating consequences of action

social learning

Name the theory: Observing others and subsequent consequences

social learning

Name the theory: Process of children becoming full adult participants in the society into which they are born

sociocultural

Define: Child Development

study of the persistent, cumulative, and progressive changes in the physical, cognitive, and social-emotional development of children and adolescents

Cognitive-developmental theories emphasize what?

thinking processes and how they change qualitatively over time

What is the child's own activity in the developmental journey?

the child's choices, mental processes, emotional responses, and behaviors

What is universality?

the commonalities seen in the way virtually all individuals progress

Define: maturation

the genetically guided changes that occur over the course of development

Biological theories emphasize what?

the maturation of body, perceptual ability, and motor skills

Define: context in terms of its effect on development

their experiences in families, schools, neighborhoods, community organizations, cultural and ethnic groups, and society at large

What is the stage theory of development?

theory that describes development as involving a series of qualitatively distinct changes

What are examples of developmental changes being persistent?

walk and talk

What is an example of developmental changes being cumulative?

when a toddler shifts from eating with fingers to using utensils

Erik Erikson's observations led him to conclude what?

youngsters learn first to trust others and then to act self-sufficiently.