Chapter 1

Biological domains

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

True or false: Cellular microbes are often arranged in multicellular complexes with differentiated tissues. True False

False, While microbes can exhibit multicellular forms, these do not have highly differentiated tissues

True or false: Membrane-bound organelles are found in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes. True False

False: Eukaryotes have a nucleus and organelles.

Viroids

Infectious agents made of RNA that cause disease in plants

The acronym describing the last universal common ancestor is

LUCA

Acellular

Not made up of or containing cells

Carl Woese is known for dividing the prokaryotes into which domains? a. Bacteria and Archaea b. Bacteria, Archaea, and Monera c. Bacteria and Monera d. Bacteria, Archaea, and Protista

a

How do prokaryotic cells most commonly differ from eukaryotic cells? a. Lack a nucleus b. Contain mitochondria c. Simpler metabolism d. Not multicellular

a

In the evolution of cellular life forms, it is easy to image how a membrane could form around RNA because lipids spontaneously form vesicles bounded by a bilayer hydrophobic portions of mRNA attract a lipid bilayer membranes spontaneously form around nucleic acids some RNA molecules, termed ribozymes, are catalytic

a

The Protist kingdom is divided into Protozoa and algae Fungi and protozoa Fungi and archaea Fungi and algae

a

The domain Eukarya does not include which group of organisms? a. Bacteria b. Animals c. Plants d. Fungi

a

The endosymbiotic hypothesis suggests an origin for _____. a. eukaryotic organelles b. bacterial cell walls c. eukaryotic ribosomes d. plasma membranes

a

The first part of a Latin binomial is the name of the _____. a. genus b. strain c. family d. species

a

Which characteristic is not typical of cellular microbes? a. Composed only of protein and nucleic acids b. Lack differentiated tissue c. Usually smaller than 1 millimeter d. Often unicellular

a

Which group of organisms is numerically dominant on Earth? a. Microbes b. Plants c. Animals d. Insects

a

Which is the best definition of a microbial strain? a. Descendants of a single, pure microbial culture b. Microbes capable of interbreeding c. Environmental conditions that select for microbial populations d. Reproductively isolated microbial populations

a

Which of the following shares a basic body plan with bacteria? a. Archaea b. Algae c. Animals d. Fungi e. Protozoans

a

Which of the following terms describes the way in which lipids and proteins behave in a membrane? a. Fluid mosaic model b. Endosymbiotic hypothesis c. Permeable mosaic model d. Rigid mosaic model

a

Which of these is not classified as fungi? a. Archaea b. Yeasts c. Mushrooms d. Molds

a

Which term describes the cellular arrangement of spherical cells linked in a chain? a. Streptococcus b. Pallisades c. Diplococcus d. Staphylococcus

a

Which three features listed are unique to archaeal cells and not shared with bacterial cells? (Select all that apply.) a. Lack of peptidoglycan cell walls b. Different rRNA sequences c. Have flagella for motility d. Unique membrane lipids e. Contain membrane-bound organelles f. Contain a nucleus

a, b, d

Which four of the following entities are generally included in the field of microbiology? a. yeasts b. prions c. animals d. plants e. bacteria f. viruses

a, b, e, f

Which four characteristics are typical of protozoans? a. Unicellular b. Peptidoglycan cell walls c. Motile d. Photosynthetic e. Hunters and grazers f. Ingest organic matter

a, c, e, f

Select the four characteristics that are most common in domain Bacteria. a. single celled b. lack ribosome c. lack cell membranes d. Peptidoglycan cell wall e. Lack membrane-bound organelles f. Lack a nucleus

a, d, e, ,f

Which four of the following entities are cellular? a. bacteria b. viroids c. prions d. archaea e. fungi f. viruses g. protists

a, d, e, g

Biological Kingdoms

animals, plants, fungi, protists, monerans

Fungi

are a diverse group of microorganisms that range from unicellular forms (yeasts) to molds and mushrooms. Molds and mushrooms are multicellular fungi that form thin, threadlike structures called hyphae. They absorb all their nutrients from their environment

Viruses

are acellular entities that must invade a host cell to multiply. The simplest virus particles (also called virions) are composed only of proteins and a nucleic acid, and can be extremely small (the smallest is 10,000 times smaller than a typical bacterium)

Satellites

are composed of a nucleic acid enclosed in a protein shell. They must coinfect a host cell with virus, called a helper virus, to complete their life cycle. infect plants and animals

Protists

are generally unicellular but larger than most bacteria and archaea. They have traditionally been divided into protozoa and algae includes- algae, protozoa, slime molds, and water molds

Protozoa

are usually motile and many free-living protozoa function as the principal hunters and grazers of the microbial world. They obtain nutrients by ingesting organic matter and other microbes. They can be found in many different environments, and some are normal inhabitants of the intestinal tracts of animals, where they aid in digestion of complex materials such as cellulose. unicelluar

A eukaryotic species is defined by _____. a. morphological similarities b. reproductive properties c. biochemical identities d. shared stable properties

b

An endosymbiosis between two organism means that a. they are closely related phyogenetically. b. one organism lives inside the cells of the other. c. their internal and external environments are the same. d. the two organisms live in a shared compartment.

b

Based on the universal phylogenetic tree, which two Domains appears to be most closely related? a. Bacteria and Archaea b. Archaea and Eukarya c. Eukarya and Bacteria

b

Cyanobacteria-like cells were important to the evolution of life on Earth by producing a. water b. oxygen c. energy d. carbon dioxide

b

How are macroscopic microorganisms distinguished from other multicellular life forms? a. They lack cellular compartments b. They lack differentiated tissues (and/or cell types) d. Some are not composed of cells

b

In addition to mutation, eukaryotes increase their genetic diversity through which mechanism? a. Horizontal gene transfer b. Sexual reproduction c. Symbiosis d. Growth and division

b

In eukaryotes, a group of interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from other groups is called a a. strain b. species c. family d. genus

b

The descendants of a single, pure bacterial culture are considered to be a microbial _________. a. phenotype b. strain c. haplotype d. colony

b

The endosymbiotic theory is supported by the finding that mitochondria contain ______ similar to bacteria. a. other plastids b. ribosomes and DNA c. metabolic pathways d. a cell wall

b

The notion that microorganisms cause disease is called the _________ theory of disease. a. endosymbiotic b. germ c. hydrogen d. evolutionary

b

What is the role of membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells? a. Reproduction in multicellular organisms b. Separate some cellular materials and processes from others c. Support the structure of unbound organelles d. Provide a mechanism for tissue formation

b

Which genus gets its name due to the cellular arrangement of spherical cells found in clusters, like a bunch of grapes? a. Streptococcus b. Staphylococcus c. Pallisades d. Diplococcus

b

Which of the following describes the controversy concerning the use of the term "prokaryote?" a. .Some prokaryotic cells are as large as some smaller eukaryotic cells. b. Biochemical, genetic, and genomic analysis have shown that Bacteria and Archaea are distinct taxa. c. Some eukaryotic organelles are believed to have evolved from prokaryotic cells.

b

Why is it believed that DNA became the storage molecule for genetic information? a. It catalyzes chemical reactions. b. It is more chemically stable than RNA. c. It arose earlier than RNA. d. It is more complex than RNA.

b

Which four of the following entities are generally included in the field of microbiology? a. mosses b. viroids c. bacteria d. slime molds e. archaea f. insects

b,c,d,e

Generally, membrane-bound organelles can be found in ______. a. no clear distinctions b. prokaryotes only c. eukaryotes only d. eukaryotes and prokaryotes

c

Layered rock formations formed by the incorporation of minerals into thick microbial mats are called ______. a. LUCAs b. stratifers c. stromatolites d. bedrock

c

Prokaryotes were not fully described until 1962 when scientist grouped them together based on ___________. a. their structures of locomotion b. the types of diseases they caused c. what they lacked compared to eukaryotes d. the differences found throughout the genome e. the unique pigments found in their photosynthetic pathways

c

Some microorganisms can be macroscopic because they are ______. a. differentiated b. not really microorganisms c. multicellular d. mutants

c

The term that describes one organism living inside the cells of another is a. Parasitism b. Endocatalysis c. Endosymbiosis d. Pinocytosis

c

The universal phylogenetic tree is based on comparisons of which molecule? a. tRNA b. siRNA c. rRNA d. mRNA

c

To reproduce, viruses must _____. a cause epidemics b. grow and divide c. enter a host cell d. mutate

c

What is the main focus of an industrial microbiologist? a. Crop and animal production b. Control and spread of communicable diseases c. Use of microbes in production d. Diversity of microbes in the environment

c

What is the main focus of medical microbiology? a. Environmental systems b. Immunology c. Human and animal pathogens d. Outbreaks and epidemics

c

What is the main focus of public health microbiology? a. Human and animal pathogens b. Immunology c. Outbreaks and epidemics d. Environmental systems

c

Which feature is most commonly used to describe bacterial and archaeal cells? Single-celled No cellular membranes No nucleus No cell walls

c

Which feature is most commonly used to describe bacterial and archaeal cells? a. No cell walls b. No cellular membranes c. No nucleus d. Single-celled

c

Which group of organisms has the greatest number of taxa? a. Fungi b. Animals c. Microbes d. Plants

c

Which is the best description of microorganisms? a. Organisms that have a small impact on the environment b. Organisms too small to be seen clearly with a microscope c. Organisms too small to be seen clearly by the unaided eye d. Organisms found in low abundance in the environment

c

Which organisms contributed to enriching early Earth's atmosphere with oxygen? a. Primitive protozoans b. Plants and fungi c. Cyanobacteria-like cells d. Pre-cellular metabolisms

c

Which three of the following entities are acellular? a. protists b. bacteria c. viruses d. viroids e. prions f. fungi g. archaea

c, d, e

Which six of the following characteristics apply to fungi? a. Producing oxygen b. Hunting and grazing c. Decomposing dead plants d. Producing antibiotics e. Causing plant disease f. Making bread dough rise g. Mycorrhizal associations with roots h. Photosynthesis i. Causing human disease

c, d, e, f, g, i

Proteins have two major roles in modern cells:

catalytic and structural

is defined as the plasma membrane and all surrounding layers external to it (e.g., cell wall and/or capsule).

cell envelope

RNA is involved in converting the information stored in DNA into protein

converting the information stored in DNA into protein

A catalytic RNA molecule is called a(n) __. a. RNA polymerase b. RNase c. RNA ligase d. ribozyme

d

Historically, prokaryotes were differentiated from eukaryotes by ______. a. size b. rRNA data c. pathogenic nature d. the absence of a nucleus

d

In addition to the body's resistance to infection, this field also studies allergies and rheumatoid arthritis. a. Medical microbiology b. Public health microbiology c. Microbial ecology d. Immunology

d

It is believed that mitochondria were once a. predecessors to the archaea. b. indistinguishable from chloroplasts. c. peroxisomes. d. free-living bacterial cells.

d

RNA is critical to protein synthesis because a. it is the storage molecules for genetic information b. ATP is both an energy storage molecule and a part of RNA c. it must be contained within a lipid bilayer to be functional d. all three types of RNA contribute to protein synthesis

d

Stromatolites are formed by the incorporation of minerals into ________. a. Fe++ deposits b. tree rings c. leafy layers d. microbial mats

d

The rRNA used as the basis for the universal phylogenetic tree is from which subunit of the ribosome? a. Inherited b. Active c. Small d. Large

d

Which entities are included as microorganisms? a. Only cellular biological entities b. Only organisms c. Organisms and acellular biological entities d. Only acellular biological entities

d

Which of the following components of bacterial cells spontaneously forms vesicles? a. lipids b. DNA c. RNA d. proteins

d

Which role is not played by proteins in extant organisms? a. Provide structure b. Catalyze reactions c. Enzymatic activities d. Store information

d

Which scientist developed the binomial system for naming organisms? a. Pasteur b. Fleming c. Koch d. Linnaeus

d

Archaea

distinguished from bacteria by many features, most notably their distinctive rRNA sequences, lack of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, and unique membrane lipids

Catalytic proteins are

enzymes

eukaryotic cells

have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles (e.g., mitochondria, chloroplasts) that separate some cellular materials and processes from others

prokaryotic cells

have an open floor plan. That is, their contents are not divided into compartments ("rooms") by membranes

DNA stores .

hereditary information that is replicated and passed on to the next generation.

prions

infectious protein particles that do not have a genome

How do protists differ from bacteria?

larger than bacteria

In the obsolete five-kingdom system, prokaryotes were included within the kingdom

monera

Only eukaryotic cells have

nucleus

Microorganisms

organisms too small to be seen clearly by the unaided eye. generally 1 millimeter or less in diameter

Algae are

photosynthetic

Eukarya includes

plants, animals, and microorganisms classified as protists or fungi.

a term used to describe an RNA molecule that functions as a catalyst.

ribozymes

The claim that living organisms can develop from nonliving matter is the key feature of the theory of _________________ generation.

spontaneous

Bacteria

usually single-celled organisms.Most have cell walls that contain the structural molecule peptidoglycan