Chapter 1 A&P

List the 11 organ systems of the human body

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, digestive, urinary, respiratory, immune, lymphatic, cardiovascular, endocrine, and reproductive

The composition of this body fluid, which fills the narrow spaces between cells and tissues, directly affects the proper functioning of cells

interstitial fluid

This directional term means farther from the midline

lateral

What is an example of the basic life process called growth?

lifting weights and gaining muscle mineral deposits accumulating between cells to cause a bone to lengthen

Mammography and bone densitometry are good examples of what type of medical imaging?

low-dose radiography

This is the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body.

metabolism

List the basic processes of like.

metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction

This plane divides the body into equal left and right halves

midsagittal

The two organ systems that regulate and maintain homeostasis are the

nervous and endocrine

Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of functional properties of nerve cells?

neurophysiology

Which anatomical terms refers to the ear?

otic

What structures or regions could you clearly see when you are veiwing the anterior side of an individual standing in the standard anatomical position?

palm of hand

Using your fingers to find your pulse on your wrist is an example of

palpation

Which subspecialty of anatomy deals with the study of structural changes associated with disease?

pathological antomy

Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of functional changes associated with disease and aging?

pathophysiology

This cavity is located inferior to the abdominal cavity

pelvic cavity

Which cavity contains the hear

pericardial cavity

Which anatomical terms refers to the body region between the anus and the external genitals?

perineal

The serous membrane covers the viscera within the abdominal cavity, and lines the abdominal wall and the inferior surface of the diaphragm.

peritoneum

This is the study of the functions of body structures

physiology

The lungs are located in the

pleural cavity

Which anatomical terms refers to the thumb

pollux

The function of the secretions of a serous membrane, like the pleura, is to

reduce friction between neighboring organs

Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of functions of the kidney?

renal physiology

Felling the presence of a mosquito biting your arm is an example of

responsiveness

Objective changes in a patient's normal body function that can be directly observed or measured by a clinician referred to as

signs

This directional term is the opposite of deep

superficial

Choose the directional term that would make the following sentence correct. The heart is ____ to the liver.

superior

A transverse plane will cut a body or organ into

superior and inferior portions

During a visit to your doctor, you complain about a head ache and nausea. These changes in your body functions are considered to be

symptoms

This is defined as a group of cells that work together to perform the same function

tissue

What is the outer layer of the serous membrane that surrounds the heart?

visceral pericardium

What is the name of the serous membrane in closest proximity to the lungs?

visceral pleura

Describe a feedback system and list its general components:

A cycle of events in which the status of the body's condition is monitored, evaluated and changed to maintain homeostasis. Contains: receptor that detects stimuli, control center that receives input from the receptor and generates an output, and an effector that receives the output and produces a response

List and briefly describe the six basic life processes

Metabolism: sum of all chemical life processes Responsiveness: body's ability to detect and respond to internal and external stimuli Movement: motions that range from movements within individual cells to the movement of the entire body Growth: increase in body's size or an increase in the number of cells. Differentiation : process that converts cells to unspecialized to specialized. Reproduction: formation of new cells for growth and repair or production of a new individual.

Describe the differences between positive and negative feedback systems.

Positive feedback system will strengthen and reinforce a change in one of the body's controlled conditions while a negative feedback system will reverse a change in a controlled condition.

This is the structure of a feedback system that provides input to the control center.

Receptor

Describe anatomical position

Subject stands erect facing the observer with the head level and the eyes forward. The feet on the floor and directed forwards and the arms are at the sides with palms turned forward.

Name the cavities of the trunk and the serous membranes that line them.

Thoracic- Pericardial (pericardium) 2 pleural cavities (pleura) Abdominopelvic- abdominal and pelvic (peritonium)

The stomach is located in the

abdominal cavity

Which anatomical terms refers front of the elbow?

antecubital

Choose the directional term that would make the following sentence correct. The sternum is ____ to the heart.

anterior

Which of the following organs contains the control center for the feedback system that regulated blood pressure

brain

Name the structural levels of the body and briefly describe each level.

chemical- atoms and molecules cellular- cells tissues- groups of cells that work together organ level- organs, constructed from different types of tissues organ systems- one or more organs that are interlinked in general function organism- all the organ systems, which work together to provide homeostasis

A condition NOT regulated by a negative feedback loop would be:

childbirth

The brain is located in the

cranial cavity

Which of the following organ is not found in the abdominal cavity?

diaphram

An embryonic stem cell undergoes_____ to become a neuron

differentiation

This directional term means farther from the attachment of a limb to the the trunk or farther from the origination of a structure.

distal

This is the structure of a feedback system that receives output from the control center.

effector

Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of the chemical regulators in the blood?

endocrinology

Percussion techniques can be used to detect

enlarged organs

Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of changes in organ functions due to muscular activity?

exercise physiology

This plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

frontal

Which anatomical terms refers to the great toe?

hallux

This is the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body's internal environment.

homeostasis

Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of the body's defense against disease causing agents?

immunolgy

What describes a body process that is controlled using a positive feedback loop?

increasing strength of uterine contractions in response to cervical stretch.

Which anatomical terms refers to the groin?

inguinal