Chapter 1: An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Homework

All of the following are structures of the cardiovascular system, except

the spleen.

The two major divisions of the ventral body cavity are the

thoracic and abdominopelvic.

Identify the body cavities of the trunk. (Module 1.22B)

thoracic cavity (which contains the pleural and pericardial cavities) and the abdominopelvic cavity (consisting of the peritoneal, abdominal, and pelvic cavities)

The muscle known as the diaphragm separates the ________ from the ________.

thoracic cavity; abdominopelvic cavity

The common name for the pollex is the

thumb.

Which of the following is not considered an abdominopelvic region?

upper right

Elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products are functions of the ________ system

urinary

A person lying face down is in the ________ position.

prone

The common term for the carpal region is the

wrist

Which of the following tissues fills internal spaces and provides structural support?

connective tissue

Gas exchange is to the respiratory system as absorption of nutrients is to the ________ system(s).

digestive

The wrist is ________ to the elbow.

distal

While standing erect, the direction of caudal is

downward

A cell or organ that responds to commands of the control center in negative feedback is termed a(n)

effector.

Directing long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems is the major function of the ________ system.

endocrine

Which of the following tissues covers and protects exposed surface areas of the body?

epithelial tissue

Which of the following cell types is long, slender and makes contractions?

fat cells

Which type of cells are spherical and contain energy molecules?

fat cells

What is the primary function of kidneys?

form and concentrate urine

Because the anatomy and physiology of the body's structures are interrelated, it is often said that "form determines ________."

function

All of the following participate in thermoregulation, except

gastrointestinal system.

A midsagittal section would pass through the

heart.

The central principle of physiology is

homeostasis.

The tendency for physiological systems to stabilize internal conditions is called

homeostasis.

When homeostatic mechanisms fail, an individual will experience the symptoms of

illness or disease.

The chin is ________ to the nose.

inferior

Protection from environmental hazards is a function of the ________ system.

integumentary

Which of the following organs is located between the peritoneum and the body wall?

kidney

The common name for the patellar region is the

kneecap

Which gastrointestinal organ is responsible for bile secretion and regulation of blood nutrient composition?

liver

The thoracic cavity contains the

pericardial and pleural cavities

Which of the following structures is located within the mediastinum?

pericardial sac

If a surgeon makes an incision just inferior to the diaphragm, which body cavity will be opened? (Module 1.22C)

peritoneal portion of the abdominopelvic cavity

The serous membrane covering the stomach and most of the intestines is called the

peritoneum.

If a response increases a disturbance, the system is classified as a ________ feedback system.

positive

A massage therapist often begins a massage by asking clients to lie face down with their arms at their sides. Which anatomical term describes that position? (Module 1.20B)

prone

Homeostatic regulation usually involves a(n) ________ that detects a particular stimulus, and a(n) ________ that responds to the stimulus by communicating with a(n) ________ whose activity has an effect on the same stimulus.

receptor; control center (integrating center); effector

Part complete Which type of cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide?

red blood cells

All of the following are examples of positive feedback, except

relaxation of smooth muscles' blood vessels when body temperature goes up.

Describe the basic processes in humans and other animals. (Module 1.7C)

respiration, digestion, circulation, and excretion

Which organ system removes carbon dioxide from the bloodstream?

respiratory

What type of section would separate (1) the two eyes? (2) the nose and two ears? (3) the neck and naval? (Module 1.21B)

(1) sagittal (or mid-sagittal, if along midline); (2) frontal; (3) transverse, or horizontal

The right pleural cavity contains the

right lung

Describe a person in the anatomical position. (Module 1.20A)

A person in anatomical position is standing erect, facing the observer, arms at the sides with the palms facing forward, and the feet together.

A red blood cell has a diameter of about 8μm. Use that information to estimate the diameter of the oocyte in micrometers (μm) and millimeters (mm). (1 mm = 1000 μm) (Module 1.11C)

An oocyte has a diameter about 11 times greater than the red blood cell.

Define organ. (Module 1.10B)

An organ is two or more tissues working to perform several functions.

What is the purpose of anatomical terms? (Module 1.20D)

Anatomical terms are used because they provide a standardized frame of reference for describing the human body.

Explain the link between anatomy and physiology. (Module 1.8B)

Anatomy is the study of internal and external body structures; physiology is the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions.

Contrast the descriptions used by clinicians and anatomists when referring to the positions of injuries or internal organs of the abdomen and pelvis. (Module 1.20C)

Clinicians base their descriptions on four abdominopelvic quadrants, whereas anatomists use nine abdominopelvic regions

What is the purpose of directional and sectional terms? (Module 1.21C)

Directional and sectional terms are used because they provide a standardized frame of reference for describing the human body.

Define the word eponym. (Module 1.19B)

Eponym is a term denoting an anatomical structure or clinical condition that is named after a person.

What are the differences between gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy? (Module 1.8A)

Gross anatomy involves the study of body structures that can be seen with the unaided eye; microscopic anatomy is the study of body structures that cannot be seen without magnification.

Distinguish between growth and development. (Module 1.7B)

Growth refers to an increase in size. Development refers to changes in structures and functions as the organism grows.

________ is the study of tissue structures.

Histology

The Appendix contains tables of the normal physiological values regarding dissolved materials in various body fluids. Most of these values are listed as ranges, rather than averages. Why? (Module 1.17C)

Homeostatic control is not precise, and normal ranges are not fixed with absolute values.

In the anatomical position, describe an anterior view and a posterior view. (Module 1.21A)

In anatomical position, anterior view shows the subject's face, whereas a posterior view shows the subject's back.

Which one of the following is not a characteristic of the endocrine system?

It produces a more rapid response than the nervous system.

In what country was cadaver-based anatomy established as a discipline studied by medical professionals? (Module 1.19C)

Italy

Much of the early history in anatomy is tied to what country?

Italy

Our understanding of how the human body works is based on a knowledge of which level(s) of organization? (Module 1.10C)

Knowledge about each level contributes to our total understanding of how the body works.

Which languages are the source of many modern anatomical terms? (Module 1.19A)

Latin and Greek

Compare the functioning of the elbow joint with a door on a hinge. (Module 1.9A)

The elbow moves in a single plane like the opening and closing of a door on a hinge.

Predict what would happen to the function of a structure if its anatomy were altered. (Module 1.9B)

The structure's function would be impaired or eliminated.

Describe the three parts necessary for homeostatic regulation. (Module 1.17B)

The three parts necessary for homeostatic regulation are the receptor, the control center, and the effector.

A chemical imbalance in the blood can cause the heart to stop pumping blood, which in turn will cause other tissues and organs to cease functioning. This observation supports the view that

all levels of organization within an organism are interdependent

A person facing forward with hands at the sides and palms facing forward is in the ________ position.

anatomical

An anatomical term that means the same as "ventral" is

anterior.

While standing in the anatomical position,

back refers to dorsal

Which type of cells recycle the calcium and phosphate stored there?

bone cells

The integrating center for the negative feedback loop that regulates body temperature is the

brain.

Which organ system transports nutrients, metabolic wastes, gases, and defense cells?

cardiovascular

Which two organ systems are involved with circulation within the body? (Module 1.13A)

cardiovascular and lymphatic systems

List the common characteristics shared by all living things. (Module 1.7A)

cells, organization, responsiveness, regulation, growth, development, reproduction, and metabolism

Name the simplest level of organization that includes the smallest living units in the body. (Module 1.10A)

cellular level

What is the smallest living level of organization?

cellular level

The common term for the buccal region is the

cheeks

The heart is ________ to the lungs.

medial

Name and define the unit used to measure cell size. (Module 1.11A)

micrometer; equal to one-millionth of a meter

All of the following are organs of the endocrine system, except

muscle.

If a response decreases a disturbance, the system is classified as a ________ feedback system.

negative

When body temperature rises, a center in the brain initiates physiological changes to decrease the body temperature. This is an example of

negative feedback.

Visceral pericardium is located

on the heart itself.

Terms of anatomical direction are used to describe

one body part in relation to another.

The heart is an example of a(n)

organ

Which of the following is arranged in correct order from the most complex to the simplest?

organism, system, organ, tissue, cellular, molecular

Which of the following organs is not contained within the abdominal cavity?

ovary

A cut parallel to the midsagittal plane would produce a ________ section.

parasagittal

Which of the following terms refers to the foot?

pedal

The quadrants of the abdominopelvic region include all of the following except the

pelvic quadrant.

The urinary bladder is found in the ________ quadrant and the ________ quadrant.

right lower; left lower

The liver is primarily located in the ________ quadrant.

right upper

Which plane divides the body into right and left parts?

sagittal

The mediastinum

separates the pleural cavities, and contains the pericardial cavity.

Which organ system provides support, protection of soft tissue, mineral storage, and blood formation?

skeletal

Anatomy is to ________ as physiology is to ________

structure; function

A person is lying on the bed gazing at the ceiling. She is in the ________ position.

supine

An example of a receptor in a negative feedback loop controlling body temperature would be

temperature sensors on the skin that detect a stimulus.