Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Human Body

Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains ________.

A relatively stable internal environment, within limits.

In which cavity is the liver located?

Abdominal Cavity

In which cavity is the small intestine located?

Abdominal Cavity

In which cavity is the spleen located?

Abdominal Cavity

In which cavity is the stomach located?

Abdominal Cavity

The stomach is located in the

Abdominal Cavity

Which anatomical term refers to the front of the elbow?

Antecubital

The sternum is ____ to the heart.

Anterior

Why do positive feedback systems that are part of a normal physiological response include some mechanism that terminates the system?

Because positive feedback systems continually intensify or reinforce the original stimulus, some mechanism is needed to end the response.

Conditions regulated by a negative feedback loop include:

Body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, and blood sugar.

Which organ contains the control center for the feedback system that regulates blood pressure?

Brain

If you consider your home air conditioner in terms of homeostasis, then the wall thermostat would be the ________.

Control Center

The brain is located in the

Cranial Cavity

An embryonic stem cell undergoes ______ to become a neuron.

Differentiation

This directional term means farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk or farther from the origination of a structure.

Distal

Which term means toward or at the back of the body, behind?

Dorsal

This is the structure of a feedback system that receives output from the control center.

Effector

In which abdominopelvic region is most of the liver found?

Epigastric Region

What are the four basic types of tissues found in the human body?

Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous.

What is an example of inspection?

Examining the surface of a patient's skin for presence of a rash.

Percussion techniques can be used to detect

Fluid in the Lungs

This plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

Frontal

What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior regions called?

Frontal

What is the usefulness of defining one standard anatomical position?

Having one standard anatomical position allows directional terms to be clearly defined so that any body part can be described in relation to any other part.

This is the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body's internal environment.

Homeostasis

In which abdominopelvic region is the urinary bladder found?

Hypogastric Region

Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of the body's defense against disease-causing agents?

Immunology

Describe a body process that is controlled using a positive feedback loop

Increasing strength of uterine contractions in response to cervical stretch.

Which anatomical term refers to the groin?

Inguinal

The composition of this body fluid, which fills the narrow spaces between cells and tissues, directly affects the proper functioning of cells.

Interstitial Fluid

The ribs are ______ to the sternum.

Lateral

This directional term means farther from the midline.

Lateral

Mammography and bone densitometry are good examples of which type of medical imaging?

Low-dose Radiography

This is the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body.

Metabolism

This plane divides the body into equal right and left halves.

Midsagittal

Which system responds to environmental stimuli?

Nervous

The two organ systems that regulate and maintain homeostasis are the

Nervous and Endocrine Systems

Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of the functional properties of nerve cells?

Neurophysiology

Is the esophagus anterior to the trachea?

No, the esophagus is posterior to the trachea.

Is the radius proximal to the humerus?

No, the radius is distal to the humerus.

Is the sternum lateral to the descending colon?

No, the sternum is medial to the descending colon.

List the levels of structural organization in the human body from largest to smallest

Organism - organ system - organ - tissue - cellular - chemical

What is the largest and most complex level of structural organization in the human body?

Organismal Level

Which level of structural organization is composed of two or more different types of tissues that work together to perform a specific function?

Organs are composed of two or more different types of tissues that work together to perform a specific function.

Which anatomical term refers to the ear?

Otic

Name a structure or region you could clearly see when you are viewing the anterior side of an individual standing in the standard anatomical position?

Palm of the Hand

Using your fingers to find your pulse on your wrist is an example of

Palpation

What is the name of the outer layer of the serous membrane that surrounds the heart?

Parietal Pericardium

In which cavity are the internal female reproductive organs located?

Pelvic Cavity

In which cavity is the urinary bladder located?

Pelvic Cavity

This cavity is located inferior to the abdominal cavity.

Pelvic Cavity

Which cavity contains the heart?

Pericardial Cavity

This serous membrane covers the viscera within the abdominal cavity, and lines the abdominal wall and the inferior surface of the diaphragm.

Peritoneum

This is the study of the functions of body structures.

Physiology

The lungs are located in the

Pleural Cavity

The humerus is _____ to the radius.

Proximal

This is the structure of a feedback system that provides input to the control center.

Receptor

The function of the secretions of a serous membrane, like the pleura, is to

Reduce friction between neighboring organs.

What are some common characteristics of a negative feedback system?

Regulates conditions in body that remain fairly stable over long periods, important in maintaining homeostasis, involves control centers in the nervous or endocrine systems, and stimulates changes that reverse the direction of the stimulus.

Feeling the presence of a mosquito biting your arm is an example of

Responsiveness

In which abdominopelvic region is the ascending colon found?

Right Lumbar Region

Objective changes in a patient's normal body function that can be directly observed or measured by a clinician are referred to as

Signs

Name some of the organs that are found in the abdominal cavity.

Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder.

This directional term is the opposite of deep.

Superficial

The heart is _____ to the liver.

Superior

The stomach is ____ to the urinary bladder.

Superior

A transverse plane will cut a body or organ into

Superior and Inferior Portions

During a visit to your doctor, you complain about headache and nausea. These changes in your body functions are considered to be

Symptoms

What is the main difference between negative and positive feedback systems?

The difference between negative and positive feedback systems is that in negative feedback systems, the response reverses the original stimulus, but in positive feedback systems, the response enhances the original stimulus.

Which plane divides the heart into anterior and posterior portions?

The frontal plane divides the heart into anterior and posterior portions.

In which abdominopelvic quadrant would pain from appendicitis (inflammation of the appendix) be felt?

The pain associated with appendicitis would be felt in the right lower quadrant (RLQ).

Which plane divides the brain into unequal right and left portions?

The parasagittal plane divides the brain into unequal right and left portions.

What is the name of the cavity that surrounds the heart? Which cavities surround the lungs?

The pericardial cavity surrounds the heart, and the pleural cavities surround the lungs.

In which cavity are the lungs located?

Thoracic Cavity

In which cavity is the heart located?

Thoracic Cavity

In which cavity is the thymus located?

Thoracic Cavity

This is defined as a group of cells that work together to perform a particular function.

Tissue

Histology would be best defined as a study of ________.

Tissues

What is a safe non-invasive imaging technique that uses the reflection of high frequency sound waves off of body tissues to visualize a fetus during pregnancy?

Ultrasound Scanning

In which abdominopelvic region is most of the small intestine found?

Umbilical Region

What is the name of the serous membrane in closest proximity to the lungs?

Visceral Pleura

What would happen to heart rate if some stimulus caused blood pressure to decrease? Would this occur by way of positive or negative feedback?

When something causes blood pressure to decrease, then heart rate increases due to operation of this negative feedback system.

Are the ribs superficial to the lungs?

Yes, the ribs are superficial to the lungs.

Is the urinary bladder medial to the ascending colon?

Yes, the urinary bladder is medial to the ascending colon.